Avec l’apparition de moteur électrique dans le secteur automobile, les réducteurs mécaniques fonctionnent à des vitesses de rotation de plus en plus élevées. Pour ce type de réducteur, les pertes de puissance au niveau des paliers à roulements peuvent être prédominantes pour des vitesses de rotation élevées. Ces pertes sont fortement dépendantes du comportement thermique du palier à roulement. D’où l’intérêt de développer des outils numériques permettant d’estimer les puissances générées au sein d’un palier à roulement. Cette estimation permettra en phase de pré-étude de développer un dispositif de refroidissement adapté afin d’éviter tout risque de dégradation du palier à roulement. Cette thèse présente une nouvelle approche permettant d’étudier le comportement thermomécanique de palier à roulement. Cette approche intermédiaire requiert un minimum de paramètres d’entrée (géométrie externe du palier à roulement et condition de fonctionnement). Elle utilise la méthode dite « des réseaux thermiques » pour obtenir une interconnexion entre les pertes de puissance et le comportement thermique du palier à roulement. Enfin cette approche permet de calculer la puissance dissipée au sein d’un roulement et les températures des bagues et du lubrifiant principalement pour une application hautes vitesses. Cette approche est développée pour des roulements à billes à gorge profonde et contact oblique. Des valeurs expérimentales sont nécessaires pour valider cette nouvelle approche. C’est pourquoi, un nouveau banc d’essai modulaire dédié à l’étude du comportement thermomécanique de palier à roulement a été développé. Sur ce nouveau moyen d’essai, une grande variété de paliers à roulements peut être testée pour différentes conditions de fonctionnement. Pour les premiers essais, un roulement à billes à gorge profonde lubrifié par injection est testé pour un fonctionnement hautes vitesses (produit (n×D_m) supérieur au million). / Rolling Element Bearing (REB) is an essential component in mechanical transmission to reduce friction between rotating parts. Now, with the development of electrical motor in mechanical industry, REBs may work at very high rotation speed. It leads to an increase of REB power losses and temperatures. Theses power losses are strongly coupled with the REB thermal behaviour. The oil temperature has a significant impact on the kinematic viscosity which in turn affects the REB power losses. Based on thermal network approach, an intermediate model is developed in this study. This new model allows obtaining lumped information (temperature of rings) with a minimum of input data (REB external geometry and operating condition only) and by using global power loss models. This intermediate model is developed for angular contact ball bearing and deep groove ball bearing under oil jet lubrication for high speed application. Experimental data are required to validate this new approach. That why, a modular test rig is designed to obtain information on the REB thermomechanical behaviour. The new test rig developed in this study is dedicated to a wide range of REB dimensions and for different operating conditions. For the first test, a deep groove ball bearing under oil jet lubrication is studied for high speed application ((N.dm) product is higher than one million.)

Many automotive components are made of Al-Si coated ultra-high strength boron steel (UHSS) and are produced by hot stamping process. In this process, the workpiece is heated to an austenitizing temperature and is then formed and quenched simultaneously between the tools to achieve the desired shape and high strength. During hot stamping process, friction and wear occur which affect formability and maintenance intervals for tool replacement and repair. To repair worn tools, metal is deposited by fusion welding technique. The tribological behaviour of repair welded tool steel sliding against Al-Si coated UHSS has not been studied in detail and there is a need to investigate if the modified tool surface will affect friction and wear. Hot stamping, similar to many manufacturing processes, is affected by the global mega trend of digitalization and Industry 4.0. To monitor the process and optimize the control and operation are the main aims. In view of this, tribological condition monitoring is a promising approach that can allow measurement of physical properties such as vibrations, temperatures, and acoustic emission to be coupled to the tribological response of the system. The aim is to monitor the hot stamping process and enable early detection of changes in friction and wear which can be used for e.g. optimized maintenance and minimized scrap. The aim of this M.Sc. thesis was to improve the robustness of hot forming processes by studying the tribological behaviour of repair welded tool steel sliding against Al-Si coated UHSS under conditions relevant for hot stamping. Another aim was to obtain more predictable tool maintenance by the implementation of acoustic emission measurement system on a hot-strip tribometer and correlating condition monitoring signals to friction and wear phenomena. The tribological tests were carried out using a hot-strip tribometer in conditions representative of a hot stamping process of automotive components. Acoustic emission during sliding between hot work tool steel and different automotive component material surfaces was measured at room temperature in the same strip drawing tribometer and correlated to friction and wear of the surfaces to get more predictable maintenance intervals. Tool steel specimens were welded with the same material as the base material QRO90. Before conducting the tribological test, the repair welded tool steel pin cross-section was polished, etched, and observed under optical microscope and SEM to analyze the effect of Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process on the microstructure. The analysis was completed with EDS to study the elements in the microstructure. Microhardness was measured to obtain the microhardness profile from the repair welded tool steel pin surface to the bulk in order to study the effect of different microstructures on the mechanical properties. The weight and surface roughness of the pins were measured before the tribological test. After the test was finished, the weight of the pins was measured to calculate the weight difference. The sliding surface of the pins and the strips were photographed. The sliding surface of the pins was also observed and analyzed using SEM and EDS after the test to study wear characteristic of the repair welded tool steel at high temperatures. Acoustic emission signal from the sliding was studied using Toolox44 pins with surface roughness 300-400 nm and with lay direction parallel and perpendicular to sliding direction. Toolox44 pins were sliding against uncoated UHSS, as-delivered Al-Si coated UHSS, and heat-treated Al-Si coated UHSS strips. Acoustic emission was measured during the sliding at the same time as COF measurement. Weight of the pins was measured before and after the test and the wear damage on both surfaces was photographed. COF, AE signals in the time and frequency domain, and wear damage were compared and analyzed. It is found that repair welded tool steel has similar COF compared to the original hot work tool steel with the largest weight gain from the test at 700 ⁰C due to compaction galling mechanism with slower lump formation and the presence of wear particles, transfer layer, and formation of lumps. The weight gain is smaller from the test at 750 ⁰C due to faster lump formation. The weight loss from the test at 600 ⁰C is due to abrasive wear mechanism. SEM micrographs revealed that the repair welded tool steel surface and transfer layers can be found beneath a transfer layer. Wear particles adhered on the repair welded tool steel surface come from broken transfer layer or directly from Al-Si coated UHSS. A change in wear mechanism is indicated by acoustic emission burst signals or gradual amplitude change in the time domain. Frequency analysis of AE signals revealed a change in wear mechanism due to the formation of transferred material in the form of a lump causes AE signals with peaks at higher frequencies above 0.3 MHz to shorten.

Le palier hydrodynamique est une solution de guidage en rotation particulièrement appréciée pour ses caractéristiques d’amortissement à hautes vitesses de rotation. Cependant les performances des machines tournantes lubrifiées par un film fluide sont impactées par des effets non linéaires difficiles à analyser. La prédiction du comportement du système par la simulation nécessite une modélisation avancée de l’écoulement de lubrifiant dans le palier hydrodynamique. Enfin, l’état de surface semble avoir un impact important sur l’écoulement du fluide lubrifiant, lui-même agissant sur les caractéristiques statiques et dynamiques des parties tournantes. Cette étude vise à améliorer les modèles numériques liés à l’impact de l’état de surface des paliers hydrodynamiques sur la dynamique de ligne d’arbre. La méthode d’homogénéisation multi-échelles a été utilisée à cet effet dans un algorithme multi-physiques pour décrire l’interaction entre la structure flexible en rotation et les films fluides des supports de lubrification. Différents modèles ont été utilisés pour prendre en compte la présence de zone de rupture de film lubrifiant. Des méthodologies non-linéaires fréquentielles ont été mises en place afin de permettre l’étude paramétrique des solutions périodiques d’un tel système et de leur stabilité. Afin de confronter ce modèle complexe à la réalité, un banc d’essai miniature a également été conçu. Différents échantillons présentant des états de surface modifiés par ablation à l’aide de LASER femto-seconde ont été testés. L’étude expérimentale a permis de vérifier certaines tendances prévues par la simulation. Des améliorations des performances des paliers hydrodynamiques par rapport aux vibrations auto-entretenues du système ont été démontrées pour certaines textures. En revanche toutes les améliorations ne sont pas prédites par les algorithmes d’homogénéisation multi-échelles. La présence de recirculation dans les aspérités du motif a été mise en évidence à partir de la résolution locale des équations de Navier-Stokes. Ce résultat participe à la remise en question des hypothèses classiques utilisées en texturation, et peut justifier les améliorations obtenues expérimentalement avec les paliers texturés. / The hydrodynamic bearing provides good damping properties in rotating machineries. However, the performances of rotor-bearings systems are highly impacted by nonlinear effects that are difficult to analyze. The rotordynamics prediction requires advanced models for the flow in the bearings. The surface of the bearings seems to have a strong impact on the lubricant flow, acting on the static and dynamic properties of the rotating parts. This study aims to enhance the simulation of the bearings’ surface state effect on the motion of the rotating shaft. The flexible shaft interacts with textured hydrodynamic bearings. Multi-scales homogenization is used in a multi-physics algorithm in order to describe the fluid-structure interaction. Different models are used to account for the cavitation phenomenon in the bearings. Nonlinear harmonic methods allow efficient parametric studies of periodic solutions as well as their stability. Moreover, a test rig has been designed to compare predictions to real measurements. Several textured shaft samples modified with femto-seconds LASER surface texturing are tested. In most cases the experimental study showed similar results than the simulation. Enhancements of the vibration behaviors of the rotor-bearing system have been revealed for certain texturing patterns. The self-excited vibration, also known as "oil whirl" phenomenon, is stabilized on a wide rotating frequency range. However, the simulation tool does not predict well the enhancements that are observed. Vortices in surface texturing patterns have been revealed numerically with Navier-Stokes equation resolution. These results are opposed to the classical lubrication hypothesis. It is also a possible explanation of the enhancements that are experimentally measured with textured bearings.

Em indústria de alimentos são aplicados máquinas e equipamentos para processamento de alimentos, os quais exigem lubrificação para garantir seu pleno estado de funcionamento. Porém o mesmo lubrificante que auxilia o funcionamento do maquinário é considerado um risco potencial de contaminação do produto em suas etapas de processamento, vindo a interferir em sua qualidade. Além deste fator, uma inadequada gestão do processo de lubrificação de máquinas e equipamentos podem gerar eventos de falhas, impactando na disponibilidade e confiabilidade operacional do sistema industrial como todo. O objeto da pesquisa desenvolvida nesta tese de doutorado é o desenvolvimento de um método de seleção de política de lubrificação industrial centrada em confiabilidade voltada especificamente para maquinário empregado na fabricação de alimentos, e visa analisar os eventos de falhas ocorridos no maquinário, os quais relacionados com o processo de lubrificação industrial, bem como, a relação das atividades de lubrificação na geração de foco de potencial risco que propicie perda de qualidade e inocuidade do produto. O método é estruturado na identificação das variáveis envolvidas no processo de lubrificação industrial e análise de seus impactos sobre a geração de eventos de falhas e potencial foco de risco de perda de qualidade e inocuidade do produto, Esta análise visa direcionar a tomada de decisão quanto a estrutura da política de lubrificação industrial adequada a cada ativo industrial instalado na indústria de alimentos. A validação do método de seleção de política de lubrificação centrada em confiabilidade deu-se através da aplicação de sua metodologia em um sistema reparável, uma máquina cobrideira, instalada em uma indústria de alimentos, localizada na região metropolitana de Curitiba. A análise estatística do comportamento da tendência de falhas neste ativo industrial conjuntamente com a análise funcional dos modos de falhas relacionados com o processo de lubrificação industrial, possibilitou estruturar uma política de lubrificação industrial adequada para máquina cobrideira. Esta política de lubrificação contempla ações que resultaram no aumento de produtividade anual da máquina cobrideira em 0,16%, isto significa 280.830 unidades (equivalente a 7,02 toneladas) produzidas a mais no ano de 2014 em relação a 2013, e na melhoria dos indicadores de desempenho de manutenção e disponibilidade operacional da máquina cobrideira. Além disto, a aplicação do método desenvolvido estruturou procedimentos de modo de execução e monitoramento das atividades de lubrificação, os quais visam garantir a qualidade do produto durante as etapas de fabricação conjuntamente com a melhoria de desempenho e produtividade do sistema industrial. / In the food industry, machinery and equipment for food processing are used. They require lubrication to ensure they\'re working properly. However, the same lubricant which assists the operation of the machinery is considered a potential contamination to the product in its processing steps, impacting on their quality. The improper management of the lubrication process of machinery and equipment may lead to fault events, impacting on the availability and operational reliability of the industrial system as a whole. The research object developed in this doctorate thesis shows the development of a selection method of an industrial lubrication policy focused on reliability. Such policy is designed specifically for machinery used in the manufacture of foods. It analyzes the failure events in the machinery due to the lubrication process and. It also analyzes the connection between the lubricating activities and the potential risk of loss product quality and safety. The method is structured to identify the variables involved in the industrial lubrication process and analyzes their impact they have on fault events and potential source of risk of product quality loss. This analysis aims to guide decision-making regarding the structure of the adequate industrial lubrication policy to each industrial asset installed in the food industry. The validation of the lubrication policy selection method focused on reliability occurred through the application of its methodology in a repairable system, a coating machine, installed in a food industry located in the metropolitan region of Curitiba. The statistical analysis of the fault trend behavior in this industrial asset together with the functional analysis of failure modes related to the industrial lubrication process made it possible to structure a suitable policy for the industrial lubrication of the coating machine. This lubrication policy includes actions that resulted in the increase of the annual productivity of the coating machine by 0.16%. It means 280,830 more units (equivalent to 7.02 tons) were produced in 2014 than in 2013. It also improved the maintenance performance indicators and the operational availability of the coating machine. Furthermore, the application of the method structured procedures of execution mode and monitoring of lubrication activities. The aim was to ensure the quality of the product during the manufacturing steps together with the improvement of the performance and productivity of the industrial system.

Foram realizados ensaios tribológicos de deslizamento do par Si3N4-Al2O3, lubrificado com água, na configuração esfera contra disco, sendo a esfera de nitreto de silício e o disco de alumina para investigar a influência da velocidade de deslizamento, da carga aplicada e da temperatura no coeficiente de atrito. As esferas de nitreto de silício e os discos de alumina foram caracterizados determinando-se: densidades, dureza Vickers, módulo de elasticidade e tenacidade à fratura. Os ensaios foram realizados com rugosidade inicial nos discos de Rrms = 352 nm. O regime de ultra baixo coeficiente de atrito (UBCA, &#956; < 0,01) foi atingido após um período de running-in de aproximadamente uma hora e o coeficiente de atrito ficou na faixa de &#956; = 0,008 a &#956; = 0,002. Os resultados mostraram que este sistema deslizante tem características hidrodinâmicas, pois o coeficiente de atrito diminuiu com o aumento da velocidade de deslizamento. Uma variação suave da carga aplicada fez com que o coeficiente de atrito permanecesse no regime de UBCA, com a carga aplicada variando de 54 N até 94 N. Em temperaturas menores ou iguais a 11°C o sistema não atingiu o regime de UBCA e o coeficiente de atrito final ficou da ordem de centésimos. Foi observado o fenômeno de UBCA em temperaturas de 30 e 40°C. No entanto, nestas temperaturas, a baixa viscosidade da água não deveria permitir que o sistema atingisse o regime de UBCA. A análise dos dados possibilitou inferir que durante o regime de UBCA o sistema desliza num regime de lubrificação mista, sendo lubrificação hidrodinâmica, devido ao filme de água, somada a lubrificação limite, devido às camadas hidratadas formadas nas superfícies das cerâmicas. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura influencia no desgaste das cerâmicas. A determinação do volume desgastado possibilitou observar que durante os ensaios a alumina sofre menos desgaste que o nitreto de silício e que o desgaste de ambas cerâmicas aumenta com o aumento da temperatura. / Tribological tests were conducted in a ball on disk setup, using water as lubricant. Were used a silicon nitride ball and alumina disk. The tests were conducted to investigate the effects of sliding speed, applied load and temperature on friction coefficient. The silicon nitride balls and alumina disks were characterized by determining density, Vickers hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness. The tests were conducted with initial roughness on the disk surface of 352 nm. The ultra low friction coefficient regime (ULFC, &#956; < 0.01) was reached after a running-in period of approximately one hour and the friction coefficient remains in the range of &#956; = 0.008 a &#956; = 0.002 during this steady state regime. The results showed that this sliding system has hydrodynamic characteristics, because the friction coefficient decreased with increasing of the sliding speed. With an smooth variation of the applied load the system remained in the ULFC regime, when the applied load varied from 54 N up to 94 N. At temperatures below or equal to 11°C the system did not reach the ULFC regime and the final friction coefficient was the order of hundredths. We observed the ULFC phenomenon at temperatures of 30 and 40°C. However, at these temperatures, the water viscosity is low and should not allow the system to reach the ULFC regime. The data analysis allowed infer that during the ULFC regime the system slides with a mixed lubrication regime, hydrodynamic plus limitrofe, the first due to water film and the second due to the hydrated layer formed on the ceramics surfaces. The results showed a influences of temperature in the ceramics wear. The results of the worn volume allowed to observe that during the tests alumina suffers less wear than the silicon nitride, and the ceramics wear increases with increasing temperature.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Entstehen von Singularitäten an Oberflächen von dünnen Flüssigkeitsfilmen studiert. Unter einer Singularität versteht man hier das plötzliche Aufreißen einer Flüssigkeitsoberfläche an einer Stelle. Nach einer Diskussion physikalischer Phänomene, wird ein 2D Modell zur Beschreibung von Flüssigkeitsfilmen hergeleitet. Dieses Modell beinhaltet u.a. Oberflächenspannung, van der Waals''sche Kräfte und eine Navier-slip Randbedingung (Schlupf-Randbedingung) zwischen Substrat und Flüssigkeit, d.h. die Flüssigkeite haftet nicht an der Grenzfläche zum Substrat. Dieses Phänomen wird vor allen Dingen im Nano- und Mikrometerbereich beobachtet. Dieses Modell wird vereinfacht und man erhält die sogenannte "strong-slip" Gleichung. In dieser Dissertation werden verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt, um die Singularität der Flüssigkeitsoberfläche zu beschreiben. Der Entstehungsprozess der Singularität wird durch die lineare Stabilitätsuntersuchung beschrieben. Da die Linearisierung schnell ihre Gültigkeit verliert, wird das nichtlineare Verhalten der Singularität mit einem numerischen Verfahren beschrieben. Das dazu hier konstruierte Finite-Differenzen-Schema besitzt eine hohe räumliche und zeitliche Genauigkeit. Dadurch können verschiedene Regime, in denen die Singularität eine selbstähnliche Dynamik besitzt, untersucht und beschrieben werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden die Gleichungen weiter vereinfacht. Dadurch können qualitative Eigenschaften der Singularitätsentstehung bewiesen werden. Weiterhin kann so eine Verbindung zu Modellen der Ostwald-Reifung hergestellt werden und man gelangt zu ähnlichen mathematischen Aussagen wie für selbstähnliche Vergröberungsprozesse. Insbesondere wird in der Arbeit gezeigt, dass die Singularität nach endlicher Zeit auftritt. Für das vereinfachte Problem werden hinreichende und notwendige Bedingungen für selbstähnliches Verhalten angegeben. / In this thesis we study the formation of surface singularites of thin liquid films, i.e., rupture of thin liquid films. First, important physical phenomena are discussed and a two-dimensional model for thin-film rupture is derived . That model contains surface tension, van der Waals forces between a liquid and a underlying substrate, and a Navier-slip condition. Using the thin-film hypothesis, this model is simplified and one obtains the so-called strong-slip equation. The phenomenon slip, where the velocity of the liquid is non-zero at a fluid-solid interface, is particularly important at microscopic length scales. In this text we study interfacial singularities with various approaches. The creation of a singularity is described by a linear stability analysis. The non-linear behavior is investigated by a numerical analysis. A finite-difference scheme is used to study the non-linear self-similar dynamics of the singularity. In the second part of this thesis the equations are further simplified. This allows to study qualitative properties of the singularity formation. Furthermore, we can establish a correspondence to models for Ostwald rippending and obtain similar mathematical statements as they are known for self-similar coarsening processes. In particular it is shown that rupture happens after a finite time. In addition, necessary and sufficient condition for self-similar rupture are proven.

Este trabalho trata de um estudo experimental das respostas de desgaste e de atrito encontradas em um sistema deslizante lubrificado. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de deslizamento em um equipamento para ensaios de desgaste, adotando-se o dispositivo pino-contra-disco, para ensaios com movimento relativo rotativo contínuo entre as amostras, e o dispositivo pino-contra-placa, para ensaios com movimento relativo alternado, ou oscilatório, entre as amostras. Os materiais metálicos ensaiados foram pinos de aço AISI 52100 e contra-corpos de aço AISI 8640. O óleo lubrificante foi o mineral de base parafínico, IV 100. Foram variadas as condições de aditivação e de contaminação do óleo lubrificante e foram utilizados dois níveis de carregamento mecânico, determinada pela relação velocidade/carga. O desgaste foi estudado por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, medição da área afetada pelo desgaste, perfilometria das superfícies desgastadas e análise de óleo. O atrito e o potencial de contato foram monitorados ao longo dos ensaios. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o desgaste dos corpos metálicos foi sensível ao carregamento mecânico, à aditivação e à contaminação do óleo. Diferenças foram notadas nas morfologias superficiais entre os resultados de desgaste dos ensaios rotativos e oscilatórios. / This work concerns with experimental study of wear and friction responses of lubricated sliding system. Sliding tests were carried out using pin-on-disk wear testing machine for tests with continuous rotating movement, and the pin-on-plate device, for reciprocating tests between specimens. The metallic test coupons were AISI 52100 steel pins and AISI 8640 steel counter-faces. The used lubricant was paraffinic mineral oil, VI 100. The presence of additives and contamination in the lubricant oil were investigated under two mechanical loading levels, determined by the velocity/load relation. The wear was studied by means of optic and scanning electronic microscopes, perfilometry and dimensional analysis of the worn surfaces and oil analysis. The friction and the contact potential were monitored through out the sliding tests. The results showed that the wear of the metallic materials was susceptible to the mechanical loading, the additive and the contamination existence in the oil. It was observed differences among the wear results of the rotating and the reciprocating tests in terms of surface morphologies.

Les roulements soumis à des mouvements oscillatoires et des charges élevées sont nécessaires pour le fonctionnement de nombreux mécanismes industriels (actionneurs, commandes d’avions, machines pour l’usinage, robots, chaînes d’assemblages, …). Ces roulements sont soumis à des pressions de contact locales extrêmement élevées avec des vitesses de roulement faibles qui ne permettent pas une lubrification adéquate des interfaces des premiers corps avec de l’huile. Les essais d’endurance sur les roulements ont permis la reconstitution des courbes de dégradation pendant la vie du roulement. Des analyses des surfaces, effectués à chaque phase de la vie du roulement ont permis aussi bien de suivre l’évolution de la topographie à l’interface entre les pistes et les éléments roulants. D’autre parte, des analyses numériques par éléments finis ont permis d’obtenir des informations sur les distributions des contraintes et des déformations. Le croisement des résultats expérimentaux et numériques a donc permis la reconstruction des mécanismes locaux d’accommodation. Dans le cas d’un roulement oscillant non graissé, les déplacements relatifs et les contraintes sont principalement accommodés aux interfaces des premiers corps en contact, ce qui accélère l’endommagement final du roulement. Dans le cas d’un roulement oscillant graissé, une partie des déplacements relatifs et contraintes est accommodée dans une sous couche qui se forme dans la peau des éléments roulants. Cette accommodation se manifeste par l’accumulation de déformations plastiques qui s’avèrent être aussi à l’origine de l’endommagement final du roulement. L’analyse des surfaces de contact des roulements oscillants graissés montre qu’il se forme, en présence de la graisse et très tôt dans la vie du roulement, une couche (troisième corps graisse/particule et TTS en surface de la piste) qui protège les surfaces en contact. D’autre part, une expertise de roulement ayant fonctionné sur un avion de de type A340 révèle une forte similarité entre ses faciès d’usure et ceux obtenus lors des essais d’endurance, et valide ainsi les mécanismes d’accommodation reconstitués. Enfin, des questions portant sur les effets de la quantité de graisse, du glissement des éléments roulants, et des pauses sur un essai donné sont aussi traitées. / Bearings subjected to oscillatory motions and high loads are necessary for the operation of several industrial mechanisms (actuators, aircraft controls, machining, robots, assembly lines, ...). These bearings are subjected to extremely high local contact pressures with low running speeds, which do not permit adequate lubrication of the interfaces of the first bodies with oil. Endurance tests perfomed on commercial bearings allowed at reconstructing the evolution of the degradation curves during the bearing life. Surface analyses carried out at each phase of the bearing life also allowed at following the evolution of the topography at the interface between the bearing raceways and the rolling elements. On the other hand, numerical analyses, by finite element method, have led to obtain information on the distributions of stresses and deformations. The dialogue between experimental and numerical results allowed the reconstruction of the local accomodation mechanisms. In the case of ungreased oscillating bearings, the relative displacements are mainly accommodated at the surfaces of the first bodies in contact, which accelerates the damage of the bearing. In the case of greased oscillating bearings, part of the relative displacements and stresses are accommodated at the subsurface of the rolling elements. This accommodation mechanism is manifested by the accumulation of plastic deformations which are at the origin of the final degradation of the bearing. The analysis of the contact surfaces of the raceways of the greased oscillating bearings shows as well that, in the presence of grease, a layer (third body mixture of grease and particles, and TTS on the track surface) protects the surfaces of the raceway and thus accommodates the other part of the displacements and stresses. On the other hand, the analysis of an airelon bearing, dismounted from an A340 type aircraft, revealed a strong similarity between its topographies and those obtained during the performed endurance tests, validateing the reconstructed accommodation mechanisms. Finally, questions about the effects of the amount of grease, sliding of the rolling elements, and pauses on a given test heve been discussed too.

Quelques développements sont démontrés dans cette thèse, du modèle de contact au modèle de roulement et du modèle de roulement-rotor à la technique de reproduction par bancs. Tout d’abord, la méthode de perturbation est étendue afin de prouver que la rigidité et l’amortissement distribués en état stable EHL ne remplissent pas les conditions transitoires et que les coefficients intégrés ne sont pas appropriés pour les analyses dynamiques. La loi de distribution de la rigidité et l’amortissement du film d’huile de l’EHL est proposée. En combinant l’état initial d’une solution stable avec l’amortissement et la rigidité distribués de l’EHL transitoire, les comportements du film d’huile peuvent être prédits. Par la suite, l’effet du contact en bordure entre le cylindre et le courant est pris en compte dans les transmissions de roulement. Les méthodes d’approximation première et seconde sont proposées pour interpréter numériquement cet effet. La méthode d’approximation première se concentre sur l’adoption de la méthode du coefficient d’influence pour reproduire l’effet de contact de même que l’utilisation du procédé de normalisation pour respecter les résultats empiriques ; alors que la méthode d’approximation seconde se concentre sur une manière analytique rapide de décrire la pression Hertz au contact entre le cylindre et le courant. Ensuite, les matrices de roulements pratiques sont utilisées pour développer un code de dynamiques 3D du roulement-rotor, basé sur des formules Hertz et EHL classiques. En temps-domaine, la méthode Adams quatre-ordres est améliorée pour résoudre les équations incrémentées des dynamiques non-linéaires. En fréquence-domaine, la méthode analytique de HB-AFT est particulièrement employée pour combler des matrices de roulement en 3D et des solutions d’état stable 3D. De plus, la méthode de continuation arc-longueur augmente la vitesse de calcul. En utilisant les deux méthodes, certains facteurs peuvent être considérés qualitativement et quantitativement, en incluant les états initiaux, l’amortissement, l’excentricité et les tensions internes et externes. Enfin, une technique alternative est proposée pour reproduire les comportements de contact à l’intérieur des roulements sous une forte charge et des vibrations à haute fréquence, lorsque les paramètres actifs sont en sous capacité du banc. Cette thèse apporte des visions nouvelles mais simples sur ce qui se produit sur les contacts roulants et longitudinaux d’un roulement circulaire ; sur comment modéliser et résoudre le système non-linéaire de roulement-rotor en domaines à la fois temps et fréquence ; et sur le moyen de reproduire des conditions de contact extrême à l’intérieur des roulements. / Some developments on bearing applications are emphasized in this thesis, from contact model to bearing model, and from bearing-rotor model to bench reproduction technique. First, perturbation method is extended to prove that steady-state EHL distributed damping and stiffness do not satisfy the transient conditions, and steady-state EHL lumped coefficients are not suitable for dynamic analysis. Distribution law of EHL oil film damping and stiffness is attemptly proposed. Combining initial state of steady-state solution with transient EHL distributed stiffness and damping, dynamic behaviors of oil film are predicted. Second, edge effect of roller/race contact is considered in bearing transmissions. First and second approximation methods are proposed to numerically interpret this effect. First approximation method concentrates on adopting influence coefficient method to replay edge effect as well as using normalization process to respect empirical results, while second approximation method focuses on a fast-analytical manner of describing Hertz pressure inside roller slice. Third, practical bearing matrices are used to develop 3D bearing-rotor dynamics code, based on classical Hertz and EHL formulas. In time domain, four-order Adams method is improved to solve incremental nonlinear dynamics equations; In frequency domain, analytical method of HB-AFT is particularly employed to bridge 3D bearing matrices and 3D steady-state solutions, besides, arc-length continuation method increases calculation speed. Using both methods, some factors can be considered qualitatively and quantitatively, including initial states, damping, eccentricity, internal and external excitations. Last, an alternative technique is proposed to reproduce contact behaviors inside bearings under heavy loading and high-frequency vibrations, when working parameters are beyond bench capacity. This thesis gives new but simple insights into what happens to rolling and longitudinal contacts of bearing roller, how to model and solve nonlinear bearing-rotor system in both time and frequency domains, and where a way is to reproduce extreme contact conditions inside bearings using bench.

Le développement de lubrifiants haute performance pour réduire le frottement dans les moteurs et limiter la consommation de carburant, demeure un défi majeur pour les fabricants d’huiles. Les améliorants d'indice de viscosité (VII) sont des polymères couramment utilisés pour réduire la dépendance en température de la viscosité du lubrifiant, afin de maintenir une lubrification hydrodynamique acceptable à haute température. Ce travail se concentre sur la compréhension du rôle des VII dans les lubrifiants moteur afin de relier leur réponse tribologique et leur comportement rhéologique. Des lubrifiants simplifiés sont étudiés, composés de divers polymères de différents poids moléculaires et conformations, ajoutés à une huile de base minérale. Premièrement, la dépendance de la viscosité à la température et la pression de ces lubrifiants est étudiée. Il est montré que leur comportement rhéologique résulte de mécanismes se produisant à l'échelle moléculaire, en considérant les notions de solubilité, rayon hydrodynamique et d’effets de conformation. Ensuite, la dépendance viscosité-cisaillement est discutée en fonction de la structure des polymères et prédite sur une large gamme de températures et de pressions à travers un modèle conventionnel. Cependant, les hypothèses qui sous-tendent ce modèle nous amènent à proposer une relation plus appropriée prenant en compte la viscoélasticité des lubrifiants. Enfin, des mesures d'épaisseur de film sont effectuées pour explorer comment l'addition de polymère affecte la réponse du lubrifiant dans les régimes élastohydrodynamique et thin film. Elles sont comparées aux prévisions analytiques basées sur les modèles rhéologiques établis précédemment. Il est montré i) une bonne adéquation entre les prévisions et les données expérimentales dans le régime EHD et ii) la présence d’une épaisseur critique pour certains polymères à partir de laquelle les résultats s’écartent significativement des prévisions. Ce régime thin film, aux faibles épaisseurs, est expliqué par le comportement non newtonien des lubrifiants et l'adsorption des polymères aux surfaces. / The development of high-performance lubricants to reduce engine friction and consequently fuel consumption remains a major challenge for oil manufacturers. Viscosity Index Improvers (VII) are polymer additives used for decades to limit the dependency of the lubricant’s viscosity on temperature, to maintain an acceptable hydrodynamic lubrication at high temperature, without experiencing excessive frictional and thermal losses at low temperature. This work focuses on understanding the role of VII in engine lubricants with the aim to bridge their tribological response with their rheological behavior. Simplified lubricants are studied, composed of various polymers of different molecular weights and conformations added to a mineral base oil. In a first part, the viscosity-temperature-pressure dependence of these lubricants is investigated. Their rheological behavior is shown to result from mechanisms occurring at molecular scale, by considering the notions of solubility, hydrodynamic radii and conformation effects. In a second part, the viscosity-shear stress dependence is discussed according to the polymers structure and predicted on a large range of temperatures and pressures through a conventional model. However, the strong assumptions behind this model lead us to propose a more appropriate relationship which takes into account the viscoelastic properties of the lubricants. Finally, film thickness measurements are conducted to explore how the polymer addition affects the lubricant’s response in the Elastohydrodynamic and Thin Film regimes. They are compared with analytical predictions based on the rheological models established previously. It is shown that i) there is a good agreement between predictions and measured film thicknesses in the EHD regime and ii) at lower thickness, i.e. in the Thin Film regime, some polymers show a critical thickness from which the film thickness significantly departs from the predictions. Several explanations are considered, among them the non-Newtonian behavior of the lubricants and the adsorption of polymers on the solid bodies.