This diploma thesis brings together findings concerning the problematic of postsurgical active scars putting the stress on postsurgical abdominal scars. It deals with a patofysiology of active scars. First part summarizes case studies concerning diagnostic, manual treatment of active scar tissue and clinical importance of active scars. Second one presents examination of after-hysterectomy patients. Results suggest that active abdominal scar can disturb locomotor system function. In fact it can cause locomotor dysfunction and may contribute to painful conditions of the locomotor system. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

La coordination des membres est un élément essentiel pour la marche terrestre chez les mammifères. Les mécanismes neuronaux et biomécaniques s'ajustent pour assurer le maintien d'un équilibre dynamique dans un environnement changeant. Lorsque le système est confronté à une perturbation persistante, la coordination des membres s'adapte. L'adaptation est définie comme un recalibrage du mouvement en réponse à une perturbation persistante ainsi que la présence d'après-effets une fois la perturbation disparue, ce qui indique que le nouveau patron a été entreposé dans le système nerveux central. Chez l'homme, le patron locomoteur s'adapte à une marche prolongée sur un tapis roulant partitionné, où l’une des jambes marche à une vitesse supérieure à l'autre, en rétablissant progressivement la symétrie des variables inter-jambes: périodes de double support et des longueurs des pas, ainsi qu’en réduisant l'amplitude de l'activité musculaire (EMG, électromyographie). L’objectif de notre étude était de déterminer si des chats intacts et des chats ayant subis une lésion complète de la moelle épinière (chat spinalisé) s’adaptent à la marche partitionnée prolongée. Pour caractériser l’adaptation locomotrice chez le chat intact et spinalisé, une prise de données cinématiques et électromyographiques des membres postérieurs a été effectuée chats intacts et les chats spinalisés, les longueurs de pas et les périodes de doubles supports étaient, en moyenne, symétriques, pendant la locomotion sur tapis roulant non-partitionné, et sont devenus asymétriques lors de la locomotion sur tapis roulant partitionné. Ces mesures inter-jambes sont demeurées asymétriques tout au long de la période de marche sur tapis roulant partitionné. Au retour à la marche sur tapis roulant non-partitionné, la symétrie a été immédiatement restaurée sans la présence d’après-effets. Chez les chats intacts, l'amplitude EMG moyenne des extenseurs a augmenté pendant la locomotion sur tapis roulant partitionné et elle est restée augmentée tout au long de cette période, alors que chez les chats spinalisés, l'amplitude EMG des membres postérieurs n'a pas changé. Ces résultats indiquent qu’il n’y a pas d’adaptation locomotrice chez le chat intact et spinalisé, ce qui suggère une importante différence physiologique dans le contrôle de la locomotion entre les chats et les humains lors d’une marche asymétrique prolongée. Par conséquent, nous proposons que la symétrie gauchedroite ne s’avère pas importante pour maintenir un équilibre dynamique pendant la locomotion asymétrique prolongée chez le chat, un quadrupède, comparé à l’humain adulte, un bipède. / Abstract : Coordination of the limbs is an essential component of terrestrial locomotion in mammals. When the system is confronted with persistent perturbations from the environment, the interlimb pattern learns to adapt. Adaptation is defined as a recalibration of the movement in response to a persistent perturbation as well as the presence of after-effects upon removal of the perturbation, indicating storage of the new pattern within the central nervous system. In humans, the pattern adapts to prolonged locomotion on a split-belt treadmill, where one leg steps faster than the other, by gradually restoring the symmetry of interlimb variables (double support periods, step lengths) and by reducing the amplitude of muscle activity (EMG, electromyography). The adaptation is also characterized by a reversal of the asymmetry of interlimb kinematic variables initially observed during the early split-belt period when returning to tied-belt locomotion (i.e. an after-effect). To assess the presence of locomotor adaptation, we measured intralimb (stance durations) and interlimb (double support periods, step lengths) variables bilaterally as well as EMG in the hindlimbs of intact and spinal-transected cats before, during and after 10 mins of split-belt locomotion. In both intact and spinal cats, step lengths and double support periods were, on average, symmetric, during tied-belt locomotion, and became asymmetric during split-belt locomotion. These interlimb variables remained asymmetrical throughout the split-belt period and upon returning to the tied-belt condition, left-right symmetry was immediately restored. In intact cats, the mean EMG amplitude of extensors increased during split-belt locomotion and remained increased throughout the split-belt period, while in spinal cats, hindlimb EMG amplitude did not change. The results indicate a lack of adaptation during prolonged split-belt locomotion in intact and spinal cats, suggesting an important physiological difference in the control of locomotion between cats and humans during prolonged asymmetric stepping. We propose that restoring left-right symmetry is not important to maintain dynamic balance during prolonged asymmetrical locomotion in the cat, a quadruped, as opposed to the adult human, a biped.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第23142号 / 薬科博第141号 / 新制||薬科||15(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医薬創成情報科学専攻 / (主査)教授 土居 雅夫, 教授 中山 和久, 教授 竹島 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Determina la relación de la escritura cursiva y la coordinación motora fina en niños de 6 y 7 años de la institución educativa particular Bertolt Brecht. Realiza un estudio descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo y correlacional. Aplica dos pruebas de escritura cursiva (PEEC) y BOT-2, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2, la evaluación fue de forma individual. Para el cálculo de niños que se evaluaron, solo se permitió un aula por cada grado teniendo un total de 76 alumnos, 38 alumnos de primer grado y 38 de segundo grado. Encuentra que del total de niños evaluados, se puede observar una correlación fuerte entre la coordinación motora fina y la escritura cursiva (0,804; p <0,05). La dimensión de motricidad fina que se relacionan con mayor fuerza con la escritura cursiva es la integración motora fina (0.758; p<0,05). En el primer grado, las dimensiones de motricidad fina que se relacionan con mayor fuerza con la escritura cursiva son la precisión motora fina (0,86; p<0,05) y la destreza manual (0,79; p<0,05). En el segundo grado, la dimensión de motricidad fina que se relaciona con mayor fuerza con la escritura cursiva es la precisión motora fina (0,830; p<0,05). Concluye sí existe relación entre la escritura cursiva y la motricidad fina. / Tesis

An unprecedented rise in the availability of new synthetic drugs of abuse has been observed in the recent years. One of the most noted cases is that of a popularized designer drug mixture known as ‘bath salts’. Commonly obtained from various shops and on the internet, “bath salts” often contain the synthetic cathinones 3,4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), mephedrone, and methylone in diverse combinations. Individually, the synthetic cathinones are known to have similar pharmacology to controlled psychostimulants such as cocaine and the amphetamines, increasing the levels of dopamine (DA) in the synaptic cleft. DA is an important neurotransmitter that regulates a variety of behaviors and functions; neurons within the mesolimbic DA pathway (ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens) are involved in reward and motivation and are activated by these drugs of abuse. Additionally, psychostimulant-induced increases in DA in the nigrostriatal pathway (substantia nigra to corpus striatum) lead to increases in locomotor behavior. However, the majority of preclinical investigations have only assessed the effects of individual bath salt constituents and have provided little information regarding the possibility of significant drug interactions with the co-exposure of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. This study sought to evaluate and compare the effects of individual versus combined MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone on dopamine (DA) levels in discrete brain regions as well as motor stimulant responses in mice. Male adolescent Swiss-Webster mice received intraperitoneal injections of saline, MDPV, mephedrone, methylone (1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg), or the cathinone cocktail (MDPV + mephedrone + methylone at 1.0, 3.3, or 10 mg/kg). The effect of each treatment on DA and DA metabolite levels in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal brain tissue was quantified 15 min after a single exposure utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Additionally, locomotor activity was recorded in mice after acute (day 1) and chronic intermittent (day 7) dosing. The results demonstrate that MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone produce dose-related increases in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA levels that are significantly enhanced following their co-administration. Additionally, a decrease in locomotor activity on day 1 that was exacerbated by day 7 was noted in mice treated with the cathinone cocktail and was not observed with any of the single agents. The decrease in locomotor activity was accompanied by an increase in stereotypic-like behavior including excessive grooming and even self-mutilation. Our findings demonstrate a significantly enhanced effect of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone on both DA and its metabolites resulting in significant alterations in locomotor activity. This work provides insight into the potential enhanced risk of the use of these combination synthetic cathinone products.

Abstract. The circadian locomotor (walking) rhythms of forager honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica L.) were entrained to eight different 24 h light‐dark cycles. The phases of activity onset, peak activity, and offset were correlated with the lights‐off transition, suggesting lights‐off as the primary zeitgeber for the rhythm. Further support for this hypothesis was provided by LD 1:23 experiments, in which entrainment occurred when the light pulse was situated at the end, but not at the beginning, of the subjective photophase. Steady‐state entrainment of the locomotor rhythm was achieved with square‐wave temperature cycles of 10oC amplitude under constant dark: most of the activity occurred within the early thermophase. Smaller amplitude temperature cycles yielded relative coordination of the rhythm. Interactions of temperature and light‐dark cycles resulted in entrainment patterns different from those elicited in response to either cycle alone or those formed by a simple combination of the two separate responses. Furthermore, temperature cycles having amplitudes insufficient for entrainment of the rhythm nevertheless modified the pattern of entrainment to light ‐ dark cycles, suggesting a synergism of light and temperature effects on the underlying circadian clock system.

Repeated treatments with a dopamine (DA) D2 receptor agonist result in the induction of DA D2 receptor supersensitivity, as evidenced by enhanced behavioral responses to subsequent D2 agonist treatments - a phenomenon known as priming of receptors. Priming of D2 receptors has been well-studied in otherwise intact (non-lesioned) rats. In contrast to D2 priming, repeated treatments with a DA D1 agonist are unable to prime D1 receptors unless nigrostriatal DA fibers are largely destroyed in early postnatal ontogeny. In order to determine if D2 receptors could be primed in rats in which nigrostriatal DA fibers were largely destroyed in early postnatal ontogeny, rats were (a) lesioned at 3 days after birth with 6-hydroxydopamine (67 μg in each lateral ventricle; desipramine, 20 mg/kg IP, 1 h; 6-OHDA), (b) treated daily for the first 28 days after birth with the D2 agonist quinpirole HCl (3.0 mg/kg IP), and (c) observed in adulthood for both quinpirole-induced and SKF 38393- (D1 agonist-) induced locomotor activity and stereotyped activities. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats in which endogenous striatal DA was reduced by 99%, quinpirole did not produce enhanced locomotor or stereotyped activities. However, SKF 38393 produced increased locomotor and stereotyped activities even after the first dose of SKF 38393. These findings demonstrate that D2 receptors are not primed by ontogenetic quinpirole treatments of neonatally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, although D2 agonist treatments do at least partially prime D1 receptors in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.

Designer drug mixtures popularized as “bath salts” often contain the synthetic cathinones 3,4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), mephedrone, and methylone in various combinations. However, most preclinical investigations have only assessed the effects of individual bath salt constituents, and little is known about whether co-exposure to MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone produces significant neuropharmacological interactions. This study evaluated and compared how MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone influence discrete brain tissue dopamine (DA) levels and motor stimulant responses in mice when administered alone and as a ternary mixture. Male adolescent Swiss-Webster mice received intraperitoneal injections of saline or 1 or 10 mg/kg doses of MDPV, mephedrone, or methylone, or a cocktail of all three cathinones at doses of 1, 3.3, or 10 mg/kg each. The effect of each treatment on DA and DA metabolite levels in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal brain tissue was quantified 15 min after a single exposure using HPLC-ECD. Additionally, locomotor activity was recorded in mice after acute (day 1) and chronic intermittent (day 7) dosing. MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone produced dose-related increases in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA levels that were significantly enhanced following their co-administration. In addition, mice treated with the cathinone cocktail displayed decreased locomotor activity on day 1 that was exacerbated by day 7 and not observed with any of the drugs alone. Our findings demonstrate a significant enhanced effect of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone on both DA, and these effects on DA result in significant alterations in locomotor activity.

In many animal species, circadian rhythms of behavior are not constant throughout the lifetime of the individual but rather exhibit at least some degree of plasticity. In the present study, we have examined the potential influences of gender, age, and nutrition (presence or absence of liver) on the expression of circadian locomotor activity rhythms in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. We found no significant differences in endogenous circadian period under constant dark conditions with respect to gender, nutrition, or age for the duration of our experiments. On the other hand, both male and female flesh flies, as expected, were predominantly diurnal under light-dark cycles, but the pattern of entrainment differed between the sexes. Females also displayed higher activity levels than males. Also, in contrast with males, female activity levels increased with age. Moreover, females exhibited an extraordinary, but transient (one to three days), departure from diurnality which we characterize as “extended dark activity” (EDA). This phenomenon appeared as a continuous bout of locomotor activity that extended at least three hours into the early half of the dark phase at levels at least twice the median of the overall locomotor activity for the individual fly. EDA occurred as an age-dependent response to liver consumption, never appearing prior to day 4 post-eclosion but, thereafter, transpiring within one or two days after a 48-h exposure to liver. These results suggest a linkage between physiological events associated with egg provisioning and locomotor activity in the anautogenous flesh fly. Furthermore, our findings identify the existence of multiple influences on the expression of circadian clock-regulated behavior.

Se presenta al programa Wii Fit Plus como una solución alcanzable durante la intervención rehabilitadora en niños de 5 a 8 años con SHA (Síndrome Benigno de Hiperlaxitud Articular), con un sentido complementario a la terapia ocupacional habitual, también resaltar el acceso y simplicidad para ejecutarlo y, como posiblemente pueda mejorar las habilidades motoras finas y componentes perceptivos visuales debido a la estructura de sus actividades que implican la interpretación de las cualidades y características que se describen en los juegos. Se selecciona de forma no probabilística y aleatorio simple 24 niños con diagnóstico de SHA de la Clínica San Juan de Dios. Se les evalúa con el test Beery Buktenica y luego se les interviene durante 2 meses utilizando el programa Wii Fit para que al final se evalúen nuevamente con el test Beery Buktenica. Se utilizan procedimientos estadísticos descriptivos como la frecuencia y porcentajes para la medición estadística del síndrome de hiperlaxitud articular según sexo y edad, asimismo la prueba estadística de T Student para muestras relacionadas y utilizada en diseños de tipo comparativo (antes y después), prueba utilizada para determinar la eficacia del programa Wii Fit en el desarrollo de la integración visomotriz, que se midió con el test de Beery Buktenica. / Tesis