Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel Lima Penariol.pdf: 453790 bytes, checksum: 9694639d762d0f8c260255bf75ae9ff3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-30 / This dissertation aims to analyze the rescissory action, in which there is an exception to the rule of the effect of res judicata, limiting the scope of the study to the hypothesis mentioned in the subparagraph V, article 485, of the Civil Process Code, i.e., for violation of a literal law device, as this seems for us to be the most interesting circumstance from a taxation point of view. Furthermore, situations presenting diverging jurisprudence were studied and, due to these being a constitutional matter, there is a definitive position of the Supreme Court. This analysis starts with the historical evolution of the concept of Law, of the idea of time as a convention, as well as of the definition of rule, which are considered in the final discussion of this work. The second point made in this study is the rescissory action itself as one of the mechanisms for execution of the principle of juridical assurance, the conditions of the action in general, and the specific analysis of the rescissory. The concepts of res judicata essential as a condition to the proposition of the rescissory action as well as the types of control of constitutionality adopted by Brazilian positive law are studied. In conclusion, there are references to some examples regarding practical consequences of a decision arbitrated in rescissory action / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o cabimento da ação rescisória, em que há exceção à regra dos efeitos do trânsito em julgado, delimitado o âmbito de estudo à hipótese prevista no inciso V, do artigo 485, do Código de Processo Civil, isto é, por violação a literal dispositivo de lei, já que essa nos parece a circunstância mais interessante do ponto de vista tributário. Ademais, foram estudas as situações em que a jurisprudência apresenta divergência e, por se tratar de matéria constitucional, há posicionamento posterior e definitivo do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Esta análise tem início com a evolução histórica do conceito de Direito, da idéia de tempo como convenção, bem como da definição de norma, que são levados em consideração para as conclusões finais. O segundo ponto abordado no presente trabalho é a ação rescisória propriamente dita como um dos mecanismos de cumprimento do princípio da segurança jurídica, as condições da ação em geral e a análise especificada para a rescisória. Também são estudados os conceitos de coisa julgada essencial como condição para a propositura da ação rescisória -, bem como os tipos de controle de constitucionalidade adotados pelo direito positivo brasileiro. Por fim, são citados alguns exemplos que tratam das conseqüências práticas de uma decisão prolatada em sede de rescisória

Le langage non-littéral (expressions idiomatiques, métaphores, métonymies, etc.) se révèle être très présent dans nos conversations de la vie de tous les jours. Contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait penser, l’utilisation du langage figuré ne revêt pas exclusivement une fonction ornementale : au contraire, la linguistique cognitive a montré que le langage non-littéral est le reflet d’un certain nombre de concepts que nous abordons de manière métaphorique (Gibbs, 1995 ; Gibbs et Tendhal, 2006 ; Lakoff et Johnson, 1980 ; et Sperber et Wilson, 1986/1995). En lien avec cet ancrage théorique, un certain nombre de chercheurs se sont intéressés au domaine de l’apprentissage et de l’enseignement des langues secondes. Ils ont proposé des stratégies d’enseignement afin de garantir un apprentissage de la langue le plus complet possible et ont surtout étudié les compétences non-littérales des apprenants en réception (Andreou et al., 2009 ; Boers, 2000 ; Boers et Lindstromberg, 2009; Cooper, 1998 et 1999 ; Komur et Cimen, 2009 ; Kosciuk, 2003 ; et Lennon, 1998). En revanche, très peu de didacticiens se sont interrogés sur les capacités des apprenants à produire du non-littéral dans une langue étrangère à l’exception de Littlemore et al. (2014), MacArthur (2010) et Nacey (2013). Afin de corroborer le travail de ces chercheuses, ce travail de thèse s’intéresse au développement du langage figuratif chez des apprenants de langue seconde tout en proposant une comparaison avec son acquisition en langue maternelle. Dans le but d’avoir une première idée de la façon dont ces deux types de sujets manient le non-littéral, j’analyse tout d’abord le discours d’une petite fille de nationalité anglaise filmée à intervalles réguliers entre l’âge d’un an et quatre ans, puis j’examine les productions écrites en anglais d’apprenants francophones. J’observe ensuite les productions non-littérales d’enfants natifs anglophones âgés de 7, 11 et 15 ans, d’apprenants francophones en classe de seconde, première année de licence d’anglais et deuxième année de master d’anglais, et enfin, d’un groupe contrôle d’adultes anglophones en interactions semi-guidées. Les résultats de ces différentes analyses révèlent de nombreux points communs entre les productions figuratives des enfants natifs anglophones et des apprenants francophones. La principale différence entre ces sujets se situe au niveau de la proportion de formes figuratives produites (croissante chez les enfants, mais constante chez les apprenants), de la proportion de formes figuratives conventionnelles produites (croissante chez les apprenants, mais constante chez les enfants) et de la forte proportion de formes déviantes chez les apprenants. Ces formes proviennent principalement d’une carence en ressources lexicales de la langue étrangère et d’expressions figuratives du français que les apprenants ont souhaité transposer en anglais. Cette thèse propose un ensemble d’implications pédagogiques pour la classe de langue dans le but de remédier à ces difficultés. / Research has shown that non-literalness is pervasive in language and that it is not always an ornamental device (e.g. to invest time in something, to be in love, the leg of a table, etc.). Metaphor permeates our way of thinking (Gibbs, 1995; Gibbs and Tendahl, 2006; Lakoff and Johnson, 1980) and serves a wide variety of discursive functions (Cameron, 2003; Charteris-Black, 2004; Müller, 2008; Steen, 2008, 2011, 2013). In the light of these findings, I propose to examine non-literal language from a second language acquisition perspective, as we know that language learners struggle to develop a successful command of the conceptual and figurative system of their L2 (Andreou and Galantomos, 2009; Irujo, 1986; Cooper, 1999; Danesi, 1992, 1995). Besides, even if recent studies have started to document L2 metaphorical performance (Littlemore et al., 2014; McArthur, 2010; Nacey 2009 and 2013), little is known about the way it actually develops across learning stages. As an attempt to bridge this gap, I propose a comparative study of figurative language development in first and second language acquisition. To get a preliminary picture of the use of non-literal language by native English-speaking children and French learners of English, I analyse the discourse of a young English child aged 1 to 4 using the Forrester Corpus available on the CHILDES database (MacWhinney, 2000), and I investigate essays written by French university students majoring in Arts and learning English as a second language. Then, I propose an L1/L2 comparative study where I analyze semi-guided interactions taking place between native English-speaking children (aged 7, 11 and 15), French learners of English (in their first year of high school, first year of B.A. in English studies and last year of M.A. in English studies), as well as native English-speaking adults. The results of this PhD project revealed many similar aspects in the figurative productions of native English-speaking children and French students. One of the main differences between the two groups is related to the amount of figurative forms produced, which increases across ages in children’s discourse while remaining constant in learners’ discourse. Another important difference is the amount of conventional figurative forms produced; they increase across learning stages in the learner’s production but remain constant in the children’s. Lastly, I observed a large amount of deviant figurative forms in the leaner’s productions, mainly resulting from L1 transfers and lexical overextensions. Taking into account these observations, implications for teaching are presented.

<p>This thesis examines John Berryman’s poetry of loss together with four different theoretical perspectives. It is the purpose of the study to involve Berryman’s poetry and critical theory in a dialogue which attempts to break down the hierarchy that positions theory as the subject and literature or poetry as the object of study. Instead, by focusing on the otherness of each discourse, that is, what could be called the unconscious of Berryman’s poetry of loss and the language of theory, poetry and theory can be seen to presuppose and mutually imply each other. Those of Berryman’s poems mainly analyzed in the thesis, and which could be called his poetry of loss are “The Ball Poem,” Homage to Mistress Bradstreet, and The Dream Songs. The four theoretical perspectives consist of Martin Heidegger’s thinking concerning the word and concept departure, David S. Reynolds’s notion of the subversive in the American Renaissance, Nicolas Abraham’s psychoanalytical concept anasemia, and Maurice Blanchot’s theory of death and poetry in his book The Space of Literature. The theoretical base of the thesis is developed primarily from Shoshana Felman’s “To open the question,” an editorial introduction to a special issue of Yale French Studies entitled Literature and Psychoanalysis. The Question of Reading: Otherwise and Timothy Clark’s study Derrida, Heidegger, Blanchot.</p>

This thesis examines John Berryman’s poetry of loss together with four different theoretical perspectives. It is the purpose of the study to involve Berryman’s poetry and critical theory in a dialogue which attempts to break down the hierarchy that positions theory as the subject and literature or poetry as the object of study. Instead, by focusing on the otherness of each discourse, that is, what could be called the unconscious of Berryman’s poetry of loss and the language of theory, poetry and theory can be seen to presuppose and mutually imply each other. Those of Berryman’s poems mainly analyzed in the thesis, and which could be called his poetry of loss are “The Ball Poem,” Homage to Mistress Bradstreet, and The Dream Songs. The four theoretical perspectives consist of Martin Heidegger’s thinking concerning the word and concept departure, David S. Reynolds’s notion of the subversive in the American Renaissance, Nicolas Abraham’s psychoanalytical concept anasemia, and Maurice Blanchot’s theory of death and poetry in his book The Space of Literature. The theoretical base of the thesis is developed primarily from Shoshana Felman’s “To open the question,” an editorial introduction to a special issue of Yale French Studies entitled Literature and Psychoanalysis. The Question of Reading: Otherwise and Timothy Clark’s study Derrida, Heidegger, Blanchot.

This essay is a qualitative descriptive translation study concerning two translations of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet into Swedish. The purpose of the study is to investigate the translational behaviour of the translators and the translation norms that govern this behaviour. By thoroughly analysing stretches of the play, the study will attempt to locate translation shifts (linguistic changes) that occur in the translation from the source text to the target text. These changes are connected with the translators’ fidelity towards e.g. the metre of the verse or the sense transfer of puns. The analysis also comprises a survey of the translation norms that the translators adhere to. These norms, stated by the translators themselves, are connected to their translation approach. Thus, the study will reveal the differences of translation behaviour and analyse them from a wider perspective. The translations were made around 1840 and in 1982, respectively. The considerable space in time in itself suggests that linguistic differences will occur. However, the study will also find differences as regards the purposes of the translations. The older translation appears to be performed in a tradition of fidelity to the written text and its literary qualities, whereas the modern translation clearly has the purpose of being used for the stage performance. The latter is stated by the translator himself, who also argues that Shakespeare is to be considered drama and not literature.

The aim of this study has been to analyse metaphorical strings which have been interpreted literally, a process referred to as metaphor reversal. This was first described by Löflund (1999:18) and the specific term was later coined by Alm-Arvius (2006:6). Metaphor reversal is basically a subcategory of the broader term polysemy punning. When a metaphor unexpectedly is interpreted literally, a humorous effect takes place and a pun is created. Especially if the metaphorisation in question has an entrenched figurative meaning, the unexpectedness of the literal interpretation is greater and the pun more obvious. The examples of these puns exploiting metaphor reversal have been taken from films featuring the verbal comedian Groucho Marx (GM), who frequently used this type and other kinds of puns in his films. The terms internal and external metaphor, coined by Alm-Arvius (2003:78), have been used in order to distinguish between two different types of metaphorisations. Internal metaphor refers to metaphors with obvious internal collocational clashes and external metaphor refers to metaphors without such clashes, which can thus be given a literal as well as a figurative reading. However, this is not a clear-cut distinction and occasional overlapping between the two categories is common. Therefore, a continuum has been given which shows the overlapping category ‘more figurative external metaphors’. These are metaphors without collocational clashes, but with entrenched figurative meanings which make them metaphorical and not literal. GM does not only revert external metaphors; he also reverts internal metaphors although this category contains collocational clashes which should make a literal interpretation impossible. Internal metaphor puns tend to be more absurd than external metaphor puns due to the collocational clashes which make the literal interpretation less probable. Reverted external metaphors are referred to as REM and reverted internal metaphors as RIM. Most examples analysed are metaphorisations with idiom status with clearly preferred figurative meanings. Consequently, their figurative meanings are deeply entrenched and should not be altered. However, these figurative meanings are altered by GM in his punning; they are reverted and interpreted literally. This indicates that one of the few occasions when it is accepted or even possible to interpret a metaphorical idiom literally is in punning.

nÃo hà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Se, por um lado, a Ãrea de Estudos da TraduÃÃo no Brasil, por sua prÃpria natureza interdisciplinar, tem ampliado o diÃlogo com outras Ãreas, por outro lado, ainda hà muito o que ser pesquisado, especialmente, no tocante à natureza cultural da disciplina (SALGUEIRO, 2015) e no seu papel na manutenÃÃo de culturas e tradiÃÃes (RISÃRIO, 1993; 1996), embora seja esse papel uma nova realidade no paradigma da disciplina. Uma aproximaÃÃo com o campo de estudos da Antropologia à fundamental nesse sentido, especialmente, em diÃlogos que investigam a influÃncia e funÃÃo da traduÃÃo na manutenÃÃo de tradiÃÃes culturais, com Ãnfase naquelas relativas à oralidade e à produÃÃo poÃtica oral de um povo, suas oraturas (BROSE, 2015). Este estudo pretende investigar as toadas cantadas atualmente no culto Xangà do Recife comparando-as com as recolhidas e traduzidas por Carvalho (1993) do ponto de vista de sua relaÃÃo com o mito (MALINOWSKI, 1986 e ALLEAU, 1976) e com a performance (FINNEGAN, 1982). Nesse processo analÃtico, irei comparar as traduÃÃes ââficcionaisââ que reinterpretam o conteÃdo semÃntico desses textos no atual ambiente de performance e recepÃÃo e que foram realizadas pelos adeptos do culto, com as traduÃÃes semÃnticas a fim de identificar o quanto sua significaÃÃo mudou ou foi recriada. Irei tambÃm identificar as estratÃgias utilizadas pelos adeptos do culto na criaÃÃo de suas traduÃÃes ââficcionaisââ, apontando pistas para a compreensÃo do modo como o Candomblà và e interpreta o mundo, alÃm de investigar como e em que ambiente as traduÃÃes ââficcionaisââ surgem e, quando divergem das semÃnticas, em que extensÃo o fazem e sob a influÃncia de quais aspectos. As traduÃÃes ââficcionaisââ sÃo vistas sob a Ãtica da transcriaÃÃo poÃtica, conforme proposta por Campos (1962; 1967; 1984; 1985; 1987). Esta pesquisa pretende lanÃar olhares renovados sobre as tradiÃÃes orais afro-brasileiras a partir do ponto de vista de uma teoria da poesia oral (ZUMTHOR, 2010). Acredito que essa nova interface teÃricometodolÃgica ampliarà a compreensÃo de conceitos-chave dos Estudos da TraduÃÃo, como o tradutor e a obra (CHARTIER, 2012), alÃm de trazer uma contribuiÃÃo para um melhor entendimento do conceito de traduÃÃo ââficcionalââ introduzido por Carvalho em seu estudo. / If the area of Translation Studies in Brazil, by its very interdisciplinary nature, has broadened the dialogue with other areas, there is still much to be researched, especially regarding the cultural nature of the discipline (SALGUEIRO, 2015) and its role in the maintenance of cultures and traditions (RISÃRIO, 1993; 1996). An approach from the field of Anthropology is fundamental in this sense, especially in dialogues that investigate the influence and function of translation in the maintenance of cultural traditions, with emphasis on studies related to orality and the production of oral literature, orature (BROSE , 2015). This study intends to investigate the songs currently sung in the Xangà do Recife cult, comparing them to those collected and translated by Carvalho (1993). The point of view will be their relationship with myth (MALINOWSKI, 1986 and ALLEAU, 1976) and performance (FINNEGAN, 1982). In this analytical process, I shall compare the 'fictional' translations with 'literal' translations. 'Fictional' translations are reinterpretations of the semantic content of the original texts in the current performance and reception environment and which were carried out by worshipers. I intend to identify how the meaning has changed or has been recreated. It is my intentionto analyse the strategies used by worshipers in creating their "fictional" translations, pointing out clues to understand how Candomblà sees and interprets the world. I shall investigate how and in what environment the "fictional" translations ' arise, and when they differ from the 'literal' ones, to what extent they do so and under the influence of which aspects. The "fictional" translations are seen from the perspective of âpoetic transcreationâ as proposed by Campos (1962; 1967; 1984; 1985; 1987). This research intends to open new vistas for the Afro- Brazilian oral traditions from the point of view of a theory of oral poetry (ZUMTHOR, 2010). I believe that this new theoretical interface might broaden the understanding of key concepts of Translation Studies, such as the translator and the work (CHARTIER, 2012), in addition to contributing to a better understanding of the concept of "fictional" translation introduced by Carvalho in his study.

As questÃes que nos levaram à investigaÃÃo do tema foram: (i) Quais sÃo os mecanismos envolvidos na geraÃÃo do sentido metafÃrico/literal das expressÃes idiomÃticas (EIs) e suas desconstruÃÃes pictÃricas (DPs)? (ii) Qual à o papel da metÃfora/mesclagem conceptual na geraÃÃo do sentido metafÃrico/literal entre as duas modalidades (EI verbal e DP nÃo-verbal)? e (iii) Qual à o papel das projeÃÃes congruentes e nÃo congruentes de cada uma das modalidades na geraÃÃo do sentido metafÃrico/literal? Para responder a esses questionamentos tivemos como objetivo principal descrever a estrutura interna da rede de integraÃÃo conceptual dos mecanismos responsÃveis pela geraÃÃo do sentido metafÃrico/literal das EIs e suas DPs e como objetivos especÃficos: (i) descrever e propor um modelo que revele a arquitetura interna da rede de integraÃÃo conceptual envolvida nos processos de geraÃÃo do sentido entre as duas modalidades (verbal e nÃo-verbal), (ii) descrever como processos de figuratividade e/ou literalidade participam nas modalidades verbal e nÃo-verbal e interferem na geraÃÃo do significado e (iii) propor um modelo que revele a estrutura interna do percurso gerativo do sentido das EIS e suas DPs nas redes de integraÃÃo conceptual. (RP). Para composiÃÃo do corpus da pesquisa foram selecionadas as seguintes obras: (a) A vaca foi pro brejo â the cow went to the swamp (FERNANDES, 2001) e (b) Pequeno DicionÃrio de ExpressÃes IdiomÃticas (ZOCCHIO; BALARDIN, 1999). Da obra de Fernandes (2001) foram escolhidas as expressÃes (1) âo bom cabrito nÃo berraâ, (2) ânÃo ter papas na lÃnguaâ e (3) âsà falam abobrinhasâ; de Zocchio e Ballardin (1999), a expressÃo âengolir sapoâ. Para atingirmos nossos objetivos, tomamos como base os postulados da Teoria da IntegraÃÃo Conceptual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2003) e da Teoria da MetÃfora Conceptual de Lakoff e Johnson (1980, 1999). A partir das anÃlises, o modelo projetado da estrutura interna das redes de integraÃÃo conceptual revelou que a inter-relaÃÃo entre EI e sua RP permite uma multiplicidade de projeÃÃes que participam na geraÃÃo do sentido. O modelo tambÃm permite ampliar as relaÃÃes conceptuais gerando diferentes mesclagens, de forma que a imagem em relaÃÃo à sua representaÃÃo verbal pode ser parcial ou totalmente congruente. O grau de (in)congruÃncia entre o literal e o idiomÃtico Ã, no continuum, decisivo para a determinaÃÃo do resultado mesclado. Foi possÃvel tornar evidente que hà uma estreita ligaÃÃo entre uma modalidade e a outra. Isso aponta para desvelar que a natureza do processamento da EI pode ser de base metafÃrica ou literal. Ainda com base nas anÃlises, o modelo de mesclagem proposto comprovou ser eficiente para a demonstraÃÃo da organizaÃÃo interna das redes na geraÃÃo do sentido, a partir da inter-relaÃÃo entre a representaÃÃo verbal e nÃo-verbal. Na estruturaÃÃo das redes entram em jogo as vÃrias projeÃÃes criativas e imaginativas, o que possibilita novas configuraÃÃes de sentido (re)construÃdo sucessivamente. / We had some questions that have driven our investigation: (i) What are the mechanisms that are involved in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation of the idiomatic expressions (IE) and its pictorial representation (PR)?, (ii) What is the role of the conceptual metaphor/blending in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation between the two modalities (verbal IE and non-verbal PR)? And (iii) What is the role of the congruent projections of each modality in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation? To answer these questions we had a main objective: describe the internal structure of the conceptual integration network of the mechanisms responsible for the metaphorical/literal meaning generation of the idioms and its PRs and some specific objectives: (i) to describe, by use of a model, the internal structure of conceptual integration network and of the mechanisms involved in the generation of meaning of IEs and their PRs; (ii) to describe the figurative and/or literal process that interferes in the meaning generation and (iii) propose a model that demonstrates the internal structure of the IE meaning generation and its PRs in the conceptual integration network.. The following works had been selected to compose the research corpus: (a) A vaca foi pro brejo â the cow went to the swamp (FERNANDES, 2001) and (b) Pequeno DicionÃrio de ExpressÃes IdiomÃticas (ZOCCHIO; BALARDIN, 1999). From the work by Fernandes (2001), the expressions (1) âo bom cabrito nÃo berraâ, (2) ânÃo ter papas na lÃnguaâ e (3) âsà falam abobrinhasâ were selected; from Zocchio and Balardin (1999), the IE âengolir sapoâ. In order to reach our objectives, we based our research on the postulates of the Theory of Conceptual Integration (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2003) and on Lakoff and Johnsonâs (1980, 1999) Theory of Conceptual Metaphor. With the analyses as a starting point, the designed model of the internal structure of conceptual integration networks revealed that the interrelation between the IE and its PR allows a multiplicity of projections which contribute to the generation of meaning. The model also allows the expansion of conceptual relationships, generating different blends, so that the image, in terms of its verbal representation, may be partially or totally congruent. The degree of (in)congruence between the literal and the idiomatic is, in a continuum, decisive for the determination of the blended result. It was possible to show that there is a close connection between one modality and the other. This suggests that the nature of the processing of an IE may have a metaphorical or literal basis. Still based on the analyses, our model of blends proved to be efficient to demonstrate the internal organization of the nets in the generation of meaning, from the interrelation between verbal and non-verbal representation. In the designing of the networks, the various creative and imaginative projections come into play, which allows for new configurations of meaning to be successively (re)constructed.

This thesis examines translation strategies for translating figurative language with a focus on metaphors, idioms, and phrasal verbs. Translators often state that figurative language presents challenges in the translation process. This is mainly because the translator must consider the language’s pragmatic, cognitive, and aesthetic functions. This analysis combines a modified translation approach based on Liu and Zhang (2005), Newmark (1988) as well as Lakoff and Johnson (2003). Using the strategies literal translation, transference, meaning translation, omission, and addition to reduce the loss between the source and target texts, this paper seeks to map how frequently these strategies are applied in the translation of metaphors, idioms, and phrasal verbs in the source text. This paper also discusses any potential problems arising in conjunction with these strategies. The findings of this analysis show that literal translation is the most commonly used translation strategy, in line with Liu and Zhang’s recommendations (2005). Overall, the second most frequently used strategy is transference, followed by meaning translation. This analysis also highlights interesting research gaps regarding omission and addition and encourages further research on these subjects. Greater knowledge and application of these strategies could lead not only to a better and more efficient target text but also a target text that is closer in word count to the original, thereby reducing the expansion of the source text.

Prophetic reports, constituting the second foundational source of the Islamic Weltanschauung, have been categorised in terms of their authenticity. The current work explores reports occurring in single transmission chains that are corroborated in word or meaning by other similarly narrated reports whose source at the level of Prophet Muhammad's companions could either be the same or different. Rules pertaining to this field have been amalgamated for the first time to simplify their application. Appropriated practical examples have been given to illustrate harmony between theory and praxis. Concentration has been restricted to a corroboration of reports by other transmission chains. An examination of the latter falls outside the scope of this investigation. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M.A. (Islamic Studies)