<p>The purpose of this master thesis has been to develop a baggage handling process at Stockholm Skavsta Airport that is cost-efficient, in order to prepare for the expected expansion of the airport. When developing the new process it was a directive to examine the possibilities of using radio frequency identification, RFID, technology and also that the required investment for the new process should have a payback time of no more than two to three years. The current process contains a completely manual sorting activity, which is both costly in terms of personnel and creates some mishandling of baggage due to the human factor. Our recommendation is a baggage handling process that use automatic sorting through RFID technology that eliminates the mishandling of baggage and reduce the personnel costs and at the same time have a payback period of less than three years. The main cost driver is the RFID tag costs and therefore our process is a so called closed-loop system, where the tags are reused several times and require very little work in between uses. The proposed physical layout consists of a drawing of the physical layout of the baggage sorting hall, a description of the RFID system, and the required information system software.</p>

<p>Detta är en kapacitets- och känslighetsanalys av bagagehanteringssystem vid Arlanda flygplats. Studien är ett examensarbete för civilingenjörsutbildningen Kommunikations- och Transportsystem vid Linköpings universitet och är utförd på uppdrag av Luftfartsverket, LFV Teknik under 2004 och 2005. </p><p>Studien har gjorts med datorstödd simulering som analysverktyg. Studien har gjorts genom att en simuleringsmodell av det studerade systemet har byggts i simuleringsprogrammet Arena. Denna modell har matats med trafikunderlag från en normalvecka under 2004. Utifrån denna modell och utifrån förväntade trafikökningar har sedan ett antal kapacitets- och känslighetsanalysscenarier formulerats och dessa har sedan simulerats och resultaten har tolkats och analyserats samt jämförts med resultaten från grundmodellen. </p><p>Kapacitetsanalysen visar att anläggningen är väl rustad för att ta emot den annalkande trafikökning som förväntas under de närmaste åren, eftersom den ökade trafiken inte innebär några signifikanta problem genom ökat antal väskor som inte hinner med sina flighter. Det som dock kan vara en begränsande faktor är att fickallokeringssystemet inte är effektivt och det sänker anläggningens verkliga kapacitet. För att kunna nyttja anläggningen maximalt bör fickallokeringssystemet ses över. </p><p>Känslighetsanalysen visar att systemet är mycket sårbart för störningar, särskilt om kommunikationen med BSM-centralen går ner eller om en Röntgen Level 2-maskin går sönder. Sådana händelser resulterar i att anläggningens kapacitet minskar kraftigt och i vissa fall klarar anläggningen inte av att hantera dagens trafikmängd. En handlingsplan för hur dessa störningar och konsekvenserna av dem ska minimeras bör införas snarast. </p> / <p>This is a capacity and sensitivity analysis of a baggage handling system at Stockholm-Arlanda airport. The study is a Master's Thesis in Communication and Transport Systems Engineering at the University of Linköping. The study was done on behalf of the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration. The analysis tool that was used is simulation. </p><p>In the study, a simulation model of the baggage handling system was implemented in the simulation program Arena. A base scenario containing the traffic program from one week in 2004 was created and used as a reference scenario. A total of 8 different scenarios were created to form the capacity and sensitivity analyses. </p><p>The capacity analysis showed that the baggage handling system will be able to handle the forecasted increases in traffic over the next few years with relative ease. The X-ray machines are currently not working at anywhere near full capacity. However, the system is currently not being used in an efficient way. The pocket allocation method is far from optimal because flights that use more than one pocket are allocated adjacent pockets only which can be very inefficient. This method needs to be revised for the system to work efficiently. </p><p>The sensitivity analysis showed that the system is very vulnerable if certain things happen. In particular if the communication link with the Baggage Source Message-central in London is lost there will be big problems because all luggage will go to the Manual Encoding Station (MES). The MES will then be very digested and it will take a considerably larger amount of time for the baggage to pass through the system. Problems will also occur if one of the two Level 2 X-ray-machines break down. The remaining machine cannot handle all the baggage by itself, especially not if there are flights to the USA about to depart since baggage heading for the USA must be run through X-ray Level 2. It is strongly recommended that handling plans are formed to minimise the effects of such events.</p>

The purpose of this master thesis has been to develop a baggage handling process at Stockholm Skavsta Airport that is cost-efficient, in order to prepare for the expected expansion of the airport. When developing the new process it was a directive to examine the possibilities of using radio frequency identification, RFID, technology and also that the required investment for the new process should have a payback time of no more than two to three years. The current process contains a completely manual sorting activity, which is both costly in terms of personnel and creates some mishandling of baggage due to the human factor. Our recommendation is a baggage handling process that use automatic sorting through RFID technology that eliminates the mishandling of baggage and reduce the personnel costs and at the same time have a payback period of less than three years. The main cost driver is the RFID tag costs and therefore our process is a so called closed-loop system, where the tags are reused several times and require very little work in between uses. The proposed physical layout consists of a drawing of the physical layout of the baggage sorting hall, a description of the RFID system, and the required information system software.

Detta är en kapacitets- och känslighetsanalys av bagagehanteringssystem vid Arlanda flygplats. Studien är ett examensarbete för civilingenjörsutbildningen Kommunikations- och Transportsystem vid Linköpings universitet och är utförd på uppdrag av Luftfartsverket, LFV Teknik under 2004 och 2005. Studien har gjorts med datorstödd simulering som analysverktyg. Studien har gjorts genom att en simuleringsmodell av det studerade systemet har byggts i simuleringsprogrammet Arena. Denna modell har matats med trafikunderlag från en normalvecka under 2004. Utifrån denna modell och utifrån förväntade trafikökningar har sedan ett antal kapacitets- och känslighetsanalysscenarier formulerats och dessa har sedan simulerats och resultaten har tolkats och analyserats samt jämförts med resultaten från grundmodellen. Kapacitetsanalysen visar att anläggningen är väl rustad för att ta emot den annalkande trafikökning som förväntas under de närmaste åren, eftersom den ökade trafiken inte innebär några signifikanta problem genom ökat antal väskor som inte hinner med sina flighter. Det som dock kan vara en begränsande faktor är att fickallokeringssystemet inte är effektivt och det sänker anläggningens verkliga kapacitet. För att kunna nyttja anläggningen maximalt bör fickallokeringssystemet ses över. Känslighetsanalysen visar att systemet är mycket sårbart för störningar, särskilt om kommunikationen med BSM-centralen går ner eller om en Röntgen Level 2-maskin går sönder. Sådana händelser resulterar i att anläggningens kapacitet minskar kraftigt och i vissa fall klarar anläggningen inte av att hantera dagens trafikmängd. En handlingsplan för hur dessa störningar och konsekvenserna av dem ska minimeras bör införas snarast. / This is a capacity and sensitivity analysis of a baggage handling system at Stockholm-Arlanda airport. The study is a Master's Thesis in Communication and Transport Systems Engineering at the University of Linköping. The study was done on behalf of the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration. The analysis tool that was used is simulation. In the study, a simulation model of the baggage handling system was implemented in the simulation program Arena. A base scenario containing the traffic program from one week in 2004 was created and used as a reference scenario. A total of 8 different scenarios were created to form the capacity and sensitivity analyses. The capacity analysis showed that the baggage handling system will be able to handle the forecasted increases in traffic over the next few years with relative ease. The X-ray machines are currently not working at anywhere near full capacity. However, the system is currently not being used in an efficient way. The pocket allocation method is far from optimal because flights that use more than one pocket are allocated adjacent pockets only which can be very inefficient. This method needs to be revised for the system to work efficiently. The sensitivity analysis showed that the system is very vulnerable if certain things happen. In particular if the communication link with the Baggage Source Message-central in London is lost there will be big problems because all luggage will go to the Manual Encoding Station (MES). The MES will then be very digested and it will take a considerably larger amount of time for the baggage to pass through the system. Problems will also occur if one of the two Level 2 X-ray-machines break down. The remaining machine cannot handle all the baggage by itself, especially not if there are flights to the USA about to depart since baggage heading for the USA must be run through X-ray Level 2. It is strongly recommended that handling plans are formed to minimise the effects of such events.

Subject of this Diploma thesis is the design of metal detector and luggage X-ray screening. The thesis concerns with design of frame metal detector and luggage x-ray with focus on visual appeal, keeping of functional elements and concept of construction solution. Main objective is to find solution how to connect aesthetic, ergonomic and technical aspect. Complete analysis leads to design of metal detector and luggage X-ray screening. These appliances then appeal as compact system with uniform design. Also the machines can be used separately. Design of this system of appliances is solved through ergonomic, psychologic, technical and aesthetic aspects.

L’imagerie basée sur la diffraction des rayons X est une technique non-invasive puissante pour l’identification et caractérisation de matériaux différents. Comparée aux techniques traditionnelles utilisant la transmission des rayons X, elle permet d’extraire des informations beaucoup plus caractéristiques pour le matériau inspecté, comme les positions des pics de Bragg pour des matériaux cristallins et le facteur de forme moléculaire pour les matériaux amorphes. Le potentiel de cette méthode a été reconnu par de nombreuses équipes de recherche et de nombreuses applications comme l’inspection de bagage, le contrôle non-destructif, la détection de drogue et la caractérisation de tissus biologiques ont été proposées. La méthode par dispersion d’énergie (EDXRD) est particulièrement adaptée à ce type d’application car elle permet l’utilisation d’un tube à rayons X conventionnel, l’acquisition du spectre entier en une fois et des architectures parallélisées pour l’inspection d’un objet entier en un temps raisonnable. L’objectif de ce travail est d’optimiser toute la chaîne de caractérisation. L’optimisation comprend deux aspects : l’optimisation du système d’acquisition et du traitement des données. La dernière concerne particulièrement la correction des spectres de diffraction dégradés par le processus d’acquisition. Des méthodes de reconstruction sont proposées et validées sur des spectres simulés et expérimentaux. L’optimisation du système est réalisée en utilisant des facteurs de mérite comme l’efficacité quantique de détection (DQE), le rapport contraste sur bruit (CNR) et les courbes de caractéristiques opérationnelles de réception (ROC).La première application choisie, c’est l’imagerie du sein basée sur la diffraction qui a pour but de distinguer des tissus cancéreux des tissus sains. Deux configurations de collimation sans multiplexage combinant EDXRD et ADXRD sont proposées suite au processus d’optimisation. Une étude de simulation du système entier et d’un fantôme de sein a été réalisée afin de déterminer la dose requise pour la détection d’un petit carcinome de 4 mm. La deuxième application concerne la détection de matériaux illicites pendant le contrôle de sécurité. L’intérêt possible d’un système de collimation multiplexé a été étudié. / X-ray diffraction imaging is a powerful noninvasive technique to identify or characterize different materials. Compared to traditional techniques using X-ray transmission, it allows to extract more material characteristic information, such as the Bragg peak positions for crystalline materials as well as the molecular form factor for amorphous materials. The potential of this technique has been recognized by many researchers and numerous applications such as luggage inspection, nondestructive testing, drug detection and biological tissue characterization have been proposed.The method of energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) is particularly suited for this type of applications as it allows the use of a conventional X-ray tube, the acquisition of the whole spectrum at the same time and parallelized architectures to inspect an entire object in a reasonable time. The purpose of the present work is to optimize the whole material characterization chain. Optimization comprises two aspects: optimization of the acquisition system and of data processing. The last one concerns especially the correction of diffraction pattern degraded by acquisition process. Reconstruction methods are proposed and validated on simulated and experimental spectra. System optimization is realized using figures of merit such as detective quantum efficiency (DQE), contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.The first chosen application is XRD based breast imaging which aims to distinguish cancerous tissues from healthy tissues. Two non-multiplexed collimation configurations combining EDXRD and ADXRD are proposed after optimization procedure. A simulation study of the whole system and a breast phantom was realized to determine the required dose to detect a 4 mm carcinoma nodule. The second application concerns detection of illicit materials during security check. The possible benefit of a multiplexed collimation system was examined.

La diffraction des rayons X apparait comme une modalité prometteuse pour l'inspection non invasive de bagages. Par comparaison aux techniques traditionnelles d'imagerie par transmission, cette technique permet de révéler davantage d'informations caractéristiques sur les matériaux, comme les distances inter-réticulaires pour les matériaux cristallins ou la fonction d'interférence moléculaire pour les matériaux amorphes. La méthode de diffraction par énergie dispersive (EDXRD), qui travaille à angle fixe avec un faisceau polychromatique et un détecteur résolu en énergie, est plus particulièrement adaptée à la problématique de contrôle de bagages, car elle permet d'envisager une architecture parallélisée pour imager un bagage complet en un temps raisonnable. Les travaux proposés dans cette thèse ont donc pour but d'étudier un système EDXRD utilisant un détecteur spectrométrique CdZnTe multi pixels pour l'identification des matériaux illicites dans les bagages. Une première étape a consisté à prendre en main cette technique à la fois expérimentalement avec un banc de diffraction mis à disposition et théoriquement par le biais du développement d'un outil de simulation élaboré. La confrontation entre l'expérimentation et la simulation a permis de bien comprendre la physique d'un tel système et de mieux analyser ses faiblesses pour pouvoir les corriger. En nous appuyant sur ces deux outils, nous avons ensuite étudié et mis en oeuvre de nouveaux concepts pour améliorer les performances du système EDXRD, en termes de résolution, d'intensité et de stabilité des pics de diffraction. Ainsi, une architecture novatrice, s'appuyant sur un traitement des signaux transitoires délivrés par les détecteurs CdZnTe, est proposée afin d'améliorer le compromis entre la résolution des pics de diffraction et leur intensité. Cette architecture est basée sur la sur-pixellisation du détecteur par la méthode de localisation barycentrique et sur une adaptation géométrique du système collimateur/détecteur. Enfin, le problème d'instabilité des pics de diffraction, due à l'effet d'orientation des grains des matériaux cristallins, est également traité. / X-ray diffraction is becoming a prevailing technique for non invasive inspection of luggage. Compared to traditional techniques of transmission imaging, the diffraction technique can extract more characteristic information of materials, such as the Bragg peaks for crystalline materials or the molecular interference function for amorphous materials. The method of energy dispersive X Ray diffraction (EDXRD), which works at a fixed low scatter angle but with a polychromatic X-ray beam and a energy resolved detector, is particularly suited to the problem of luggage control as it allows parallelized architectures to inspect an entire object in a reasonable time. The work proposed in this thesis is to study an EDXRD system using a multi-pixelated CdZnTe detector to identify illicit materials in baggage. A first step has been to take control of this technique both experimentally with a diffraction bench and theoretically through the development of an elaborate simulation tool. The comparison between experiment and simulation has allowed to understand the physics of such a system and to better analyze its weaknesses to correct them. Relying on these two tools, we studied and implemented new concepts to improve performances of EDXRD systems, in terms of resolution, intensity and stability of the diffraction peaks. Thus, an innovative architecture, based on a dedicated treatment of transient signals delivered by the CdZnTe detectors, is proposed to significantly improve the compromise between the resolution of the diffraction peaks and their intensity. This architecture is based on an over-pixelation (1D) of the detector by an electronic positioning method and on a geometric adaptation of the system collimator/detector. The problem of instability of the diffraction peaks due to the effect of grain orientation in crystals is also handled.

This work is focused on the current situation in the travel insurance market and how this corresponds to the current needs demand. The first part is about the insurance industry and product detail then travel insurance. The second part examines supply, thus the offer of travel insurance from various distributors and compares them with each other. A further section deals with the requirements of the passengers thus the demand. The result of the work describes the intersection of supply and demand. In conclusion, test hypotheses and summarizes the main findings.