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Μοντέλα απωλειών κλήσεων πολυδιάστατης τηλεπικοινωνιακής κίνησης με έμφαση σε ασύρματα δίκτυα / Multi-rate teletraffic loss models with emphasis on wireless networksΒασιλάκης, Βασίλειος 03 November 2011 (has links)
Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματεύεται την ανάλυση και προσομοίωση
των συστημάτων απωλειών πολυδιάστατης τηλεπικοινωνιακής κίνησης, σε επίπεδο
κλήσεων. Στα πλαίσια της διατριβής έχουν μελετηθεί ασύρματα δίκτυα τεχνολογίας
W-CDMA, ενσύρματα συνδεσιμοστρεφή δίκτυα και οπτικά δίκτυα. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση
δόθηκε στα ασύρματα δίκτυα.
Η ανάλυση των συστημάτων απωλειών κίνησης εξαρτάται κατά κύριο λόγο από
τις διαδικασίες άφιξης και εξυπηρέτησης των κλήσεων. Στην διδακτορική αυτή
διατριβή προτείνονται οκτώ νέα μοντέλα απωλειών κλήσεων. Τα έξη από αυτά είναι
κατάλληλα για την ανάλυση της απόδοσης σε επίπεδο κλήσεων των ασύρματων
δικτύων τεχνολογίας W-CDMA. Τα υπόλοιπα δύο είναι γενικά μοντέλα, κατάλληλα
για ενσύρματα συνδεσιμοστρεφή τηλεπικοινωνιακά δίκτυα και οπτικά δίκτυα.
Ανάλογα με την διαδικασία άφιξης των κλήσεων στο σύστημα, διακρίνουμε δύο
είδη κίνησης: τυχαία και ψευδο-τυχαία. Η τυχαία κίνηση παράγεται όταν η διαδικασία
άφιξης των κλήσεων στο σύστημα είναι Poisson. Αυτό αντιστοιχεί στην υπόθεση ότι
έχουμε άπειρο πλήθος πηγών που παράγουν κλήσεις. Όταν το πλήθος των πηγών
είναι πεπερασμένο, τότε παράγεται ψευδο-τυχαία κίνηση.
Ανάλογα με τις απαιτήσεις των κλήσεων σε πόρους και σε χρόνο εξυπηρέτησης
κατά την άφιξή τους στο σύστημα, διακρίνουμε τρία είδη κίνησης: σταθερή, ελαστική
και προσαρμοζόμενη. Η σταθερή κίνηση παράγεται από κλήσεις που έχουν σταθερές
απαιτήσεις σε πόρους και σε χρόνο εξυπηρέτησης. Η ελαστική και η
προσαρμοζόμενη κίνηση παράγεται από κλήσεις που μπορούν να έχουν
διαφορετικές, εναλλακτικές απαιτήσεις σε πόρους, ανάλογα με την διαθεσιμότητα
των πόρων στο σύστημα.
Ανάλογα με την συμπεριφορά των κλήσεων μετά την αποδοχή τους στο
σύστημα, διακρίνουμε: α) κλήσεις που κατά την διάρκεια της εξυπηρέτησης δεν
μπορούν να μεταβάλουν το εύρος ζώνης που τους έχει ανατεθεί (σταθερός ρυθμός
μετάδοσης), και β) κλήσεις που κατά την διάρκεια της εξυπηρέτησης μπορούν να
μεταβάλουν το εύρος ζώνης (ελαστικός ρυθμός μετάδοσης) προκειμένου το σύστημα
να μπορεί να δεχτεί και άλλες κλήσεις. / In this PhD dissertation new multi-rate teletraffic loss models are developed for the
call-level analysis of wireless W-CDMA networks, connection-oriented networks and
optical networks. The model's accuracy and consistency are verified by simulation
and found to be very satisfactory.
The analysis of loss systems mainly depends on the call arrival and call service
processes. Eight new teletraffic loss models are proposed. Six of them are suitable for
the call-level performance analysis of W-CDMA networks, while the other two
models are more general and suitable for the analysis of either connection-oriented
networks or optical networks.
According to the call arrival process, we distinguish two types of traffic: random
and quasi-random. Random traffic is generated when the call arrival process is
Poisson. This coincides with the assumption that the number of traffic sources is
infinite. When the number of traffic sources is finite, we have the so called quasirandom
traffic.
According to the calls’ resource and service time requirements, we distinguish
three types of traffic: stream, elastic and adaptive. Stream traffic is generated by calls
that have fixed resource and service time requirements. Elastic and adaptive traffic is
generated by calls that may have alternative contingency resource requirements
depending on the resource availability or the capacity of the system.
According to the calls’ behaviour after their acceptance into the system, we
distinguish: a) calls that during their service time are not able to change the number of
allocated resources (constant transmission rate) and b) calls that during their service
time are able to change the number of allocated resources (elastic transmission rate) in
order for the system to be able to accept more calls.
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An Indoor Path Loss Prediction Model using Wall Correction Factors for WLAN and 5G Indoor NetworksObeidat, Huthaifa A.N., Asif, Rameez, Ali, N.T., Obeidat, O.A., Ali, N.T., Jones, Steven M.R., Shuaieb, Wafa S.A., Al-Sadoon, Mohammed A., Hameed, Khalid W.H., Alabdullah, A.A., Dama, Yousif A.S., Abd-Alhameed, Raed 02 April 2018 (has links)
Yes / A modified indoor path loss prediction model is presented, namely Effective Wall Loss Model (EWLM). The modified model is compared to other indoor path loss prediction models using simulation data and real-time measurements. Different operating frequencies and antenna polarizations are considered to verify the observations. In the simulation part, EWLM shows the best performance among other models as it outperforms two times the dual slope model which is the second-best performance. Similar observations were recorded from the experimental results. Linear attenuation and one slope models have similar behaviour, the two models parameters show dependency on operating frequency and antenna polarization.
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1D Turbine Design Tool Validation and Loss Model Comparison: Performance Prediction of a 1-stage Turbine at Different Pressure RatiosPersson, Jonas January 2015 (has links)
This work concerns the validation of two 1D Turbine Design Tools, AXIAL by Concepts NREC and TML by GKN Aerospace, and is purely computational. By using the KTH Test Turbine as a reference frame, these two software programs were set up to simulate its performance, and the results consequently validated against existing experimental data from the turbine. The main objective of this work is to investigate the performance prediction abilities of the 1D Design Tools for a variety of turbine parameters such as efficiency, mass flow, power output and degree of reaction, and study the accuracy of these predictions under given boundary conditions, namely turbine stage inlet pressure, temperature and pressure ratio. The main focus of the simulation was to evaluate the impact of the choice of loss model in the 1D Software Tools for estimation of losses. Thus, in order to gain a better understanding of differences and similarities among the scope of available loss models, as well as deviation models, a literature study was performed. Additionally, in order to extend the knowledge of the detailed performance prediction characteristics of these software tools in regard to the loss model implemented, the individual loss coefficients (profile, secondary, trailing edge, tip clearance and incidence) were studied and analysed. The impact of chosen pressure ratio on the 1D simulation accuracy was also investigated. The software tool used and the loss model selected were both found to be of great significance to the accuracy of the simulated performance. The pressure ratio (PR) used for simulation also proved to be of great significance, with simulations performed at an elevated PR providing considerably more accurate results than at the design PR, suggesting that the majority of loss models are more accurate when estimating with higher PR. The KTH Test Turbine stage validated in this work featured a number of special geometrical features of inconvenient nature for 1D simulations. In order to account for this, a number of correction coefficients were developed and implemented and their individual effect on the simulated performance studied. Another special feature of the turbine stage studied was the lean angle of the stator, which impact on the 1D simulations was also investigated. Additionally, a number of different user selectable parameters in AXIAL and their impact on the simulations were investigated. The geometry correction coefficients and stator lean angle were found to be of negligible impact to the overall estimated performance, while the user selectable parameters in AXIAL proved to be of relatively big influence on the simulated results. Lastly, using the TML software tool, the concept of stator-rotor disc cavity flow known as 'purge flow' was simulated and validated against reference data. Purge flow serves to inhibit the inflow of hot air from the main annulus to the inner hub and simultaneously cool the rotor blades. The TML software was found to overestimate the losses associated with the use of purge flow, although providing relatively coherent trends for parameters such as efficiency, mass flow and power, suggesting that a correction coefficient applied to the overall losses from purge flow could potentially provide better overall accuracy in the simulations. / Swedish TURBOPOWER Research Program
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Ηλεκτρομαγνητική μοντελοποίηση στην VHF και UHF περιοχή ραδιοφάσματος για εφαρμογές στα σύγχρονα ασύρματα δίκτυα / Electromagnetic modeling in the VHF and UHF bands in appliance to modern wireless networksΓεωργόπουλος, Ιωάννης 19 May 2011 (has links)
Στις σύγχρονες τηλεπικοινωνίες, χρησιμοποιείται μια μεγάλη γκάμα από RF μοντέλα, για τον υπολογισμό την μέσης τιμής ισχύος του σήματος εκπομπής για δεδομένη απόσταση από τον πομπό και για δεδομένη συχνότητα. Στις διεργασίες αυτές , επιδρούν στο δικό τους βαθμό διάφορες παράμετροι τοπολογικού (πληθυσμός , τύπος εμποδίων, πυκνότητα εμποδίων) και γεωγραφικού (μορφολογία εδάφους, υγρασία, διαμόρφωση χώρου) χαρακτήρα, αλλά και χαρακτηριστικά των πομποδεκτών ( συνήθως το ύψος και το κέρδος των κεραιών). Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις οι απώλειες όδευσης (Path Loss όπως είναι γνωστές στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία) , εκφράζονται σε dB , σα συνάρτηση της συχνότητας λειτουργίας του υπό μελέτη συστήματος και της απόστασης ανάμεσα στον πομπό και το δέκτη ( πάντα για δεδομένα χαρακτηριστικά κεραιών και τύπο περιβάλλοντος). Έτσι μια ντετερμινιστική γνώση του μέσου path loss, που σε συνδυασμό με άλλες πιθανές απώλειες μας δίνει το σύνολο των απωλειών είναι εφικτή. O περιορισμός όσον αφορά στη συχνότητα και στις αποστάσεις , έχουν οδηγήσει τη σύγχρονη έρευνα στην επέκταση των υπαρχόντων μοντέλων , τόσο εξωτερικού όσο και εσωτερικού χώρου. Μια βασική παράμετρος της έρευνας στηρίζεται στην παραδοχή πως ο νόμος του αντιστρόφου τετραγώνου , ο οποίος περιγράφεται από την εξίσωση του Friis δε βρίσκει εφαρμογή, παρά μόνο σε περιβάλλοντα όπου επιτυγχάνεται LOS( Line of Sight) όδευση. Η τροποποίηση της παραπάνω εξίσωσης με δυναμικό ως προς το εκάστοτε περιβάλλον τρόπο , επιτρέπει πλέον τον υπολογισμό της μέσης ισχύος του σήματος σε σχετικά ρεαλιστικό βαθμό. Για παράδειγμα έχει προταθεί τροποποίηση με την τρίτη δύναμη της απόστασης για ένα σύνολο εφαρμογών , που αφορούν συστήματα ασυρμάτων τηλεπικοινωνιών εξωτερικού περιβάλλοντος.Ένα εσωτερικό περιβάλλον απαιτεί μια πολύ πιο ντετερμινιστική φόρμουλα υπολογισμού των απωλειών ώστε να μπορέσει ο μελετητής να υπολογίσει με αξιοπιστία την ισχύ του σήματος σε μια δεδομένη θέση. Η ακρίβεια λοιπόν των μοντέλων εξαρτάται άμεσα από την ικανότητά τους να απεικονίσουν και να αποδώσουν με τη σειρά τους , μέσω των υπολογισμών, όλα αυτά τα σύνθετα φαινόμενα με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο. Η πλειοψηφία των RF μοντέλων που αναπτύσσονται στα πλαίσια ακόλουθων παραγράφων, έχει αναπτυχθεί και αξιολογηθεί για συστήματα κυτταρικής κινητής τηλεφωνίας (GSM, PCS-1800, GPRS, UMTS). Προκειμένου να ξεπεραστούν διάφοροι περιορισμοί των αρχικών μοντέλων ως προς την συχνότητα λειτουργίας του συστήματος και την απόσταση πομπού-δέκτη (ουσιαστικά την εμβέλεια του μοντέλου), ορισμένες προεκτάσεις έχουν παρουσιαστεί σε διάφορες ερευνητικές εργασίες και χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως . Ορισμένα νέα μοντέλα έχουν επίσης προστεθεί στα ήδη υπάρχοντα για τις συχνότητες συστημάτων κινητής τηλεφωνίας . Για άλλες περιοχές συχνοτήτων με έντονο ενδιαφέρον, πχ στα 5,2 GHz, διάφορες προτάσεις έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί, συχνά υποστηριζόμενες από μετρήσεις. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την συχνότητα των 2,4 GHz, δεν μπορούμε παρά να συμπεράνουμε ότι η όσο το δυνατόν πιο ακριβής και επιστημονικά αξιόπιστη μοντελοποίηση του ασύρματου διαύλου, ιδιαίτερα – άλλα όχι αποκλειστικά – για τοπολογίες εσωτερικών χώρων, είναι πολύ σημαντική για τον σχεδιασμό και την εύρυθμη λειτουργία των Wi-Fi συστημάτων και των WLAN δικτύων. Παρόλα αυτά, αν και στην υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία και στην διεθνή επιστημονική και ερευνητική κοινότητα υπάρχουν αρκετά σημαντικές εργασίες για την μοντελοποίηση του ασύρματου διαύλου στα 2,4 GHz , εντούτοις απουσίαζε, για πολύ καιρό, μία ολοκληρωμένη συγκριτική αντιπαραβολή και αξιολόγηση των βασικών θεωρητικών μοντέλων για τον υπολογισμό της μέσης απώλειας οδεύσεως στη συγκεκριμένη συχνότητα. Στα πλαίσια της εργασίας αυτής , θα προσπαθήσουμε να αξιοποιήσουμε το σύνολο των μετρήσεων και των δεδομένων που συλλέξαμε , σε ρεαλιστικές συνθήκες και για πραγματικά συστήματα μετάδοσης , τόσο να αξιολογήσουμε τα ήδη υπάρχοντα RF μοντέλα , όσο και να προβούμε στις απαραίτητες προτάσεις και τροποποιήσεις όπου αυτό κριθεί σκόπιμο. Επίσης για τη σκίαση επιχειρούμε εδώ μια προσέγγιση υπολογισμού μέσω της χρήσης των RF μοντέλων και την ενσωμάτωση όλων των χαρακτηριστικών διάδοσης , που αφορούν και στα δύο στοιχεία των μεγάλης κλίμακας διαλείψεων.
Οι μετρήσεις μέσης λαμβανόμενης ισχύος πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε πέντε διαφορετικές τοπολογίες. Σε κάθε μία από αυτές τις τοπολογίες ελήφθησαν μετρήσεις της μέσης λαμβανόμενης ισχύος σε διάφορες δειγματοληπτικές αποστάσεις πομπού-δέκτη ούτως ώστε να είναι εφικτή, με έναν υψηλό βαθμό αξιοπιστίας, η αξιολόγηση των βασικών μοντέλων απωλειών οδεύσεως. Ταυτόχρονα, μέσα από αυτή την διαδικασία, αξιολογήθηκε η αξιοπιστία των μοντέλων αναφορικά με τις ιδιαιτερότητες της κάθε τοπολογίας, που αποτυπώνονται ποιοτικά και ποσοτικά στους μηχανισμούς διάδοσης του ραδιοσήματος σε κάθε περίπτωση. / In modern wireless communications, a wide range of RF models are used to provide the median (average) value of the signal strength at a given distance from the transmitter and for a given frequency spectrum. In this procedure, certain geographical (ground, humidity, terrain irregularities), topological (heavy or scattered population, type of obstacles, density of the buildings) characteristics of the area, as well as certain specifications of the transmitter and receiver antennas (most notably antenna height and antenna gain) have to be taken into consideration. In most cases, the mean value of the path loss is expressed in dB in dependence with the frequency of the operating system and the distance between the transmitter and the receiver (for given antenna characteristics and a certain type of environment where the system operates). Thus, a deterministic knowledge of the average path loss (which along with the average rain loss and diffraction loss provides the overall propagation loss in dB) is available. However, distance and frequency limitations have led research to a further study and expanding of the existing empirical and semi-empirical models , for both outdoor and indoor scenarios. A fundamental parameter-based study of the path loss models is based on the concept that the second power law that is predicted by the Friis equation does not apply in real-life scenarios except for standard LOS paths. The modified power law research allows engineers and scholars to calculate the mean received power of a signal transmitted over a wireless link in a more realistic approach. It has been suggested that the third-power law is more suitable for a plethora of applications based on wireless communications for an outdoor environment.The indoor propagation channel, in particular, demands a lot more than a deterministic formula of calculating the average signal strength as a function of distance and frequency. The increased impact of multipath and other propagation phenomena such as reflection and scattering, as well as the existence of many objects whose proportions are comparatively close to the wavelength of the operating wireless systems, render the propagation of a signal and its arrival at a receiver (mobile or fixed) a rather complex procedure. The precision of the path loss models depends heavily on their ability to demonstrate and reflect, in the calculations, these complex phenomena to the best possible way .The majority of these models have been developed and validated for mobile telephony systems in both outdoor and indoor schemes (GSM, PCS-1800, GPRS, UMTS). Certain extensions of many of these models were conducted in order to expand the frequency and distance limitation of the original formulas. New empirical models have also been suggested for these certain frequencies .Taking into account the very sensitive and subject to many different factors nature of the indoor propagation channel, it is easily concluded that both researchers in academia and engineers in industry need to have reliable models that will predict precisely the average path loss over the indoor 2.4 GHz channel which is of utter importance as the de facto frequency of Wi-Fi and WLAN systems. A gap in aforementioned research, however, is that it either concentrates on multipath parameters or does not feature a full comparative validation of most well-known indoor path loss models.The purpose of this work is to present, all the data collected through experiments in realistic conditions and real telecom systems, in order to validate and modify (where necessary) the existing RF models. Furthermore an empirical formula to measure attenuation due to shadowing is derived through these RF models.Measurements took part in five different topologies. In each of them the mean received power was recorded, for various distances between the transmitter and the receiver, in order for our endeavor to validate the RF models in question to be reliable. Through this procedure, RF models where examined towards each topology’s distinctive characteristics that reflect in quality and quantity all the attenuation mechanisms that affect the propagated signal.
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Development of an Investigation Method to Analyse Effect of Laser Cutting on Iron Losses in an Electric MachineRaj, Rishabh January 2022 (has links)
In this fast pace world, climate change is one of the primary concerns worldwide. The world is racing towards reducing CO2 emissions by focusing on decreasing energy consumption. Electric motors capture about two-third of the industrial energy consumption, of which the most growing sector is electrical vehicles. The precise design of electric motors requires an optimal estimation of the machine’s performance characteristics. In this master thesis, the impact on core losses of an electric machine (e-machine) due to laser cutting is studied. The impact is derived in terms of a mathematical model which is introduced in a finite element model of an e-machine to attain optimal performance characteristics. A customized Single Sheet Tester (SST) based measuring apparatus is developed. The measuring apparatus is used to characterize the magnetic materials (electrical steel) used in the core of an e-machine. The studies already presented in the literature compromise on maintaining the same material mass while characterizing the magnetic material. Thus, a novel approach is attempted in this work to maintain approximately the same mass for all test samples used for characterization. The samples under test are laser cut possessing different sample widths leading to different distances from the cut edge. The characterized samples are compared for magnetic properties such as permeability and core losses to derive a mathematical model to estimate the impact of degradation in electrical steel. The derived models are implemented in a reference Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) to analyze the degradation effect on the loss and performance characteristics. The influence of laser cutting impacts drastically the iron losses at an average which increases by about 35 % with a corresponding reduction of 21 % in material permeability. There is an average increase in machine torque by about 2 % and the increase in the total iron losses leads to an average 0.5 % decrease in the efficiency of the machine. The increase in iron losses at lower magnetic flux densities is more significant compared to the saturation region. The maximum degradation effect in the material is nearer to the cutting edge and reduces going away from the cut-edge. The permeability in the material decreases closer to the cut edge and thus the maximum amount of flux gets enforced towards the center because of degradation. / I denna snabba värld är klimatförändringarna en av de främsta problemen världen över. Världen tävlar mot att minska CO2 -utsläppen genom att fokusera på att minska energiförbrukningen. Elmotorer tar upp ungefär två tredjedelar av den industriella energiförbrukningen, varav den mest växande sektorn är elfordon. Den exakta designen av elmotorer kräver en optimal uppskattning av maskinens prestandaegenskaper. I denna masteruppsats studeras inverkan på kärnförluster hos en elektrisk maskin (e-maskin) på grund av laserskärning. Effekten härleds i termer av en matematisk modell som åberopas i en Finite Element Modelling (FEM) av en e-maskin för att uppnå optimala prestandaegenskaper. En skräddarsydd SST-baserad mätapparat utvecklas. Mätapparaten används för att karakterisera de magnetiska material (elektriskt stål) som används i kärnan i en e-maskin. De studier som redan presenterats i litteraturen kompromissar med att bibehålla samma materialmassa samtidigt som de karakteriserar det magnetiska materialet. Således har ett nytt tillvägagångssätt försökts i detta arbete för att bibehålla ungefär samma massa för alla testprover som används för karakterisering. Proverna som testas är laserskurna med olika provbredder vilket leder till olika avstånd från den skurna kanten. De karakteriserade proverna jämförs för magnetiska egenskaper såsom permeabilitet och kärnförluster för att härleda en matematisk modell för att uppskatta effekten av nedbrytning i elektriskt stål. De härledda modellerna implementeras i en referens PMSM för att analysera nedbrytningseffekten på förlust- och prestandaegenskaper. Inverkan av laserskärning påverkar drastiskt järnförlusterna med ett genomsnitt som ökar med cirka 35% med en motsvarande minskning av 21 % i material permeabilitet. Det finns en genomsnittlig ökning av maskinens vridmoment med cirka 2 % och ökningen av de totala järnförlusterna leder till en genomsnittlig minskning av maskinens effektivitet med 0,5 %. Ökningen av järnförluster vid lägre magnetiska flödestätheter är mer signifikant jämfört med mättnadsområdet. Den maximala nedbrytningseffekten i materialet är närmare skäreggen och minskar bortgången från skärkanten. Permeabiliteten i materialet minskar närmare den skurna kanten och sålunda tvingas den maximala mängden flöde in mot mitten på grund av nedbrytning.
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Investigation and Validation of Cooling Loss Models for Axial Gas TurbinesHändestam, Jacob, Jacobson, Eric January 2017 (has links)
Detta arbete behandlar undersökningen och valideringen av kylförlustmodellen i det nyligen framtagna programmet för endimensionell turbindesign, Mean Line Tool (MLT), skapat av Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB (SIT). Huvudsyftet är att undersöka med vilken noggrannhet MLT kan prediktera de extra aerodynamiska förluster som uppstår vid injektion av kylluft i en turbinpassage. För att validera kylförlustmodellen i MLT, har tidigare resultat från en testrigg på KTH används, där de extra förlusterna på grund av kylinjektion har mätts för ett flertal kylpositioner på en turbinledskena. Lokala flödes- och geometriska parametrar från testriggen ansattes i MLT för att möjliggöra en korrekt jämförelse. Ytterligare validering utfördes mot en testbaserad Siemens-korrelation, som är en sammanställning av ett flertal test från olika turbinkomponenter av SIT. I denna korrelation undersöktes kylning på en ledskenas bladprofil och plattform, samt på skovelns bladprofil, där en ökning av kylmassflöde relaterades till en förändring i stegverkningsgrad. Resultaten, från jämförelsen mellan data från testriggen på KTH samt beräkningar i MLT, visade att MLT predikterar extraförlusterna på grund av kylning på bladprofilen av en ledskena med bra noggrannhet. Däremot visar jämförelsen att MLT beräknar en lägre förlust för bakkantskylning. Således har en modifierad förlustkorrelation för bakkantskylning presenterats, som ger mer överensstämmande resultat mot testriggen. Jämförelsen mellan MLT beräkningar och den testbaserade Siemens-korrelationen visar att MLT inte predikterar förändringen i stegverkningsgrad, på grund av extra kylmassflöde, med bra noggrannhet. På grund av ett flertal osäkerheter har denna jämförelse endast användas för att kvalitativt belysa brister i kylförlustmodellen av MLT. Med detta i åtanke har det fastställts att plattformskylning vid främre delen av en turbinpassage skulle kunna vara mycket överpredikterad av MLT. Den övergripande slutsatsen är att MLT predikterar förändringen i gitterverkningsgrad på grund av kylning på en ledskenas bladprofil med bra noggrannhet, förutom bakkantskylning. Ytterligare jämförelser visar att MLT inte kan prediktera förändringen i stegverkningsgrad, på grund av extra kylmassflöde, med bra noggrannhet för olika kylda komponenter från gasturbinsportfolion av SIT. Således behövs vidare validering av MLT innan programmet kan implementeras i turbindesignsystemet av SIT. / This thesis concerns the investigation and validation of the cooling loss model in newly developed one-dimensional turbine design tool, Mean Line Tool (MLT), of Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB (SIT). The main objective is to investigate how accurately MLT can predict the additional aerodynamic losses due to cooling ejection in a turbine blade passage. To validate the cooling loss model of MLT, existing results from an annular sector cascade rig at KTH were used, where the additional losses due to cooling ejection were presented for several cooling locations on a stator vane profile. Local flow- and geometrical parameters from the cascade rig were set in MLT to enable a fair comparison. Moreover, a Siemens test based correlation was used, which is a data collection based on tests using various cooled components of SIT. Cooling ejection on a stator vane profile, stator vane platform and rotor blade profile was investigated, where an increase in coolant mass-flow was related to a change in stage efficiency. The results, when comparing data from the KTH cascade rig against calculations of MLT, show that MLT is able to accurately predict the additional loss due to cooling ejection on a stator vane profile. However, the comparison presents that the calculated loss for trailing edge cooling by MLT is lower than the results from the cascade rig. Therefore, a modified trailing edge cooling correlation is presented, which predicts the results from the cascade rig with better accuracy. Furthermore, comparisons between MLT calculations and the Siemens correlation present that MLT cannot predict the change in stage efficiency, due to added coolant mass-flow, accurately. However, due to several uncertainties, these results are qualitatively used to understand sources of prediction error in the cooling loss model of MLT. Having this in mind, it is established that hub platform cooling at the front part of a blade passage might be greatly overpredicted by MLT. The general conclusion is that MLT predicts the change in cascade efficiency due to coolant ejection with good accuracy for a stator vane profile, except for cooling at the trailing edge. However, MLT is not able to predict the change in stage efficiency, due to added coolant mass-flow, with good accuracy for various cooled components from the SIT gas turbine product portfolio. Thus, MLT needs further validation before it can be implemented into the SIT design system.
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In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal AreaPérez Simbor, Sofía 16 December 2019 (has links)
[ES] La población mundial en países desarrollados está envejeciendo y con ello existe un aumento de enfermedades en gran medida causadas por la edad. Las nuevas tecnologías médicas pueden ayudar a detectar, diagnosticar y tratar estas enfermedades y con ello ahorrar dinero, tiempo y recursos de los sistemas sanitarios. Las tecnologías inalámbricas implantables han abierto un nuevo panorama para la próxima generación de tecnologías médicas. Frecuencias como la Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) de 3.1 a 10.6 GHz están siendo consideradas para la nueva generación de dispositivos inalámbricos para dentro del cuerpo humano. Las características como el reducido tamaño de las antenas, la baja potencia de transmisión y la alta velocidad de datos son las más buscadas en este tipo de dispositivos. El problema surge porque el cuerpo humano depende de la frecuencia de modo que a mayores frecuencias, mayores son las pérdidas por propagación. Conociendo el canal de transmisión se puede solventar el problema de las altas pérdidas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el canal de radio frecuencia (RF) para la nueva generación de dispositivos médicos implantables.
Para caracterizar el canal se han empleado tres diferentes metodologías: simulaciones numéricas, medidas en phantom y experimentos en animales vivos. Las medidas en phantom fueron realizadas en un nuevo sistema de medidas expresamente disen¿ados para medidas de dentro a fuera del cuerpo humano en la banda de frecuencias UWB. Además, se utilizó un novedoso recipiente con dos capas de phantom imitando la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo. Estos phantoms fueron creados para este tipo de medidas y son extremadamente precisos a las frecuencias UWB. Para los experimentos en animales se utilizaron cerdos y se intentó reproducir en ellos las medidas previamente realizadas en phantom. Las simulaciones software se realizaron con la intención de replicar ambas metodologías. Una vez realizados los experimentos se realizó un extensivo estudio del canal en dominio frecuencial y temporal. Mas en detalle, se compararon las antenas usadas en la recepción y transmisión, el efecto de la grasa en el canal, la formas del recipiente contenedor de phantom y las componentesmulticamino. Como resultado se ha propuesto un modelo de propagación del canal para la banda baja de las frecuencias UWB (3.1 -5.1 GHz) para la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo humano. Este modelo de propagación ha sido validado utilizando las tres metodologías previamente descritas y comparada con otros estudios existentes en literatura. Finalmente, se midió el canal de propagación para una determinada aplicación a bajas frecuencias con señales UWB. También se realizaron medidas del canal de propagación en la zona cardíaca del cuerpo humano desde un punto de vista de seguridad de datos.
Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis confirman los beneficios que tendría la utilización de frecuencias UWB para las futuras generaciones de dispositivos médicos implantables. / [CA] La població mundial a països desenvolupats està envellint-se i enfrontant-se a un augment d'infermetats principalment causades per la edat. Les noves tecnologies mèdiques poden ajudar a detectar, diagnosticar i tractar aquestes malalties, estalviant diners, temps i recursos sanitaris. Els dispositius implantables sense fils han generat un nou panorama per a les noves generacions de dispositius mèdics. Les freqüències com la banda de UWB estan sent considerades per a les futures tecnologies implantables. La reduïda grandària de les antenes, la baixa potència de transmissió i les altes velocitats de dades son característiques buscades per als dispositius implantables. Per contra, els éssers humans depenen de la freqüència en el sentit que a majors freqüències, majors les pèrdues per propagació quan el senyal travessa el cos humà d'interior a exterior. Per solventar aquestes pèrdues el canal de propagació s'ha d'entendre i conèixer de la millor manera possible. Aquesta tesi doctoral te com a objectiu caracteritzar el canal de radio freqüència (RF) per a la nova generació de dispositius mèdics implantables.
S'han emprat tres metodologies diferents per a realitzar aquesta caracterització: simulacions software, mesures amb fantomes i experiments amb animals vius. Els experiments amb fantomes es van realitzar a un sistema de mesures dissenyat expressament per a les transmissions de dins a fora del cos humà a les freqüències UWB. També es van utilitzar un contenidor per als fantomes de dues capes, imitant l'area gastrointestinal dels humans. Per als experiments a animals es van emprar porcs, replicant els experiments al laboratori en fantomes de la forma més semblant possible. Les simulacions software foren dissenyades per a imitar les experiments amb fantomes i animals. Després dels experiments el canal de propagació es va investigar exhaustivament des del domini freqüèncial i temporal. S'ha observat com les antenes en transmissió i recepció afecten al senyal, la influència de la grassa, la forma del contenidor de fantoma i les possibles contribucions multicamí. Finalment es proposa un nou model de propagació per a les baixes freqüències UWB (3.1 a 5.1 GHz) per a la zona GI del cos humà. El model es va validar utilitzant les tres metodologies abans esmentades i també foren comparades amb model ja existents a la literature. Finalment des d'un punt de vista aplicat, el canal es va avaluar per al senyal UWB a baixes freqüències (60 MHz). A més a més, per a la nova generació de marcapassos sense fil es va investigar el canal des d'un punt de vista de seguretat de
dades.
Els resultats obtinguts a aquesta tesi confirmen els avantatges d'emprar la banda de freqüències UWB per a la nova generació de dispositius médics implantables. / [EN] The current global population in developed countries is becoming older and facing an increase in diseases mainly caused by age. New medical technologies can help to detect, diagnose and treat illness, saving money, time, and resources of physicians. Wireless in-body devices opened a new scenario for the next generation of medical devices. Frequencies like the Ultra Wide-band (UWB) frequency band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz) are being considered for the next generation of in-body wireless devices. The small size of the antennas, the low power transmission, and the higher data rate are desirable characteristics for in-body devices. However, the human body is frequency ependent, which means higher losses of the radio frequency (RF) signal from in- to out-side the body as the frequency increases. To overcome this, the propagation channel has to be understood and known as much possible to process the signal accordingly. This dissertation aims to characterize the (RF) channel for the future of in-body medical devices.
Three different methodologies have been used to characterize the channel: numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and living animals experiments. The phantom measurements were performed in a novel testbed designed for the purpose of in-body measurements at the UWB frequency band. Moreover, multi-layer high accurate phantoms mimicking the gastrointesintal (GI) area were employed. The animal experiments were conducted in living pigs, replicating in the fairest way as possible the phantom measurement campaigns. Lastly, the software simulations were designed to replicate the experimental measurements. An in-depth and detail analysis of the channel was performed in both, frequency and time domain. Concretely, the performance of the receiving and transmitting antennas, the effect of the fat, the shape of the phantom container, and the multipath components were evaluated. Finally, a novel path loss model was obtained for the low UWB frequency band (3.1 - 5.1 GHz) at GI scenarios. The model was validated using the three methodologies and compared with previous models in literature. Finally, from a practical case point of view, the channel was also evaluated for UWB signals at lower frequencies (60 MHz) for the GI area. In addition, for the next generation of leadless pacemakers the security link between the heart and an external device was also evaluated.
The results obtained in this dissertation reaffirm the benefits of using the UWB frequency band for the next generation of wireless in-body medical devices. / Pérez Simbor, S. (2019). In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133034 / TESIS
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Matematické modelování v neživotním pojištění / Mathematical modelling in general insuranceZajíček, Jakub January 2015 (has links)
This diploma thesis deals with the mathematical models in general insurance. The aim of this thesis is to analyse selected mathematical models that are widely used in general insurance for the estimation of insurance portfolio statistics, pricing and the regulatory capital requirement calculation. Claim frequency models, claim severity models, aggregate loss models and generalized linear models are analysed. This thesis consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part contains description of selected models. Described models are then applied to a real dataset in the practical part. The real dataset modelling was performed using the statistical software R. It has been proved that maximum likelihood parameter estimations are of better quality than the method of moments or quantile method estimations. The results of aggregate loss distribution computational methods are comparable. This comparability is mostly caused by a large number of observations. In the context of tariff analysis it was found that the most significant factors are driver's age and the driver's area of residence.
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