Lung biopsy is neither widely known nor practiced and it was only in 1949 that i first came across a paper on this subject. The title was: "Cellular analysis of the aspiration lung biopsy from normal and some pathological conditions by Z. Godlowski" (1949). The very term "lung biopsy" conjures up the picture of a needle being introduced into an air filled, very vascular structure where the bleeding of an injured vessel cannot readily be stopped, where the stage is set for air embolisms and where tension pneumothorax may occur. it was with great surprise but also an apparently innocuous procedure. Unfortunately, at that time, there was no opportunity to use the method. In 1950 I became the University Assistant at the New Somerset Hospital in Cape Town. Many of the cases admitted to the wards presented with chest pathology. Patients with pneumococcal lobar pneumonia were not infrequent and occasional cases did not resolve as expected but went on to become so-called chronic pneumonia. What happened when an acute lobar pneumonia went on to the chronic stage and why did this occur? it was suggested that investigae this problem.

TAR DNA Binding Protein-43 (TDP-43) proteinopathy is a disease pathology that underlies a broad field of neurodegenerative disorders. Most prominently, TDP-43 aggregates are the hallmark of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD). The implication of TDP-43 in ALS, in particular, has helped initiate a cascade of research to determine the properties of the previously obscure protein. From these studies, it is now known that TDP-43 is a DNA and RNA binding protein, important for the splicing and regulation of many transcripts. In the disease state, TDP-43 is modified in a way that fuels its accumulation into cytoplasmic aggregates called inclusions. This paper will delineate the current understanding of the mechanisms behind TDP-43 proteinopathy and the resultant clinical conditions. The body of evidence firmly supports a clinical spectrum of TDP-43 proteinopathy that ranges between pure motor neuron disease (MND) and pure frontotemporal dementia (FTD). It also appears that the root cause of neurodegeneration in these disorders comes about through a combination of a gain of toxic function and a loss of normal TDP-43. Continued research into the molecular processes leading to the capitulation of TDP-43 holds great promise for the development of new drug targets to help treat the spectrum of TDP-43 proteinopathy.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento da expectativa de vida tem contribuído para o crescimento da população idosa em todo o mundo. O envelhecimento é uma condição de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças, entre as quais as demências, que responderão nas próximas décadas por um número significativo de idosos com comprometimento cognitivo, comportamental e funcional. A ampliação de cuidados a esses pacientes está associada ao aumento de sua expectativa de vida; por isso é crescente o número de indivíduos dementes em estágios avançados. Os quadros demenciais comprometem gradualmente o comportamento e a cognição, e observa-se uma progressiva deterioração também na comunicação. As características da linguagem em fases mais avançadas têm sido pouco detalhadas nas demências. Daí a necessidade de se disponibilizar instrumento, em língua portuguesa brasileira, para avaliação da linguagem na demência em fases moderada e grave, o FLCI (Inventário de Comunicação Lingüístico Funcional). O FLCI gera dados para auxiliar o diagnóstico, acompanhamento e evolução da doença e, além disso, para orientar familiares e cuidadores. O FLCI foi aplicado a população com doença de Alzheimer (DA). Desconhece-se sua aplicabilidade em outros quadros demenciais como doença de Alzheimer associada a demência vascular (DA+DV), demências do espectro lobar frontotemporal (DLFT) em fases avançadas. OBJETIVOS: 1.realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural do FLCI para uso na população brasileira; 2.comparar o desempenho de pacientes com DA, DA+DV e DLFT em fase moderada e grave e 3.correlacionar as habilidades lingüístico-cognitivas com a funcionalidade na vida cotidiana. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 57 sujeitos, sendo 24 com DA, 24 com DA+DV e 09 com DLFT, com idade a partir de 60 anos e CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating) em níveis 2 e 3, moderado e grave respectivamente. Foi realizada a tradução e adaptação transcultural do FLCI e verificada a consistência interna, confiabilidade inter e intra-examinadores, assim como a validade de critério do instrumento pela correlação com o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). O desempenho lingüístico-cognitivo dos sujeitos agrupados segundo diagnóstico foi analisado por meio da aplicação do FLCI, para comparação de médias de desempenho nos diferentes sub-testes. Foi possível correlacionar os aspectos cognitivos com a funcionalidade por meio da escala FAST (Functional Assessment Staging) e analisar a correlação desta com o FLCI. Verificou-se também o efeito da idade e da escolaridade no desempenho comunicativo dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: As análises estatísticas indicaram que o FLCI apresenta consistência interna satisfatória (alfa de Cronbach=0,890), ótima confiabilidade intra e interexaminador (coeficiente de correlação interclasse - ICC=0,999 e 0,100 respectivamente) e ótima validade de critério ao ser correlacionado com o MEEM. Todos os sub-testes que compõem o FLCI apresentaram diferenças significativas para a amostra total classificada de acordo com a gravidade da demência após ser correlacionada a pontuação total do teste com a escala FAST. De acordo com a classificação nosológica da demência, somente um sub-teste do FLCI apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas: \"compreensão de sinais e emparelhamento objeto-figura\". As variáveis idade e a escolaridade não apresentaram influência sobre o desempenho comunicativo da amostra. Comparando-se o perfil de desempenho, a partir da pontuação média em cada sub-teste do FLCI, observou-se melhor desempenho na maioria dos sub-testes para o grupo DLFT, em seguida o grupo DA e por último o grupo de DA+DV. A partir da comparação da pontuação total do FLCI com a FAST modificada, foi possível correlacionar a funcionalidade com as habilidades de comunicação. Verificou-se correlação significativa nas análises entre a escala FAST e a pontuação total do FLCI e escala FAST entre os itens dicotômicos (pontuados como sim/não) e itens pontuáveis (pontuação aberta) que compõem o FLCI. CONCLUSÃO: O FLCI, versão em português, é instrumento válido e confiável para avaliação de pacientes com demência avançada, útil para identificar as habilidades de comunicação de dementes em fases moderada e grave. O FLCI vem preencher importante lacuna de carência de instrumentos eficazes para intervenções de linguagem e comunicação em pacientes com demência em fase avançada. / BACKGROUND: The increase in life expectancy has contributed to the growth of elderly population all over the world. Aging is a risk factor for many diseases - including dementia - that, in the next decades, will answer for a significant number of elderly with cognitive, behavioral and functional deficits. The expansion of care for these patients is associated to the increase in their life expectancy; therefore there is also an increase in the number of demented individuals in advanced stages. Dementia gradually undertakes behavior and cognition, and a progressive deterioration in communication is also observed. Language characteristics in advanced stages of dementia have been little detailed in literature, hence the need to provide a Brazilian Portuguese version of an instrument to evaluate language in moderate and severe dementia, the Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory (FLCI). The FLCI generates data to help diagnosis, monitoring and evolution of the disease and, moreover, for the orientation of family and caregivers. The FLCI have been used in population with Alzheimer\"s disease (AD), but its applicability in other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\"s associated to vascular dementia (AD+VD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum dementia (FTLD) in advanced stages, is unknown. PURPOSE: 1. to translate and culturally adapt the FLCI for use with the Brazilian population; 2. to compare the performances of patients with moderate and severe AD, AD+VD, and FTLD; and 3. to correlate cognitive-linguistic abilities and functionality in daily life. METHODS: Participants were 57 subjects (24 with AD, 24 with AD+VD, and 09 with FTLD) with ages 60 years and up and levels 2 or 3 in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), moderate or severe, respectively. It was carried out the translation and cultural adaptation of the FLCI, and internal consistency, intra- and inter-examiners reliability were verified, as well as the criterion validity of the instrument through its correlation with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The cognitive-linguistic performance of the subjects grouped according to diagnosis was analyzed by comparing mean scores on different subtests of the FLCI. It was possible to correlate cognitive aspects and functionality through the FAST scale (Functional Assessment Staging) and to analyze its correlation with the FLCI. It was also verified the effects of age and education level on the communicative performance of these patients. RESULTS: Statistical analysis indicated that the FLCI presents satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach\"s ?=.890), great intra- and inter-examiner reliability (interclass correlation coefficient - ICC=.999 and .100, respectively), and great criterion validity when correlated to the MMSE. All subtests that compose the FLCI presented significant differences for the total sample classified according to the severity of dementia, after total score on the test was correlated to the FAST scale. According to the nosological classification of dementia, only one FLCI subtest showed significant differences: \"sign comprehension and object-to-picture matching\". The variables age and education level did not influence the communicative performance of the sample. When performance profiles based on the average score in each FLCI subtest were compared, it was observed better performance of the FTLD group in most subtests, followed by the AD group and, last, by the AD+VD group. Functionality and communication abilities were correlated based on the comparison between total score on the FLCI and the modified FAST scale. It was verified a correlation between total, dichotomous (scored yes/no) and scored (open scored) items of FLCI and the FAST scale. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the FLCI is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate patients with advanced dementia, useful to identify communication abilities of demented in moderate and severe stages. The FLCI fulfills an important lack of efficient instruments for language and communication intervention in patients with dementia in advanced stages.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aumento da expectativa de vida tem contribuído para o crescimento da população idosa em todo o mundo. O envelhecimento é uma condição de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças, entre as quais as demências, que responderão nas próximas décadas por um número significativo de idosos com comprometimento cognitivo, comportamental e funcional. A ampliação de cuidados a esses pacientes está associada ao aumento de sua expectativa de vida; por isso é crescente o número de indivíduos dementes em estágios avançados. Os quadros demenciais comprometem gradualmente o comportamento e a cognição, e observa-se uma progressiva deterioração também na comunicação. As características da linguagem em fases mais avançadas têm sido pouco detalhadas nas demências. Daí a necessidade de se disponibilizar instrumento, em língua portuguesa brasileira, para avaliação da linguagem na demência em fases moderada e grave, o FLCI (Inventário de Comunicação Lingüístico Funcional). O FLCI gera dados para auxiliar o diagnóstico, acompanhamento e evolução da doença e, além disso, para orientar familiares e cuidadores. O FLCI foi aplicado a população com doença de Alzheimer (DA). Desconhece-se sua aplicabilidade em outros quadros demenciais como doença de Alzheimer associada a demência vascular (DA+DV), demências do espectro lobar frontotemporal (DLFT) em fases avançadas. OBJETIVOS: 1.realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural do FLCI para uso na população brasileira; 2.comparar o desempenho de pacientes com DA, DA+DV e DLFT em fase moderada e grave e 3.correlacionar as habilidades lingüístico-cognitivas com a funcionalidade na vida cotidiana. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 57 sujeitos, sendo 24 com DA, 24 com DA+DV e 09 com DLFT, com idade a partir de 60 anos e CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating) em níveis 2 e 3, moderado e grave respectivamente. Foi realizada a tradução e adaptação transcultural do FLCI e verificada a consistência interna, confiabilidade inter e intra-examinadores, assim como a validade de critério do instrumento pela correlação com o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). O desempenho lingüístico-cognitivo dos sujeitos agrupados segundo diagnóstico foi analisado por meio da aplicação do FLCI, para comparação de médias de desempenho nos diferentes sub-testes. Foi possível correlacionar os aspectos cognitivos com a funcionalidade por meio da escala FAST (Functional Assessment Staging) e analisar a correlação desta com o FLCI. Verificou-se também o efeito da idade e da escolaridade no desempenho comunicativo dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: As análises estatísticas indicaram que o FLCI apresenta consistência interna satisfatória (alfa de Cronbach=0,890), ótima confiabilidade intra e interexaminador (coeficiente de correlação interclasse - ICC=0,999 e 0,100 respectivamente) e ótima validade de critério ao ser correlacionado com o MEEM. Todos os sub-testes que compõem o FLCI apresentaram diferenças significativas para a amostra total classificada de acordo com a gravidade da demência após ser correlacionada a pontuação total do teste com a escala FAST. De acordo com a classificação nosológica da demência, somente um sub-teste do FLCI apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas: \"compreensão de sinais e emparelhamento objeto-figura\". As variáveis idade e a escolaridade não apresentaram influência sobre o desempenho comunicativo da amostra. Comparando-se o perfil de desempenho, a partir da pontuação média em cada sub-teste do FLCI, observou-se melhor desempenho na maioria dos sub-testes para o grupo DLFT, em seguida o grupo DA e por último o grupo de DA+DV. A partir da comparação da pontuação total do FLCI com a FAST modificada, foi possível correlacionar a funcionalidade com as habilidades de comunicação. Verificou-se correlação significativa nas análises entre a escala FAST e a pontuação total do FLCI e escala FAST entre os itens dicotômicos (pontuados como sim/não) e itens pontuáveis (pontuação aberta) que compõem o FLCI. CONCLUSÃO: O FLCI, versão em português, é instrumento válido e confiável para avaliação de pacientes com demência avançada, útil para identificar as habilidades de comunicação de dementes em fases moderada e grave. O FLCI vem preencher importante lacuna de carência de instrumentos eficazes para intervenções de linguagem e comunicação em pacientes com demência em fase avançada. / BACKGROUND: The increase in life expectancy has contributed to the growth of elderly population all over the world. Aging is a risk factor for many diseases - including dementia - that, in the next decades, will answer for a significant number of elderly with cognitive, behavioral and functional deficits. The expansion of care for these patients is associated to the increase in their life expectancy; therefore there is also an increase in the number of demented individuals in advanced stages. Dementia gradually undertakes behavior and cognition, and a progressive deterioration in communication is also observed. Language characteristics in advanced stages of dementia have been little detailed in literature, hence the need to provide a Brazilian Portuguese version of an instrument to evaluate language in moderate and severe dementia, the Functional Linguistic Communication Inventory (FLCI). The FLCI generates data to help diagnosis, monitoring and evolution of the disease and, moreover, for the orientation of family and caregivers. The FLCI have been used in population with Alzheimer\"s disease (AD), but its applicability in other types of dementia, such as Alzheimer\"s associated to vascular dementia (AD+VD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum dementia (FTLD) in advanced stages, is unknown. PURPOSE: 1. to translate and culturally adapt the FLCI for use with the Brazilian population; 2. to compare the performances of patients with moderate and severe AD, AD+VD, and FTLD; and 3. to correlate cognitive-linguistic abilities and functionality in daily life. METHODS: Participants were 57 subjects (24 with AD, 24 with AD+VD, and 09 with FTLD) with ages 60 years and up and levels 2 or 3 in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), moderate or severe, respectively. It was carried out the translation and cultural adaptation of the FLCI, and internal consistency, intra- and inter-examiners reliability were verified, as well as the criterion validity of the instrument through its correlation with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The cognitive-linguistic performance of the subjects grouped according to diagnosis was analyzed by comparing mean scores on different subtests of the FLCI. It was possible to correlate cognitive aspects and functionality through the FAST scale (Functional Assessment Staging) and to analyze its correlation with the FLCI. It was also verified the effects of age and education level on the communicative performance of these patients. RESULTS: Statistical analysis indicated that the FLCI presents satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach\"s ?=.890), great intra- and inter-examiner reliability (interclass correlation coefficient - ICC=.999 and .100, respectively), and great criterion validity when correlated to the MMSE. All subtests that compose the FLCI presented significant differences for the total sample classified according to the severity of dementia, after total score on the test was correlated to the FAST scale. According to the nosological classification of dementia, only one FLCI subtest showed significant differences: \"sign comprehension and object-to-picture matching\". The variables age and education level did not influence the communicative performance of the sample. When performance profiles based on the average score in each FLCI subtest were compared, it was observed better performance of the FTLD group in most subtests, followed by the AD group and, last, by the AD+VD group. Functionality and communication abilities were correlated based on the comparison between total score on the FLCI and the modified FAST scale. It was verified a correlation between total, dichotomous (scored yes/no) and scored (open scored) items of FLCI and the FAST scale. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the FLCI is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate patients with advanced dementia, useful to identify communication abilities of demented in moderate and severe stages. The FLCI fulfills an important lack of efficient instruments for language and communication intervention in patients with dementia in advanced stages.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2015-11-18T18:39:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cândida Dias Soares - 2010.pdf: 1198463 bytes, checksum: acc22e0252670b4f6969e526efca18eb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-11-19T14:26:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cândida Dias Soares - 2010.pdf: 1198463 bytes, checksum: acc22e0252670b4f6969e526efca18eb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-19T14:26:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cândida Dias Soares - 2010.pdf: 1198463 bytes, checksum: acc22e0252670b4f6969e526efca18eb (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The national surveys of dementia and its implications for language, although in small numbers, line up with the international literature in the early trends of research. The articles presented were intended to draw a profile comparison between the differential Neurolinguistics degenerative dementia of Alzheimer type and non-Alzheimer's and dementia compare the two groups with a control group. The study was conducted from March 2008 to December 2009 were evaluated in 90 participants in the Dementia Clinic of the Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Goias The sample consisted of 30 patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (DLF), 30 patients with AD and 30 subjects with no dementia. We applied the following tests neurolinguistic: Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE), Boston Naming Test (Boston Naming Test - BNT), Verbal Fluency Category for Semantics and Semantic and Phonemic Fluency (FAS), Token Test, subtest of Vocabulary / WAIS-R Similarities subtest of and / WAIS-R. To compare the performance of the group used the Mann-Whitney. All groups showed substantial linguistic differences. The APP group stood out from the other groups when compared to DA, showing that fluency, vocabulary, abstraction of ideas, understanding, reading and writing are more impaired. The FTD group reinforced the presence of dysfunction in semantic and phonemic verbal fluency DS group showed a statistically significant abstractive capacity with respect to the AD group. The DLF group is the group where the oral expression was shown to be noticeably compromised compared to the AD group. The language is therefore an indispensable tool to aid in the differential diagnosis of dementia. / As investigações nacionais das demências e suas implicações na linguagem, embora ainda em pequeno número, alinham-se com a literatura internacional, nas primeiras tendências de investigação. Os artigos apresentados tiveram como objetivo traçar um perfil diferencial neurolinguístico comparativo entre as demências degenerativas do tipo Alzheimer e não Alzheimer e comparar os dois grupos demenciais com um grupo controle. Foi realizado o estudo no período de março de 2008 a dezembro de 2009 em que foram avaliados 90 participantes do Ambulatório de Demências do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás. A amostra foi constituída por 30 pacientes com Degenerações Lobares Frontotemporais (DLF); 30 pacientes com DA e 30 indivíduos com ausência de demência. Foram aplicados os seguintes testes neurolinguísticos: Teste de Boston para Diagnóstico da Afasia (BDAE), Teste de Nomeação de Boston (Boston Naming Test – BNT), Fluência Verbal por Categoria Semântica e Fluência Fonêmica e Semântica (F.A.S.),Token Test, Subteste de Vocabulário / WAIS-R e Subteste de Semelhanças / WAIS-R. Para comparar o desempenho dos grupo utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Todos os grupos avaliados mostraram diferenças lingüísticas significativas. O grupo APP destacou-se dos demais grupos quando comparado ao grupo DA, demonstrando que a fluência, o vocabulário, a abstração de idéias, a compreensão, a leitura e a escrita encontram-se mais comprometidas. O grupo DFT reforçou a presença da disfunção na fluência verbal fonêmica semântica e o grupo DS demonstrou significância estatística na capacidade abstrativa com relação ao grupo DA. O grupo DLF foi o grupo em que a expressão oral mostrou-se visivelmente mais comprometida comparada ao grupo DA. A linguagem é, portanto, um instrumento indispensável para auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial das demências.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T14:17:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Wesley Gomes da Silva - 2016.pdf: 5910954 bytes, checksum: 7d938f9383af006973baacbf56b71a52 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T14:19:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Wesley Gomes da Silva - 2016.pdf: 5910954 bytes, checksum: 7d938f9383af006973baacbf56b71a52 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T14:19:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Wesley Gomes da Silva - 2016.pdf: 5910954 bytes, checksum: 7d938f9383af006973baacbf56b71a52 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / The diagnosis of dementia is made through autopsy. The histopathological and immunohistochemical technique makes it possible to differentiate the subtypes of dementia by pre-established macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Banks brain, although recent, provide biological material quality for multidisciplinary research in normal subjects and with dementia. Objectives: To correlate clinical findings with neuropathological cases with dementia from the Brains Bank of Central of Brazil (BBCB); establish morphological patterns in macroscopic focal dementias; determine the prevalence of diagnosis of other types of dementia. Materials and Methods: Brain Study from autopsies of patients with neurodegenerative diseases of dementia clinic of the HC-UFG (Ethics Committee of the Protocol on research 0692007). The brains were processed following dissection and measurement protocol. Appropriate external and macroscopic morphological descriptions and coronal and sagittal sections were performed. Results: 15 brains, 9 female patients were studied, aged 10 to 89 years. The types of dementias found in BCBC were 5 cases of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 3 Alzheimer's disease (AD), 3 patients had primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD), 1 Huntington's disease, 1 disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob 1, Rasmussen's encephalitis and 1 depressive pseudodementia (Cotard’s syndrome). Described frontal gyrus supernumerary in 3 cases of CBD and 2 cases of FTD. Discussion: Most cases presented morphological pattern of the respective type of dementia according to the literature, except PPA with CBD. In BCBC material only 20% of AD cases were 27% and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Conclusion: The higher prevalence of dementia in BCBC was the type FTLD. The frontotemporal focal atrophy was the most observed type of change. The cases with FTD showed classic morphological patterns, while the PPA CBD was different standard literature. The BCBC will enable studies in various research areas. / O diagnóstico definitivo das demências é feito através de necropsia. Os exames anatomopatológico e imunoistoquímico possibilitam diferenciar os subtipos de demência por critérios macroscópicos e microscópicos pré-estabelecidos. Os bancos de cérebros, apesar de recentes, fornecem material biológico de qualidade para pesquisas multidisciplinares de indivíduos normais e com demência. Objetivos: Correlacionar aspectos clínicos com alterações neuropatológicas de casos com demências provenientes do Banco de Cérebros do Brasil Central (BCBC); estabelecer padrões morfológicos macroscópicos nas demências focais; verificar a prevalência do diagnóstico de outros tipos de demências. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo de cérebros provenientes de necropsias de pacientes com doenças neurodegenerativas do ambulatório de demências do HC-UFG (protocolo do Comitê de ética em pesquisa 0692007). Os cérebros foram processados seguindo protocolo de dissecção e mensuração. Foram realizadas as devidas descrições morfológicas e macroscópicas externas e dos cortes coronais e sagitais. Resultados: Foram estudados 15 cérebros, 9 de pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade entre 10 a 89 anos. Os tipos de demências encontrados no BCBC foram: 5 casos de demência frontotemporal (DFT), 3 de doença de Alzheimer (DA), 3 casos com afasia progressiva primaria (APP) e degeneração corticobasal (DCB), 1 de doença de Huntington, 1 de doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, 1 de encefalite de Rasmussen e 1 de pseudodemência depressiva (síndrome de Cotard). Foi observado giro frontal supranumerário nos 3 casos de DCB e em 2 casos de DFT. Discussão: A maioria dos casos apresentou padrão morfológico do respectivo tipo de demência de acordo com a literatura, exceto APP com DCB. No material do BCBC apenas 20% dos casos foram de DA e 27% degeneração lobar frontotemporal (DLFT). Conclusão: A maior prevalência de demências no BCBC foi do tipo DLFT. A atrofia focal frontotemporal foi o tipo de alteração mais observada. Os casos com DFT apresentaram padrões morfológicos clássicos, enquanto que os de APP com DCB apresentaram padrão diferente da literatura. O BCBC possibilitará a realização de estudos em várias linhas de pesquisa.

The aim of this thesis was to identify genetic factors involved in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterised by a progressive change in personality, behaviour and language. FTLD is a genetically complex disorder and a positive family history is found in up to 40% of the cases. In 10-20% of the familial cases the disease can be explained by mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT). In the first study we describe the clinical and neuropathological features of a Finnish family with FTLD caused by a mutation in MAPT. We also provide evidence that the pathogenic mechanism of this mutation is through altered splicing of MAPT transcripts. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN) were identified as a major cause of FTLD. In the second study we describe a Swedish family with FTLD caused by a frameshift mutation in PGRN. We provide a clinical and neuropathological description of the family, as well as evidence that the pathogenicity of this mutation is through nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant mRNA transcripts and PGRN haploinsufficiency. In the third study we describe a novel PGRN splice site mutation and a previously described PGRN frameshift mutation, found in a mutation screen of 51 FTLD patients. We describe the clinical and neuropathological characteristics of the mutation carriers and demonstrate that haploinsufficiency is the pathogenic mechanism of the two mutations. In the fourth study we investigate the prevalence of PGRN and MAPT gene dosage alterations in 39 patients with FTLD. No gene dosage alterations were identified, indicating that variations in copy number of the PGRN and MAPT genes are not a common cause of disease, at least not in this FTLD patient collection.

The aim of this thesis was to identify genetic factors involved in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterised by a progressive change in personality, behaviour and language. FTLD is a genetically complex disorder and a positive family history is found in up to 40% of the cases. In 10-20% of the familial cases the disease can be explained by mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT). In the first study we describe the clinical and neuropathological features of a Finnish family with FTLD caused by a mutation in MAPT. We also provide evidence that the pathogenic mechanism of this mutation is through altered splicing of MAPT transcripts. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN) were identified as a major cause of FTLD. In the second study we describe a Swedish family with FTLD caused by a frameshift mutation in PGRN. We provide a clinical and neuropathological description of the family, as well as evidence that the pathogenicity of this mutation is through nonsense-mediated decay of the mutant mRNA transcripts and PGRN haploinsufficiency. In the third study we describe a novel PGRN splice site mutation and a previously described PGRN frameshift mutation, found in a mutation screen of 51 FTLD patients. We describe the clinical and neuropathological characteristics of the mutation carriers and demonstrate that haploinsufficiency is the pathogenic mechanism of the two mutations. In the fourth study we investigate the prevalence of PGRN and MAPT gene dosage alterations in 39 patients with FTLD. No gene dosage alterations were identified, indicating that variations in copy number of the PGRN and MAPT genes are not a common cause of disease, at least not in this FTLD patient collection.

Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de la implicación de los genes MAPT y PGRN en la degeneración lobar frontotemporal (DLFT). Se describen 2 nuevas mutaciones en estos genes (P301T en el gen MAPT y la A303AfsX57 en el gen PGRN) y no se encontraron variaciones en el número de copias del gen MAPT en las muestras estudiadas, apoyando que la existencia de alteraciones en la dosis génica de MAPT no seria una causa de DLFT. El mecanismo patogénico de la mutación P301T es potencialmente múltiple e incluye la reducción de la capacidad de promover el ensamblaje entre tau y los microtúbulos, la estimulación del ensamblaje de filamentos anómalos de tau y la creación de un nuevo sitio de fosforilación en la proteína tau. El mecanismo patogénico de la mutación A303AfsX57 es la haploinsuficiencia. Respeto al fenotipo clínico los pacientes con mutaciones en el gen MAPT presentan una historia familiar con patrón autosómico dominante de inicio precoz, siendo el diagnóstico clínico más frecuente el de demencia frontotemporal, si bien en ocasiones pueden presentar sintomatología similar a la degeneración corticobasal o la parálisis supranuclerar progresiva. El examen neuropatológico muestra una DLFT con presencia de depósitos de filamentos de proteína tau hiperfosforilada. Los pacientes con mutaciones en el gen PGRN suelen presentar una edad de inicio más tardía que los pacientes con mutaciones en el gen MAPT. El fenotipo clínico de estos pacientes suele ser también similar a la demencia frontotemporal, si bien la importante alteración del lenguaje puede conducir a un diagnóstico de afasia progresiva no fluente. El examen neuropatológico muestra una DLFT con inclusiones ubiquitin positivas (DLFT-U) con presencia de inclusiones neuronales intranucleares. Estas inclusiones, sin embargo no son patognomónicas de la presencia de mutaciones en PGRN. La proteína depositada en las inclusiones neuronales ubiquitinadas presentes en los pacientes con mutaciones en PGRN es la TDP-43. Por otro lado se describe que la frecuencia del genotipo H1/H1 de MAPT en pacientes con DLFT no es significativamente diferente de la frecuencia en controles sanos en nuestro estudio. Tampoco encontramos diferencias en la ratio cerebral 4R/3R de RNAm de MAPT en pacientes con DLFT. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los eventos post-traduccionales podrían ser el principal factor que causa el depósito de isoformas específicas de tau en algunas taupatías, como algunos subtipos de la DLFT. Sin embargo, el incremento de la ratio 4R/3R de RNAm de MAPT en los portadores del genotipo H1/H1 sugiere que esta alteración podría ser el mecanismo a través del cual este genotipo incrementa el riesgo para desarrollar una taupatía. Finalmente se realizó un estudio de correlación clínico-genético-patológica en 32 casos con DLFT confirmada patológicamente. En este estudio se hallaron un amplio espectro de entidades clínicas y neuropatológicas, si bien se pudo establecer alguna asociación clínico-genética-patológica: el sustrato patológico de la demencia frontotemporal es impredecible, las mutaciones en el gen MAPT y los fenotipos clínicos de afasia progresiva no fluente y degeneración corticobasal se asocia a DLFT tau-positiva, mientras que la presencia de signos de motoneurona, la demencia semántica o las mutaciones en PGRN se asocian a DLFT-U. / In this work we describe two new mutations. The first is a mutation (P301T) in the MAPT gene in a patient with familial frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism, and a pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance. The fact that this new mutation is located in the same codon that other missense mutations (P301L and P301S) associated with tau pathology, highlights the importance of this site for the physiological function of tau protein. The second is a mutation in the PGRN gene (A303AfsX57) associated with late-onset frontotemporal dementia and with "cat's eye" shaped intranuclear and cytoplasmatic ubiquitin immunoreactive inclusions in the neuropathological exam. The A303AfsX57 mutation is consistent with a nucleotide deletion in exon 8 (c908delC). This deletion causes a frameshift at codon 303 that introduces a premature termination codon (A303AfsX57). Furthermore we determine that MAPT gene copy number variation is not involved in 70 patients with clinical diagnosis of FTLD.On the other hand we evaluated the 4R/3R tau mRNA ratio in 18 patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and the effect of the H1/H1 genotype on this ratio. The 4R/3R mRNA ratio in frontal cortex was similar in FTLD patients and controls. The H1/H1 genotype carriers showed a significant increase in 4R/3R mRNA ratio, suggesting that this genotype could modulate the tau mRNA splicing.Finally we performed a clinicopathological correlation and genetic analysis in 32 consecutive patients with neuropathological diagnosis of FTLD or CBD. According to previous studies, we described a broad spectrum of clinical and pathological features in these patients. However, we found certain degree of association of some clinical subtypes to specific pathological substrates: pathology underlying sporadic FTD is heterogeneous and not predictable. MAPT mutations and clinical diagnosis of PNFA and CBD were associated to tau-positive pathology. The presence of signs of lower MND and SD correlated with FTLD-U.

The 43 kDa TAR DNA binding protein (TDP-43) has been identified as one of the major proteins that accumulates in the cytoplasm of brain and spinal cord from the patients affected with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Under basal conditions, TDP-43 localizes in nucleus functioning as an RNA binding protein to regulate different aspects of RNA metabolism, such as alternative splicing of messenger RNA. In ALS/FTLD brains and spinal cords, TDP-43 forms well-defined cytoplasmic granules, the behavior very similar to stress granule (SG) proteins, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. To investigate the mechanism of TDP-43 granule formation and to identify potential therapeutic targets by inhibiting the granule formation, our laboratory screened a chemical library of 75,000 compounds using the inducible PC12 cells that express EGFP-tagged wild-type human TDP-43. We used the biological effect of cycloheximide on SGs as a basis for the screen, since it is known to prevent the formation of SGs and TDP-43 granules, pointing to a novel biological pathway that regulates TDP-43 granule formation. One of the candidate compounds, Compound 8 (C8) and its analog C8j dose- dependently decreased the arsenite-induced TDP-43 granules without cytotoxicity, and reduced the protein levels of full-length, truncated, high molecular weight and phosphorylated TDP-43. In addition, we found C8j reduced the phosphorylation at novel, previously unknown Thr103-Ser104 amino acid residues of human TDP-43 under arsenite stress. The phospho-mimetic mutations at these sites induced spontaneous intracellular TDP-43 granules, indicating their regulatory role in TDP-43 granule formation. We also performed a series of gene expression analysis combined with the systems biology algorithm, mode of action by network identification (MNI), to identify the mode of action of C8, and found C8 potentially targets protein metabolism and modification processes to reduce the TDP-43 granules. Our study identified a family of non-cytotoxic chemical compounds that reduces the formation of arsenite-induced TDP-43 granules and their potential mode of action. Furthermore, we identified previously unknown TDP-43 phosphorylation sites Thr103- Ser104 that are involved in the TDP-43 granule formation. We anticipate this study will elucidate the biological pathways regulating TDP-43 aggregation and potential therapeutics for ALS/FTLD-U.