Notre étude s’intéresse à l’agence André entre 1929 et 1973, période d’activité des frères Jacques et Michel André, architecte et ingénieur. Nous interrogeons leur production dans son contexte spatial et historique, à la lumière des notions de filiations et de réseaux. Issus d’une importante dynastie d’architectes en Lorraine, ils bénéficient d’un héritage à la fois matériel et intellectuel. Cet ancrage, soutenu par la foisonnante École de Nancy du début du siècle, favorise les réseaux de proximité comme les échanges culturels internationaux. Les frères André prolongent ce dynamisme critique en s’impliquant dans le Comité Nancy-Paris,l’Union des artistes modernes et la revue L’Architecture d’aujourd’hui. Dans l’Entre-deux guerres,ils sont les premiers architectes à collaborer durablement avec Jean Prouvé, avant d’associer à l’agence Claude, le fils de ce dernier, dans les années 1960. Proche des entrepreneurs locaux, les deux frères questionnent la valeur constructive de l’architecture :ils s’attachent à atteindre la perfection technique et expérimentent les matériaux. Cette recherche traverse leur production, depuis leur première grande réalisation, l’Institut de zoologie, inspiré par les procédés de Frank Lloyd Wright, jusqu’au musée de l’Histoire du fer,symbole de gloire industrielle régionale. Tandis que les années 1930 constituent une période d’intense créativité, l’agence développe après-guerre les outils nécessaires pour faire face à une commande massive, notamment postale, et se met en quête de productivité. L’agence des frères André constitue ainsi un témoin privilégié des bouleversements de la production architecturale au cours du XXème siècle. / Our study focuses on the André agency between 1929 and 1973, period of activity of thebrothers Jacques and Michel André, architect and engineer. We question their production inits spatial and historical context, in the light of the notions of filiation and networks. Comingfrom a large dynasty of architects in Lorraine, they benefit from both material and intellectuallegacy. This rooting, supported by the teeming École de Nancy in the early century,promotes close networks as well as international cultural exchanges. The André brothersextend this critical dynamic by getting involved in the Comité Nancy-Paris, the Union desartistes modernes (UAM) and the L'Architecture d'aujourd'hui magazine. During the Interwarperiod, they were the first architects to work sustainably with Jean Prouvé, before associatingClaude, the son of the later, to the agency in the 1960s. Close to local building contractors,the two brothers question the constructive value of architecture: they focus on reaching ontechnical perfection and experimentation on materials. This research goes through theirproduction, since their first major achievement, the Institute of Zoology, inspired by FrankLloyd Wright’s processes, to the museum of iron history, symbol of the region's industrialglory. While the 1930s are a period of creativity, the agency develops postwar the toolsneeded to face intense order, in particular postal, and shifts toward a quest for productivity.The André agency thus constitutes a privileged witness to the upheavals of architecturalproduction during the 20th century.

The master thesis focuses on a more detailed analysis of the premises of British politics in relation to the Middle East after the First World War. Attention is focused especially on the territory of Mesopotamia, which is the center of all actions of neighboring states and the interests of the great powers. The thesis also includes the events of the war and the subsequent diplomatic negotiations held mostly at the Paris Peace Conference. Everything is viewed mainly from the perspective of British Empire and it's leaders. The finall goal of the work is to anchor the British mandates in the geographical area of the Middle East to the Ankara Agreement.

Intra-industry trade occurs when goods from the same industry category are both exported and imported. Types of intra-industry trade are identified, and theoretical models of intraindustry trade under conditions of imperfect competition are examined. The results of thirtyseven empirical studies on the determinants of intra-industry trade are analysed. Methods of measuring intra-industry trade and marginal intra-industry trade are discussed, and various measurement problems are dealt with. The extent of intra-industry trade in South Africa in 1992 and 1997 is measured, using the Grubel-Lloyd and Michaely indices. The BrUlhart indices are applied to measure marginal intra-industry trade. South Africa has a relatively low and stable level of intra-industry trade in manufactured goods: the GrubelLloyd index for 1997 is calculated to be 37 per cent. / Economics and Management Sciences / M.Com. (Economics)

This dissertation relates to the dismissal of Admiral Jellicoe, First Sea Lord from November 1916 to December 1917, by Sir Eric Geddes, First Lord of the Admiralty, at the behest of the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. The dismissal was peremptory and effected without rational explanation, despite Jellicoe having largely fulfilled his primary mission of combating the German U-boat threat to British merchant shipping. The outcome of the war may well have been affected if the level of shipping losses sustained through U-boat attack in April 1917 had continued unabated. The central argument of the dissertation is that the dismissal was unjustified. As an adjunct, it argues that the received view of certain historians that Jellicoe was not successful as First Sea Lord is unwarranted and originates from severe post war critism of Jellicoe by those with a vested interest in justifying the dismissal, notably Lloyd George. Supporting these arguments, the following assertions are made. Firstly, given the legacy Jellicoe inherited when joining the Admiralty, through the strategies adopted, organisational changes made and initiatives undertaken in anti-submarine weapons development, the progress made in countering the U-boat threat was notable. Secondly, the universal criticism directed at the Admiralty over the perceived delay in introducing a general convoy system for merchant shipping is not sustainable having regard to primary source documentation. Thirdly, incidents that occurred during the latter part of 1917, and suggested as being factors which contributed to the dismissal, can be discounted. Fourthly, Lloyd George conspired to involve General Haig, Commander of the British Forces France, and the press baron, Lord Northcliffe, in his efforts to mitigate any potential controversy that might result from Jellicoe's removal from office. Finally, the arguments made by a number of commentators that the Admiralty performed better under Jellicoe's successor, Admiral Wemyss, is misconceived.

Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo a análise da qualidade espacial em dois museus, a Fundação Iberê Camargo em Porto Alegre e o museu Guggenheim em Nova York. A Fundação Iberê Camargo foi escolhida em função da aclamação de crítica que recebeu e seu destaque no panorama arquitetônico da cidade gaúcha, onde o trabalho foi desenvolvido. Da mesma forma, o museu Guggenheim foi selecionado por ser uma edificação icônica, consagrada no imaginário arquitetônico mundial. Os dois exemplares foram escolhidos também, e principalmente, em função de suas semelhanças em termos de partido arquitetônico e forma, programa, dimensões e escala. As análises serão realizadas à luz do conceito da qualidade espacial, noção essa definida pela relação como os espaços acolhem, ou não, o corpo dos usuários. A pesquisa consiste, portanto, em um trabalho de natureza prática/empiríca, que buscará avaliar os desempenhos das edificações a partir da aplicação do “método do observador”. Para tal, serão utilizados parâmetros de avaliação como a legibilidade e a funcionalidade de diversas situações ao longo dos percursos analíticos realizados em ambas as edificações. / This work aims to analyze the spatial quality in two museums, Fundação Iberê Camargo in Porto Alegre and Guggenheim Museum in New York. Fundação Iberê Camargo was chosen due to the critical acclaim it has received and its prominence in the architectural panorama of Porto Alegre, city where the work was developed. Similarly, the Guggenheim museum was selected because it is an iconic building, enshrined in global architectural imagination. The two buildings were chosen also, and mainly, due to their similarities in terms of architectural concept and form, program, size and scale. Analyzes will be carried out in the light of spatial quality, a concept that is defined through the relationship of space and body, and the way the first receive, or not, the second. This work is, therefore, a work based on practical/empirical approach, which seek to evaluate the performance of these buildings from the application of “the observer method”. In order to achieve this, evaluation parameters such as legibility and functionality, will be used in various situations along the analytical paths performed in both buildings.

Esta dissertação objetiva mostrar conseqüências ocorridas na prática do projeto residencial provenientes do “rompimento da caixa”. O trabalho investiga um conjunto de residências unifamiliares concebidas durante o século XX, selecionadas por possuírem uma característica comum: serem decorrentes do rompimento da composição univolumétrica iniciado a partir da arquitetura de Frank Lloyd Wright, que “destrói a caixa” compartimentada convencional sem abandonar a ortogonalidade de linhas. A partir do “rompimento da caixa” no início do século XX, foi produzida uma nova classe de elementos mais genéricos e abstratos. Com a arquitetura Neoplástica de Van Doesburg e de Rietveld em meados dos anos de 1920, o plano surge como um elemento de arquitetura na composição das formas. Na primeira parte, através de revisão bibliográfica, o trabalho aborda uma rápida trajetória de aspectos da composição, desde o código clássico até a revisão dos elementos de arquitetura na vanguarda moderna, abordando também os primórdios do Neoplasticismo. A pesquisa considerou a hipótese de que as residências investigadas sigam a lógica construtiva oriunda dessa corrente. Na segunda parte, através da investigação de características espaciais, formais e compositivas, foram agrupados em capítulos os resultados obtidos da verificação de projetos de cinco arquitetos selecionados: Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Eduardo Souto de Moura e João Álvaro Rocha. / This dissertation shows the “destruction of the box” consequences in residential project. The work investigates a set of “single-family residences” projected in XX century. These houses were elected for presenting a common characteristic: to be decurrently of the “destruction of the box”, initiated from the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, who "destroys the conventional box" without abandoning the orthogonality of lines. From the "destruction of the box", in the beginning of century, a new class of elements was produced, more generic and abstract. With the Van Doesburg´s and Rietveld´s Neoplastic architecture (1920), the wall appears as an element in the composition of the forms. Firstly, with a bibliographical revision, the work approaches a fast trajectory in the composition, since the classical architecture, until the revision of elements in the modern vanguard, and approaches the beginning of the Neoplasticism. A research considered the hypothesis, where the investigated residences follow the constructive logic of the Neoplasticism. From there, through the inquiry of spaces characteristics, formal and compositive, the results had been grouped in chapters, gotten through the verification of projects of five selected architects: Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Eduardo Souto de Moura and João Álvaro Rocha.

On the 12:th of April 2011, the Swedish tabloid magazine Expressen publishes a story, claiming that Ola Lindholm, presenter of critically acclaimed TV-show “Wild Kids” has been suspected and apprehended on cocaine allegations. The serious allegation called for Ola Lindholm to defend himself against the allegations. His only public response was a blog-post where he claimed his innocence, albeit with some reservations.   The purpose of this paper is to analyze Lindholm’s rhetorical defense. By applying Benoit’s theory of image restoration, the stasis theory and the rhetorical situation my goal is to find what strategies Lindholm’s defense consists of.   The analyses showed that Lindholm used four different kinds of image restoration strategies. The most salient strategies consisted of bolstering and attacking the accuser. By applying a proposition analysis it was possible to find textual themes used to either undermine the tabloid Expressen's credibility or to mitigate his own actions.   The results also point out that ethos and image restoration strategies are closely intertwined.

The work examines the antislavery writings of Francis Wayland (1796-1865). Wayland pastored churches in Boston and Providence, but he left his indelible mark as the fourth and twenty-eight year president of Brown University (1827-1855). The author of numerous works on moral science, economics, philosophy, education, and the Baptist denomination, his administration marked a transitional stage in the emergence of American colleges from a classically oriented curriculum to an educational philosophy based on science and modern languages. Wayland left an enduring legacy at Brown, but it was his antislavery writings that brought him the most notoriety and controversy. Developed throughout his writings, rather than systematically in a major work, his antislavery views were shaped and tested in the political and intellectual climate of the antebellum world in which he lived. First developed in The Elements of Moral Science (1835), he tested the boundaries of activism in The Limitations of Human Responsibility (1838), and publicly debated antislavery in Domestic Slavery Considered as a Scriptural Institution (1845). The political crisis from the Mexican-American War through the Kansas-Nebraska Act heightened Wayland’s activism as delineated in The Duty of Obedience to the Civil Magistrate (1847), his noncompliance with the Fugitive Slave Law, and his public address on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854). In 1861 he became a committed Unionist. I argue that Francis Wayland was a mediating figure in the controversy between abolitionists and proslavery apologists and that his life was a microcosm of the transition that many individuals made from moderate antislavery to abolitionism. Wayland proved unique in that he was heavily coveted by Northern abolitionists who sought his unconditional support and yet he was respected by Southerners who appreciated his uncondemning attitude toward slaveholders even while he opposed slavery. I argue that Wayland’s transition from reluctant critic to public activist was not solely due to the political sweep of events, but that his latter activism was already marked in his earlier work. Most importantly, his life demonstrated both the limits and possibilities in the history of American antislavery.

This is an interdiscliplinary qualitative study which uses an exploratory research design and builds on Fariclough's Critical Discourse Analysis methodology to analyze the discourses surrounding an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for livelihood development project in Jamaica, introduced by the United Nations Development Programme - the Jamaica Sustainable Development Networking Programme (JSDNP). The primary objective of this project is to provide the poor in Jamaican communities with access to, and training in ICTs. In this research, I specifically focus on the discourses surrounding the JSDNP Cybercentre Project for a group of microenterprise entrepreneurs in the Jamaican tourism industry to access the epistemological assumptions of this project. From the data collected it was found that at one level, the JSDNP Cybercentre Project encouraged specific ways of acting and organizing congruent with the configurations, processes and structures of corporate firms of industrialized countries, by representing the achievement of livelihood expansion through the use of specific ICTs in a particular way which excluded other discourses. The particular ways of acting and organizing promoted by the Cybercentre encouraged the use of non-indigenous technologies, undervalued indigenous technologies and excluded the indigenization of non-indigenous technologies. These discourses were incompatible with the operational and structural configurations of trans-temporal poor entrepretrepreneurs interviewed and were more favourable to the non-poor and spatio-temporal ones. One of the wider implications of the discourse therefore was that they play a fundamental role in perpetuating entrenched inequalities through the preservation of social practices, along with their associated systems and structures. It was also found that these modalities limited the operational processes of all microenterprise entrepreneurs who were exposed to the Cybercentre Project. These entrepreneurs have limited control over the configuration of non-indigenous technologies; their technological and creative capabilities are restricted; their ability to indigenize non-indigenous technologies impaired; and they are highly dependent on non-indigenous technologies (which themselves have a number of limitations).

Esta dissertação objetiva mostrar conseqüências ocorridas na prática do projeto residencial provenientes do “rompimento da caixa”. O trabalho investiga um conjunto de residências unifamiliares concebidas durante o século XX, selecionadas por possuírem uma característica comum: serem decorrentes do rompimento da composição univolumétrica iniciado a partir da arquitetura de Frank Lloyd Wright, que “destrói a caixa” compartimentada convencional sem abandonar a ortogonalidade de linhas. A partir do “rompimento da caixa” no início do século XX, foi produzida uma nova classe de elementos mais genéricos e abstratos. Com a arquitetura Neoplástica de Van Doesburg e de Rietveld em meados dos anos de 1920, o plano surge como um elemento de arquitetura na composição das formas. Na primeira parte, através de revisão bibliográfica, o trabalho aborda uma rápida trajetória de aspectos da composição, desde o código clássico até a revisão dos elementos de arquitetura na vanguarda moderna, abordando também os primórdios do Neoplasticismo. A pesquisa considerou a hipótese de que as residências investigadas sigam a lógica construtiva oriunda dessa corrente. Na segunda parte, através da investigação de características espaciais, formais e compositivas, foram agrupados em capítulos os resultados obtidos da verificação de projetos de cinco arquitetos selecionados: Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Eduardo Souto de Moura e João Álvaro Rocha. / This dissertation shows the “destruction of the box” consequences in residential project. The work investigates a set of “single-family residences” projected in XX century. These houses were elected for presenting a common characteristic: to be decurrently of the “destruction of the box”, initiated from the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, who "destroys the conventional box" without abandoning the orthogonality of lines. From the "destruction of the box", in the beginning of century, a new class of elements was produced, more generic and abstract. With the Van Doesburg´s and Rietveld´s Neoplastic architecture (1920), the wall appears as an element in the composition of the forms. Firstly, with a bibliographical revision, the work approaches a fast trajectory in the composition, since the classical architecture, until the revision of elements in the modern vanguard, and approaches the beginning of the Neoplasticism. A research considered the hypothesis, where the investigated residences follow the constructive logic of the Neoplasticism. From there, through the inquiry of spaces characteristics, formal and compositive, the results had been grouped in chapters, gotten through the verification of projects of five selected architects: Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, Richard Neutra, Eduardo Souto de Moura and João Álvaro Rocha.