Global ETD Search

91	Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686-1743) : religion, philosophie et pensée maçonnique / Andrew Michael Ramsay (1686-1743) : religion, philosophy and masonic thought Desplanches, Sophie 30 September 2016 (has links) Andrew Michael Ramsay fut un intellectuel écossais du Siècle des Lumières, à la fois "aventurier religieux", auteur politique et franc-maçon. Élevé dans le protestantisme, il rechercha un équilibre spirituel et une doctrine plus conformes à ses vœux. Il voyagea dans de nombreux pays pour atteindre ce but et finalement trouva auprès de Fénelon, archevêque de Cambrai, et de Madame Guyon, adepte du "Pur Amour", un père et une mère spirituels. Sous leur influence, il finit par adhérer à un catholicisme de nature gallicane caractérisé par un appel constant à l’intériorité. De son œuvre, émergent quatre traités : l’Essai sur le gouvernement civil(1721) dans lequel il démontre que la meilleure forme de gouvernement est la monarchie absolue, héréditaire, de droit divin. Fervent jacobite, il espérait le retour de la dynastie Stuart sur le trône d’Angleterre. L’Histoire de la vie de Fénelon (1727) traite principalement des péripéties de sa conversion par le prélat; Les Voyages de Cyrus (1727), roman didactique, apologétique et politique, raconte la formation d’un jeune prince accompli, rempli de sagesse et de piété. Son ouvrage central, Les principes philosophiques de la religion naturelle et révélée (1749), communément appelé le "Great Work" ne parut qu’après sa mort. Le franc-maçon perçait alors sous le philosophe. Son Discours (1737) fait remonter les origines de l’Ordre aux croisades et, surtout, fixe les obligations auxquelles est soumis tout franc-maçon, qui lui sont rappelées au moment de son initiation. Cet homme, complexe, mystique et politique réussit l’exploit de faire changer radicalement cette organisation très attachée à ses traditions qu’est la Franc-maçonnerie. / Andrew Michael Ramsay was a Scottish intellectual of the Enlightenment and was at the same time a "religious adventurer", a political author and a freemason. Born into a Protestant family, he undertook a search for spiritual stability and for a doctrine more in line with his aspirations. In this quest, he journeyed through several countries, and he eventually found in the company of Fénelon, archbishop of Cambrai, and of Madame Guyon, an advocate of the doctrine of "Pure Love", a spiritual father and mother. Inspired by them, he finally converted to a Gallican variety of Catholicism which was at the root of his call to a life of constant soul-searching. From his work four treatises emerge: An Essay upon Civil Government (1721), in which he sought to show that the best form of government is an absolute, hereditary monarchy, based on divine right. As a zealous Jacobite, he longed for the return of the Stuarts to the British throne. The Life of Fénelon (1727) deals mainly with the various stages leading up to his conversion by the prelate. The Travel of Cyrus (1727) is a didactic, apologetic and political novel which relates the education of a young accomplished prince endowed with wisdom and piety. His most considerable work is The Philosophical Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion (1749), commonly called the "Great Work", which was published posthumously. Here the freemason can be seen beneath the philosopher. His Discourse (1737) traces the origins of Freemasonry back to the crusades, and also sets out the obligations that every freemason must adhere to and which he is reminded of during his initiation. His success in radically changing this organization so deeply attached to its customs remains the lasting legacy of this complex, mystical and political figure who is Andrew Michael Ramsay. Andrew Michael Ramsay Ecossais "Aventurier religieux" Auteur politique Franc-Maçon Protestantisme Fénelon Madame Guyon "Pur Amour" Catholicisme Monarchie absolue Héréditaire Droit divin Jacobite Dynastie Stuart Angleterre Philosophe Ordre Mystique Franc-Maçonnerie Andrew Michael Ramsay Scottish "Religious adventurer" Political author Freemason Protestantism Fénelon Madame Guyon "Pur Love" Catholicism Absolute monarchy Hereditary Divine right Jacobite The Stuarts England Philosopher Order Mystical Freemasonry
92	La lettre et la mère : roman familial et écriture de la passion chez Suzanne Necker (1737-1794) et Germaine de Staël (1766-1817) Dubeau, Catherine 13 April 2018 (has links) Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2007-2008. / "Notre thèse interroge ce qui, dans le lien mère-fille et dans la représentation qu'en donnent Suzanne Necker (1737-1794) et Germaine de Staël (1766-1817), dirige et travaille leur pratique de récriture. Plus précisément, nous envisageons chez l'une et l'autre auteure le lien ambivalent (fusionnel et conflictuel, coupable et nostalgique) à la mère comme expérience fondatrice et structurante de la passion, ultérieurement constitutive des motifs littéraires de la colère indomptable, de l'amour contrarié et de la culpabilité mortifère. La lecture conjointe de leurs oeuvres (essais, journaux, correspondances et, dans le cas de Germaine de Staël, fictions théâtrales et romanesques) dévoile une relation orageuse, marquée par la rivalité, le remords, et dont l'expression apparaît indissociable des bouleversements sociopolitiques contemporains : Révolution, Terreur et Empire prêtent leurs emblèmes, tissant des réseaux analogiques entre les économies familiale et politique. Donner la vie et mettre à mort sont ici les faces antithétiques d'une même relation, par laquelle la lettre^ tous genres confondus, oscille indéfiniment entre l'aveu amoureux et la déclaration de guerre. La notion de roman familial, pierre angulaire de notre réflexion, jointe au double éclairage de la psychanalyse littéraire et de la sociologie de la littérature, permet de relire avec le meilleur profit des textes qui ne cessent de se poser comme actes de résistancesurvivance en regard de contextes social, familial et politique éminemment conflictuels. L'étude se divise en trois parties, respectivement consacrées à l'analyse de la culpabilité et de la sociabilité dans les écrits intimes de Suzanne Necker, aux échanges épistolaires et "duels" d'écriture entre mère et fille (de l'enfance de Germaine Necker à la mort de Madame Necker), puis à la lecture des fictions de Germaine de Staël, hantées par des configurations relevant de la culpabilité filiale et du despotisme maternel." PQ 35 UL 2007 D814 Mères et filles dans la littérature Culpabilité dans la littérature Relations humaines dans la littérature
93	Tränen in der modernen Kunst Spiekermann, Geraldine 15 June 2012 (has links) Tränen überschreiten die Grenzen des Körpers von innen nach außen und werden damit zu einem sichtbaren Anzeichen eines seelischen Extremzustands. In der Arbeit wird untersucht, ob die Träne, die Körpergrenzen gefährdet oder sogar auflöst, in der modernen und gegenwärtigen Kunst Metapher und Trägerin innerästhetischer Transgression werden kann. Dies bedeutet zugleich, dass eine Umwertung der Träne, von der Perle der Reinheit zu einem bedrohlichen Fluidum, stattgefunden hat. Die Träne als eine bedrohliche Grenzüberschreiterin ist ein Motiv, das in früheren Kunstepochen so nicht anzutreffen ist. Damit verweist sie zugleich exemplarisch auf die Auflösungsstrategien, welche die Kunst des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts bestimmen. Fotoarbeiten von Man Ray, Madame Yevonde und Sam Taylor-Wood, Zeichnungen von Pablo Picasso und Hans Bellmer, Performances von Marina Abramović und Gina Pane, Video-arbeiten von Bill Viola und Bas Jan Ader, Installationen von Daniele Buetti und eine Buchserie von Dieter Roth, denen allen das Motiv der Träne gemeinsam ist, werden in einem Close Rea-ding auf Auflösungstendenzen hin untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt medienspezifischen Strukturen und Analogien. / Tears overstep the bounds of the human body from within – to become evidence of a crit-ical state of mind. The present study examines whether the tear, which endangers or even dispels the boundaries of the body, could be seen as a metaphor and even as an indication of aesthetic transgression in modern and contemporary art. This would mean that the tear as motif has also undergone a paradigm change, from the pearl of purity to a threatening fluid. The aspect of the tear as a transgressor of boundaries is not to be found in earlier periods of art. Accordingly, it also references the process of disintegration, which strongly determines 20th and 21st century art. Photographs by Man Ray, Madame Yevonde and Sam Taylor-Wood, drawings by Pablo Picasso and Hans Bellmer, performances of Marina Abramovic and Gina Pane, video works by Bill Viola and Bas Jan Ader, installations by Daniele Buetti and a series of books by Dieter Roth – which all deal with the tear complex – will be examined in close reading. Their connection with disintegrative tendencies will be scrutinised, and special attention given to media-specific structures and analogies. Körper Tränen Weinen Gefühl Affekt Ausdruck Grenzüberschreitung Körperflüssigkeiten Moderne Kunst Zeitgenössische Kunst Man Ray Madame Yevonde Sam Taylor-Wood Pablo Picasso Hans Bellmer Marina Abramovic Gina Pane Bill Viola Bas Jan Ader Daniele Buetti Dieter Roth Colyn de Coter Dirk Bouts Secondo Pia Georges Bataille Body Tears Crying Emotion Affect Expression Transgression Bodily Fluids Modern Art Contemporary Art Man Ray Madame Yevonde Sam Taylor-Wood Pablo Picasso Hans Bellmer Marina Abramovic Gina Pane Bill Viola Bas Jan Ader Daniele Buetti Dieter Roth Colyn de Coter Dirk Bouts Secondo Pia Georges Bataille 700 Künste, Bildende Kunst allgemein 46 Bildende Kunst LH 84123 ddc:700
94	The proverbe dramatique before Carmontelle LeBœuf, Ava Carolyn 08 October 2010 (has links) The proverbes dramatiques of Carmontelle have been well-studied. This dissertation explores instead the understudied precursors of the genre, the environment out of which it grew, and its earliest three authors. As seventeenth-century France’s first classic salon, the format, attitudes, and activities of the Hôtel de Rambouillet created a template for salons to follow. Within this milieu arose a collective seeking for a raised moral consciousness, improved intellectual prowess, and a forum for the discussion of progressive ideas. These desires also permeated their leisure activities, giving rise to games of wit, including the jeux des proverbes. An investigation of Charles Sorel’s La maison des jeux and these salon games uncovers the earliest incarnation of the proverbe dramatique, the proverbe improvisé, an impromptu play illustrating a proverb. Following a look at the French salon, the jeux des proverbes, and the proverbe improvisé, this dissertation first examines the proverbes dramatiques of Madame de Maintenon, second wife to Louis XIV and founder of the girls’ school Saint-Cyr. Written between 1686 and 1719, her forty Proverbes served as the foundation of the school’s théâtre d’éducation. Through the preparation, performance, and follow-up discussions of these short works, Madame de Maintenon sought to mold the moral values of her students and to prepare them for the lives that they would lead after finishing their studies at Saint-Cyr. Next, this study looks at the first published proverbes dramatiques, those written by Catherine Durand and housed in the Comtesse de Murat’s Le voyage de campagne. Most of the ten Comédies en proverbes showcase moliéresque humor and tend to depict male characters as less intelligent or more flawed than their female counterparts. Finally, this examination ends with the study of four of the proverb plays written by Charles Collé in context with the théâtre de société. These pieces expand the parameters of the genre and boast a licentious nature characteristic of the author’s work and appreciated in the earlier théâtres de société. Extending more than a century, The proverbe dramatique before Carmontelle seeks to offer a better understanding of the creation of the genre, its characteristics, and its connection to French society. / text Proverbe dramatique Hôtel de Rambouillet La maison des jeux Proverbe improvisé Madame de Maintenon Théâtre d’éducation Catherine Durand Comédies en proverbes Charles Collé Théâtre de société La vérité dans le vin Le galant escroc Ce que Dieu garde est bien gardé French salons Word games History of games French games French proverbs Jeux des proverbes
95	Diamonds and Ash: Class and Social Mobility in Seventeenth Century Cinderella Unknown Date (has links) This thesis discusses the intersections of class and the lack of social mobility in three versions of Cinderella from the seventeenth century. The works covered are are Giambattista Basile's "La Gatta Cennerentola" ["The Cat Cinderella"] (c.1634), Charles Perrault's "La Petite Pantoufle de Verre" ["The Glass Slipper"] (1697), and Marie- Catherine D'Aulnoy's "Finette Cendrone" ["Clever Cinderella"] (1697). The seventeenth-century versions of Cinderella all reaffirm the existing class system. In each of these versions the message is that the ruling elite must maintain or regain to their status. We can see this by the ways in which the characters gain and lose status in their respective narratives. Ultimately, the early modern Cinderella story is one that supports a hereditary class system. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection
96	François-Antoine-Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) : Vie, activité théâtrale, poétique d'un acteur-auteur dans l'Europe des Lumières / François Antoine Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) : Life, theatrical activity, and poetry of an actor-author in the Europe of the Enlightenment De Luca, Emanuele 07 September 2013 (has links) François-Antoine-Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) représente un paradigme de la rencontre des cultures théâtrales italienne et française au XVIIIe siècle, du point de vue des pratiques scéniques, de la dramaturgie, de la poétique et de la théorie du jeu. Son travail d’acteur participe de l’esthétique italienne visant un jeu plus simple et naturel, qui aura plusieurs échos dans la réforme de la pratique scénique française, la critique contemporaine et la théorie du jeu. Son œuvre se développe dans le sillon de la tradition de la Comédie-Italienne de Paris, démontrant la persistance des processus de composition poétique typiques du savoir artistique italien. Danseur et maître de ballet, François expérimente les possibilités du ballet-pantomime au carrefour des influences choreutiques anglaises, foraines, et du jeu pantomimique italien. Son Art du Théâtre (1750) représente la translation de sa pratique scénique dans le domaine théorique et esthétique. Manuel à l’usage des aspirants acteurs, il revendique aussi une théorie fondée exclusivement sur la pratique du plateau. Aussi, définit-il pour la première fois une théorie du jeu qui repose sur les qualités rationnelles et imitatives de l’acteur, laquelle influencera notamment le Diderot du Paradoxe. Divisé en quatre parties, notre travail reconstruit la vie de Riccoboni (I Partie) ; essaie de saisir son jeu scénique en italien à l’impromptu, en français, dans le chant et dans la danse (II Partie) ; analyse son œuvre dramatique (III Partie) ; étudie l’Art du Théâtre (IV Partie). Deux volumes d’annexes rassemblent des documents d’archives inédits, le répertoire raisonné et l’édition des œuvres inédites de François. / François Antoine Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) exemplifies the intersection between Italian and French theatrical cultures in the 18th century in terms of staging practices, dramaturgy, poetics, and the theory of acting. Rooted in the Italian aesthetic, his acting aimed to achieve a style that was simpler and more natural and would be echoed in a number of ways in the reform of French stagecraft, contemporary criticism and the theory of acting. His work develops in alignment with the tradition of the Comédie Italienne in Paris, thus demonstrating the longevity of the process of poetic composition characteristic of the Italian artistic expertise. Dancer and ballet master, Riccoboni experiments with the possibilities of the ballet-pantomime at the juncture of influences from English dance, fairgrounds, and Italien pantomime. His Art du Théâtre (1750) proposes the transposition of his stage techniques in the areas of theory and aesthetics. A practical handbook designed for aspiring actors, it claims also to be a theory based solely on stage experience. It articulates, for the first time, a theory of acting based on the rational and imitative qualities of the actor, which will influence notably Diderot in Le Paradoxe. Divided in four parts, this doctoral dissertation retraces Riccoboni’s life (Part I); attempts to understand his stage craft in Italian all’improvviso, in French, in song and dance (Part II); analyzes his dramatic works (Part III); and studies his Art du Théâtre (Part IV). Two volumes of appendices offer previously unpublished archival sources as well as the annotated inventory and edition of previously unpublished texts by Riccoboni. / François Antoine Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) rappresenta un paradigma dell’incontro tra la cultura teatrale italiana e francese nel XVIII secolo, dal punto di vista della pratica scenica, della drammaturgia, della poetica e della teoria della recitazione. La sua arte attoriale partecipa dell’estetica italiana, tesa ad una recitazione più semplice e naturale, che avrà delle eco importanti nella riforma della pratica scenica francese, nella critica contemporanea e nella teoria della recitazione. La sua opera si sviluppa nel solco della tradizione della Comédie Italienne di Parigi, dimostrando la persistenza di processi compositivi tipici del sapere artistico italiano. Ballerino e maître de ballet, François sperimenta anche le possibilità del ballet-pantomime all’incrocio delle influenze coreutiche inglesi, foraines, e dell’arte scenica e pantomimica italiana. Il suo Art du Théâtre (1750) rappresenta la traslazione della sua pratica attoriale nel dominio teorico ed estetico. Manuale pratico all’uso degli aspiranti attori, esso rivendica inoltre una teoria fondata esclusivamente sulla pratica del palcoscenico e definisce per la prima volta un processo interpretativo basato sulle qualità razionali e imitative dell’attore, teoria che influenzerà particolarmente il Diderot del Paradoxe. Diviso in quattro parti, il nostro lavoro ricostruisce la vita di Riccoboni (I Parte); cerca di restituirne la pratica scenica nella recitazione all’improvviso, in francese, nel canto e nella danza (II Parte); analizza la sua opera (III Parte); studia l’Art du Théâtre (IV Parte). Due volumi di appendici raccolgono documenti d’archivio inediti, il repertorio ragionato e l’edizione delle opere inedite di François. François Riccoboni Comédie Italienne Commedia dell’Arte XVIII siècle Art du théâtre à Madame**** Lelio le fils Diderot Parodies Ballet Pantomime François Antoine Valentin Riccoboni Luigi Riccoboni Elena Balletti Commedia dell’Arte Comédie- Italienne Denis Diderot Art du Théâtre Ballet-pantomime Pantomime XVIII century Lelio le fils Parody
97	Adaptive Acts: Queer Voices and Radical Adaptation in Multi-Ethnic American Literary and Visual Culture Means, Michael M 01 January 2019 (has links) Adaptation Studies suffers from a deficiency in the study of black, brown, yellow, and red adaptive texts, adaptive actors, and their practices. Adaptive Acts intervenes in this Eurocentric discourse as a study of adaptation with a (queer) POC perspective. My dissertation reveals that artists of color (re)create texts via dynamic modes of adaptation such as hyper-literary allusion, the use of meta-narratives as framing devices, and on-site collaborative re-writes that speak to/from specific cultural discourses that Eurocentric models alone cannot account for. I examine multi-ethnic American adaptations to delineate the role of adaptation in the continuance of stories that contest dominant culture from marginalized perspectives. And I offer deep adaptive readings of multi-ethnic adaptations in order to answer questions such as: what happens when adaptations are created to remember, to heal, and to disrupt? How does adaptation, as a centuries-old mode of cultural production, bring to the center the voices of the doubly marginalized, particularly queers of color? The texts I examine as “adaptive acts” are radical, queer, push the boundaries of adaptation, and have not, up to this point, been given the adaptive attention I believe they merit. David Henry Hwang’s 1988 Tony award-winning play, M. Butterfly, is an adaptive critique of the textual history of Butterfly and questions the assumptions of the Orientalism that underpins the story, which causes his play to intersect with Pierre Loti’s 1887 novella, Madame Chrysanthéme, at a point of imperial queerness. Rodney Evans, whose 2004 film, Brother to Brother, is the first full-length film to tell the story of the black queer roots at the genesis of the Harlem Renaissance, uses adaptation as a story(re)telling mode that focalizes the “gay rebel of the Harlem Renaissance,” Richard Bruce Nugent (1906-1987), to Signify on issues of canonization, gate-keeping, mythologizing, and intracultural marginalization. My discussion of Sherman Alexie’s debut film, The Business of Fancydancing, is informed by my own work as an adaptive actor and showcases the power of adaptation in the activation of Native continuance as an inclusive adaptive practice that offers an opportunity for women and queers of color to amend the Spokane/Coeur d'Alene writer-director’s creative authority. Adaptive acts are not only documents, but they document movements, decisions, and sociocultural action. Adaptation Studies must take seriously the power and possibilities of “adaptive acts” and “adaptive actors” from the margins if the field is to expand—adapt—in response to this diversity of adaptive potential. Adaptation Adaptation Studies Queer POC Harlem Renaissance Multiethnic African American Native American Asian American Richard Bruce Nugent Pierre Loti M. Butterfly Brother to Brother The Business of Fancydancing Madame Chrysanthéme David Henry Hwang Rodney Evans Sherman Alexie Film and Media Studies
98	Reading and writing women : representing the femme de lettres in Stendhal, Balzac, Girardin and Sand Burkhart, Claire Lovell 01 June 2011 (has links) This dissertation explores the numerous literary representations of the femme de lettres during the first half of the nineteenth century in order to illustrate the complexities of women’s entrance into the male-dominated domain of literature and also to suggest the impact these fictional characters might have had on the reception of actual women writers as well as their omission from the century’s literary canon. The works that will be included in this analysis include: Mme de Staël’s Corinne, ou l’Italie, Stendhal’s Le Rouge et le noir, Honoré de Balzac’s Béatrix, La Muse du département and Illusions perdues, Delphine de Girardin’s La Canne de M. de Balzac, Napoline and La joie fait peur and George Sand’s Histoire de ma vie, Lettres d’un voyageur and Un Hiver à Majorque. In compiling such diverse works of literature, it becomes clear that both male and female authors from the early nineteenth century were unable to envision a publicly embraced female genius. Although almost all of the fictional femmes de lettres in this study faced a destiny of professional silence, the reasons given for their failures are split between the male and female authors. For the male authors, the woman as a successful intellectual, artist or author was ultimately impossible because of her inability to combine her female body and psyche with the “masculine” pursuit of knowledge. Conversely, the female authors wrote characters whose inability to fully embrace a public literary or artistic career stemmed from society’s unwillingness to tolerate her exceptionality rather than from an inherent disconnect between genius and the female sex. / text George Sand Honore de Balzac Girardin Stendhal Mme de Stael Femme de lettres Nineteenth-century French literature French female authors Corinne Le rouge et le noir Women writers Literary genius France--Intellectual life--19th century Sand, George, 1804-1876 Balzac, Honoré de, 1799-1850 Girardin, Emile de, Mme, 1804-1855 Stendhal, 1783-1842
99	Sword of the Sun: Marshal Boufflers and the Experience of War in the Grand Siècle Beckman, Steven Andrew, Jr 24 August 2022 (has links) No description available. History Military History World History European History European Studies
100	Taken from life Kornmeier, Uta 12 October 2006 (has links) Wachsfigurenkabinette waren nicht immer die billigen Sensationsmaschinen, als die sie heute verstanden werden. Vor der Erfindung und Verbreitung von Photographie und illustrierten Zeitschriften waren sie Bildmedien, die der Vermittlung von visuellen Informationen dienten. Kein anderes Medium konnte die Protagonisten der Weltgeschichte so unmittelbar darstellen wie die Sammlungen lebensgroßer Wachsfiguren. Das Material Wachs trug wesentlich zu ihrem Erfolg bei, denn es ermöglichte die täuschend echten und bis dahin realistischsten Darstellungen von bekannten Persönlichkeiten. Die Operationsweise dieses Mediums wird am Beispiel von Madame Tussauds Wachsfigurenkabinett genauer untersucht. Dazu wurde, soweit möglich, die Reiseroute, der Aufbau und die “Besetzung” der Ausstellung rekonstruiert, sowie die soziale Herkunft der Besucher in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jh.s ermittelt. Es wird deutlich, daß Marie Tussaud eine talentierte Portraitkünstlerin und ambitionierte Schaustellerin war, deren sorgfältig gestaltete Ausstellung vor allem Besucher der aufstrebenden Mittelschicht mit Interesse an Menschenkenntnis anzog. Das Wachsfigurenkabinett fiel damit in die Kategorie der “nützliche Unterhaltung”, die der Wissens- und Charakterbildung diente. Madame Tussaud ist vielleicht die bekannteste Betreiberin eines Wachsfigurenkabinetts – keinesfalls aber die erste. Die Geschichte der kommerziellen Ausstellung lebensgroßer Wachsfiguren reicht ins beginnende 17. Jh. zurück, wobei sich das Konzept der Kabinette im Laufe der Jahrhunderte stark gewandelt hat. In dieser Arbeit werden drei Ausstellungsformen unterschieden: a) das barocke Figurengruppen-Kabinett, das programmatische oder allegorische Geschichten erzählt, b) die aufklärerische Portraitgalerie (wie z.B. Madame Tussauds), in der Persönlichkeiten als charakteristische Individuen vorgestellt werden, c) das moderne Tableau-Kabinett, wo alltägliche oder außergewöhnliche Ereignisse auf bis dahin unübertroffen realistische Weise wiedergegeben werden. Als Nachrichtenkanal und als Medium für realistische Wirklichkeitswiedergabe sind Wachsfigurenkabinette seit den 1920er Jahren überholt. Als Spiel mit der menschlichen Sinneswahrnehmung bleiben sie jedoch vorerst aktuell. / Waxworks were not always the cheap sensation spinners as which we perceive them today. Before the invention and wide-spread use of photography and illustrated magazines they were an important medium for distributing visual information. No other form of communication could offer such immediate representations the protagonists of world history. Perhaps the greatest part in their success took the material wax which allowed the creation of deceptively lifelike and hitherto most realistic depictions of celebrated individuals. In this thesis, Madame Tussaud’s serves as a prime example for examining the mode of operation of a waxwork exhibition. As far as the sources allow, the itinerary, the ‘cast’ and display of the exhibition is reconstructed, as well as the number and the social background of its visitors during the first half of the 19th century. It emerges that Marie Tussaud was a talented portrait artist and a show woman of ambition whose carefully constructed exhibition attracted mainly middle-class visitors with an interest in human classification. Thus, the waxworks was a ‘rational entertainment’ that was thought to further the development of knowledge and character in its visitors. While Madame Tussaud’s was perhaps the most famous waxworks, it was not the first one. The history of commercial exhibition of life-sized wax figures goes back to the 17th century. Their concept, however, changed significantly over the centuries. Three forms of waxworks are differentiated here: a) the baroque waxworks of groups of figures narrating programmatic and allegorical stories, b) the enlightened portrait gallery – such as Madame Tussaud’s – where celebrities are presented as individual characters, c) the modern tableau waxworks, that represents extraordinary as well as everyday events in a realistic way that was hitherto unprecedented. As a channel for the distribution of news and as a medium for representing reality waxworks have become outdated. As a tickle for the senses, however, they will yet remain effective. Tussaud Marie Tussaud (1761-1850) Madame Tussauds (London) Wachs Wachsfiguren Wachsskulptur Wachsportrait Wachsfigurenkabinett lebensechte Darstellung Totenmasken Schreckenskammer Schausteller Wanderausstellungen Museumsgeschichte Ausstellungsgeschichte Französische Revolution Regency Portraitsammlung Anschlagszettel Heilige Berge Funeraleffigies Ex voto Santissima Annunciata (Florenz) Santa Maria delle Grazie (Mantua) Doolhof (Amsterdam) Herrscherrepräsentation femme forte uomini illustri Antoine Benoist Philippe Curtius Louis Castan Panoptikum Musée Grévin (Paris) Tableau Tableaux Tussaud Marie Tussaud (1761-1850) Madame Tussaud’s (London) wax waxworks wax portraits wax sculpture lifelike representation deathmasks Chamber of Horrors travelling exhibitions showmanship history of museums history of exhibitions French Revolution Regency portrait collections posters Sacro Monte funeral effigies ex voto Santissima Annunciata (Florence) Santa Maria delle Grazie (Mantova) Doolhof (Amsterdam) princely representation femme forte uomini illustri Antoine Benoist Philippe Curtius Louis Castan Panopticum Musée Grévin (Paris) tableau tableaux 700 Künste, Bildende Kunst allgemein 46 Bildende Kunst ddc:700

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