This essay is based on the premise of psychoanalytical literal theory through a perspective of the author-imprint, or the mirroring neural-effect of the author as an external persona - a force influencing, constructing and enforcing traits, intertextual messages and sublime meanings of the subconscious in the primary text material – the short story Imp of the Perverse, published by Edgar Allan Poe in 1845. The aim is to view this short story in light of Poe's empirically documented destructive personality, proposing that the message of the story, in itself, is more than simply a tale, but part of a larger contextual idea sprung from the pained soul of the author. As primary source for the hypothesis statement, theories by Freud and the later constructions on psychoanalysis as a tool for interpreting literature have been used, such as the collected works of Kurzweil & Phillips (Literature and Psychoanalysis). Further reference will be made to extensive autobiographical works on Poe himself, combined with specific research within the psychoanalytical field by authors such as Dr. Liebig (Criminal Insanity and Hypersensibility in Edgar Allan Poe), M. Bonaparte (The Life and Works of E.A. Poe, a psycho-analytic interpretation) and more. The results of this paper found that the dysfunctional lifestyle and neurotic tendencies of Edgar Allan Poe strongly indicate a connection between his psychological state, his experiences and the message of The Imp of the Perverse. The claim, then, is that Edgar Allan Poe did indeed fuel his short story with direct elements of his own psyche and moral values.

In his article, "What Metaphors Mean," Donald Davidson presented his own unique theory of metaphor. While this theory has proved to be influential, there seems to be one problem which a Davidsonian theory cannot account for: the dead metaphor problem. Due to certain aspects of Davidson's theory of metaphor, critics argue that it is impossible for Davidson to explain how dead metaphors form. In this thesis, I will show why Davidson's account should be chosen over other prominent theories of metaphor, and how a Davidsonian might be able to bypass the dead metaphor problem. / Master of Arts

The purpose of this paper is to discuss different translation strategies that may be used in translation from English to Swedish of a text on Country & Western costuming. The focus will be on terminology, metaphors, and similes. In order to discuss the terminology, the metaphors, and simile, an English text has been translated into Swedish. To ensure a correct understanding of the source text, different dictionaries, encyclopaedias, various search engines and viewing services online have been very useful throughout the translation process. Corpora together with retailers’ web sites have also been valuable sources in providing variation and nuances to the translated text. Different sources on translation theory have also been reviewed; Newmark (1988) and Vinay and Darbelnet (1995). Terms have been selected out of their typical characteristic of being Western wear, and metaphors and simile out of their context to Western wear clothing. The results of the analysis show that a translator does not make use of one translation procedure when translating, but several. Which procedure that will be carried out is dependent on the context of the source text, the readership of the target text, the source text’s degree of specificity of the terminology, the source text’s imagery of the metaphors and simile, and the translator’s interpretation of the source text.

The present study combines quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate translation strategies applied in a translation of a few chapters in Cat Counsellor, which is a book about cat behaviour. A cognitive approach and translation strategies are the focus of this essay, which arrives at the conclusion that figurative language in general, and conceptual metaphors and hyperboles in particular, are used to manipulate, or rather convince readers of Cat Counsellor of a certain outlook. The translation strategies investigated in this essay are literal translation, transference translation and meaning translation. Of these translation strategies literal translation was applied 70% of the time, which indicates that similar cultures use similar figurative language. It also indicates that the target text and language often benefit from new figurative language rendered in the source language and source text. An important conclusion is that metaphorical language, such as conceptual metaphors and hyperboles may seem easy to translate, while in fact concepts can vary across cultures, which indicate that the translator carefully has to consider his or her translation choices in order to produce an accurate translation.

No description available.

Constant references to literal meaning and its relevance in order to preserve the rule of law (predictability, in particular) do not reflect the complexity of our language. In this paper I analyze the descriptivist conception that seems to underlie these references and I present an alternative conception, new theories of reference, that allows us to account for our language in general, and for legal interpretation in particular. Once a semantic conception is assumed, in the last part of the work I reflect on what arguments are relevant to adopt a certain interpretation when difficult cases arise. / Las constantes apelaciones al tenor literal y a su relevancia para preservar el principio de legalidad (especialmente la previsibilidad) no reflejan la complejidad de cómo opera nuestro lenguaje. En este trabajo analizo la concepción descriptivista que parece subyacer a esas apelaciones y presento una concepción alternativa, las nuevas teorías de la referencia, que nos permiten dar cuenta de nuestro lenguaje en general, y la interpretación jurídica, en particular. Una vez se asume una determinada posición semántica, en la última parte del trabajo reflexiono acerca de qué argumentos son relevantes para adoptar una determinada interpretación cuando se producen casos difíciles.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T18:29:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) RICCI_Adiel__O_processamento_psicolinguístico_da metáfora_um_estudo_experimental_no_PB.pdf: 2535918 bytes, checksum: 4c5a972843609c909a1ef4d2a6c087bc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-12T17:59:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) RICCI_Adiel__O_processamento_psicolinguístico_da metáfora_um_estudo_experimental_no_PB.pdf: 2535918 bytes, checksum: 4c5a972843609c909a1ef4d2a6c087bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-12T17:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) RICCI_Adiel__O_processamento_psicolinguístico_da metáfora_um_estudo_experimental_no_PB.pdf: 2535918 bytes, checksum: 4c5a972843609c909a1ef4d2a6c087bc (MD5) / Universidade Severino Sombra, Letras, Vassouras, RJ / Um estudo experimental, inédito no português brasileiro (PB), do processamento psicolinguístico de metáforas nominais (“X é um Y”, por exemplo: “Irene é um furacão”) foi conduzido com o objetivo de evidenciar, com base em tempos de leitura, o processamento direto de metáforas familiares, high-apt (bem construídas) e convencionalizadas, de acordo com o que preconizam Glucksberg e cols. (GLUCKSBERG & KEYSAR, 1990; GLUCKSBERG, 1998; GLUCKSBERG, 2003) no modelo teórico de Class-inclusion (ou de inclusão em categoria). Na primeira fase da pesquisa, realizaram-se dois norming studies (ou estudos normativos) para o ranqueamento de metáforas (por exemplo: “Algumas mulheres são furacões”) em relação à “Familiaridade”, “Aptness” (ou adequação) e “Convencionalidade”. Na segunda fase da pesquisa, realizou-se um experimento de leitura automonitorada (self-paced, non-cumulative, moving-window reading), recorrendo, para a composição dos estímulos, às metáforas que alcançaram ratings de “muito familiares”, “very high-apt’’ e “altamente convencionalizadas”. Oferecendo evidências do PB de processamento direto de metáforas – conforme preconiza o modelo Classinclusion de Glucksberg e cols. – não se observaram diferenças significativas entre os tempos de leitura das metáforas nominais, expressões equivalentes de significado literal e declarações literais de inclusão em classe, em contraposição aos achados de Janus & Bever (1985), que observaram tempos de leitura de metáforas novas significativamente maiores do que os de expressões literais, de acordo com as predições do Modelo Pragmático Padrão de processamento indireto, em três estágios (SEARLE, 1993 [1979]) / An experimental, unprecedented study in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the psycholinguistic processing nominal metaphors ("X is a Y", e.g., "Irene is a hurricane") was conducted in order to demonstrate, based on reading times, the direct processing of familiar, high-apt (well-constructed) and conventionalized metaphors, according to what Glucksberg et al. (GLUCKSBERG & KEYSAR, 1990; GLUCKSBERG, 1998; GLUCKSBERG, 2003) defend in the theoretical model of Class-inclusion (or inclusion in category). In the first phase of the research, two norming studies were performed in order to rank metaphors (e.g., "Some women are hurricanes") regarding "Familiarity", "Aptness" and "Conventionality". In the second phase of the research, a self-monitored reading experiment (self-paced, noncumulative, moving-window reading) was carried out, using the metaphors previously rated as "very familiar", "very high-apt '' and "highly conventionalized" for the composition of the stimuli. Providing evidence of direct metaphors processing BP – not unlike the Class-inclusion model of Glucksberg et al. – there were no statistically significant differences between the reading times of nominal metaphors, of equivalent literal meaning expressions and of literal statements of class inclusion, in opposition to the findings of Janus & Bever (1985), who observed significantly higher reading times of novel metaphors rather than that of literal expressions, according to the predictions of the three-stage Standard Pragmatic model of indirect processing (SEARLE 1993 [1979])

This is a systematic study of tropes of the Holy Qur`an, divided into four chapters… The first chapter is entitled: “An historical review of rhetoric and stylistics” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “Western rhetoric and stylistics” where as the second section deals with “Arabic rhetoric and stylistics”. The second chapter is entitled: “Tropes and their components” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “the definition of tropes”. This section deals with the definition of “literal expressions” and “figurative expressions”, and the required condition for figurative expressions; that is the syntactical and semantic coherence and relationships. The second section is entitled: “Components of tropes” which deals with different components of tropes. The third chapter is entitled: “Linguistic tropes of the Holy Qur`an” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “The spread of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an”. The second section is entitled: “Relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an”. This section quotes each and every relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an. The fourth chapter is entitled: “mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an”, and it consists of three sections; the first section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 1 to part 10”. The second section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 11 to part 20”, and the third section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 21 to part 30”. These sections quote verses of the Holy Qur`an which contain mental tropes. / Religious Studies and Arabic / Psychology

No description available.

The relationship between the literal language and conduct problems among conduct disordered adolescents was examined in 109 subjects. The inability to use figurative language was found to be positively related to ratings of conduct problems. Both the parents' discipline style and nonuse of figurative language were related to 111 conduct problems in conduct disordered adolescents. The possible role of other variables, for example, age, sex, and IQ, was examined. Possible mechanisms that could relate the lack of figurative competence and conduct problems were explored.