The purpose of this study was to identify what business executives do to counteract unwanted cultures within male dominated trades. This study will investigate two questions that are based on how business management experience the culture within an organization and what they do to actively prevent unwanted norms, attitudes and values in a work place. Nine semistructured interviews were conducted utilizing a qualitative method. All interviewees were in a position of power within male dominated trades. Collected data was analysed with an inductive thematic analysis which resulted in four main themes. The first main theme was trade culture, within which jargon and generational shift are discussed. The second main theme was the challenges and advantages of leadership. This theme discusses company leaders' ability to correct behaviors and be a good role model. It is also about diversity and employer - employee relations. The third main theme was safety culture, which concerns the idea of clarifying and reinforcing certain behaviors and expectations. The fourth and last main theme was the work of change. This theme enlightens the support that leaders may offer, as well as the values that permeate a workplace.

Women working in male-dominated professions and environments face experiences that are unique to their counterparts in more gender-balanced and female-dominated professions. The nature of these experiences affects women’s integration and potential success in male- dominated professions. To enhance employment equity in historically male-dominated professions and environments, an understanding of women’s experiences in such environments is beneficial. The purpose of this research was to explore the challenges and coping strategies of women working within male-dominated professions and environments. This was an exploratory qualitative study conducted within the interpretive research paradigm. A purposive sample consisting of five women working in identified male-dominated professions and environments was utilised. In-depth interviews were conducted and data was analysed using grounded theory. The main findings indicate that the central theme pertinent to women working in male-dominated professions and environments pertains to the types of challenges inherent in their work settings. The main challenges found were as follows: discrimination and bias; physical and health-related difficulties experienced; negative emotions resulting from working in male-dominated environments; lack of real transformation; and work/life balance. This study provides current insight into the plight of women working in male-dominated professions and environments in South Africa. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Women working in male-dominated professions and environments face experiences that are unique to their counterparts in more gender-balanced and female-dominated professions. The nature of these experiences affects women’s integration and potential success in male- dominated professions. To enhance employment equity in historically male-dominated professions and environments, an understanding of women’s experiences in such environments is beneficial. The purpose of this research was to explore the challenges and coping strategies of women working within male-dominated professions and environments. This was an exploratory qualitative study conducted within the interpretive research paradigm. A purposive sample consisting of five women working in identified male-dominated professions and environments was utilised. In-depth interviews were conducted and data was analysed using grounded theory. The main findings indicate that the central theme pertinent to women working in male-dominated professions and environments pertains to the types of challenges inherent in their work settings. The main challenges found were as follows: discrimination and bias; physical and health-related difficulties experienced; negative emotions resulting from working in male-dominated environments; lack of real transformation; and work/life balance. This study provides current insight into the plight of women working in male-dominated professions and environments in South Africa. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Trots att mycket skett inom jämställdhetsarbete på dagens arbetsplatser finns ännu problematik kring hur det är att vara anställd på en arbetsplats som har en majoritet av det ena eller andra könet. Studiens syfte var att utforska hur det är att vara kvinna på en mansdominerad arbetsplats samt hur den situationen eventuellt kan förbättras. Utgångspunkten var att fokusera på informanternas psykiska mående på arbetet. Materialet samlades in genom kvalitativa intervjuer och analyserades sedan enligt Burnards flerstegsprocess. Resultaten visade på en variation i kvinnornas upplevelser där de upplevde sexuella trakasserier och en förhöjd kravbild i jämförelse med de manliga kollegorna, men också upplevda positiva erfarenheter som stödjande kollegor och raka och ärliga kommunikationsmöjligheter. Resultaten visade även på hur viktigt ett aktivt förbättringsarbete var när det gällde kvinnornas situation. Exempel på hur ett sådant förbättringsarbete kan bedrivas föreslås i studien. / What is it like, to be a woman at a male-dominated workplace? In this qualitive study, the question was asked to raise awareness around the complexities related to the subject, and how the situation for many women could be improved. The study focused on the psychological factors related to being one or one of few woman at a male-dominated workplace. The material was gathered through interviews and analyzed according to Burnard's step-process. The result showed a variation when it came to the women's experiences. Some of the women reported sexual harrassement and insuperably high requirements. Some also reported positive factors related to their situation, such as supportive male colleagues as well as honest communication styles. The result also showed on the importance of maintaining improvement work related to equality policies at every workplace. The paper offers some examples on such improvement work.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur mansdominerade organisationer upplever att kompetensbaserad rekrytering och employer branding kan kombineras i rekryteringsarbetet för att attrahera fler kvinnor. För att besvara studiens syfte valdes en kvalitativ metod där sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes inom två olika mansdominerade organisationer, varav en är verksam inom bygg- och anläggningsbranschen och den andra inom fordonsindustrin. Intervjuerna genomfördes med rekryterare, employer branding ansvariga, HR-chef och chef för jämställdhets- och mångfaldsfrågor. Resultatet visar att respondenterna upplever både möjligheter och utmaningar med att öka jämställdheten i en mansdominerad organisation med hjälp av en kompetensbaserad rekryteringsstrategi och employer branding. I studiens resultat identifierades att kompetensbaserad rekryteringsstrategi ur ett diskrimineringsperspektiv kan betraktas som nyckeln för att uppnå en icke-diskriminerande rekryteringsprocess. Ur ett jämställdhetsperspektiv framkommer det dock av studiens resultat att det krävs ytterligare åtgärder än en kompetensbaserad rekryteringsstrategi och jämställdhetspolicys för att bli en mer jämställd organisation. Studien visar på att employer branding är en viktig del för attattrahera och rekrytera fler kvinnor till en mansdominerad bransch, men att det är en utmaning att attrahera kvinnlig talang trots ett väletablerat arbetsgivarvarumärke. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how male-dominated organizations view the potential of combining competency-based recruitment and employer branding in recruitment efforts to attract more women. To answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative method was chosen in which six semi-structured interviews were conducted within two different maledominated organizations, one of which is active in the construction industry and the other in the automotive industry. The interviews were conducted with recruiters, employer branding managers, as well as HR manager and Head of Gender Equality and Diversity. The findings from the conducted interviews indicate that in terms of increasing gender equality in a male-dominated organization, respondents experience both opportunities and challenges when using a competency-based recruitment strategy and employer branding. The interviews also identified that the competency-based recruitment strategy is considered to be the key increating a non-discriminatory recruitment process. However, there was evidence that for moving towards a gender equal workplace these strategies were proven to be insufficient and required additional development. The study proposes employer branding as an important part for attracting and recruiting more women into a male-dominated industry. Nevertheless, it is a challenge to attract female talent despite a well-established employer brand.

Syftet med följande kandidatuppsats är att skapa en större förståelse för ledares upplevelser av employer branding ur ett genusperspektiv i mansdominerade organisationer. Denna kandidatuppsats har undersökt en organisation inom tillverkningsindustrin och har inslag av fallstudie. Studien har fokuserat på hur kvinnliga och manliga ledare uppfattar arbetsgivarvarumärket för att attrahera och behålla kvinnliga ledare. Vidare har studien fokuserat på hur jämställdhet uppfattas av ledare i en mansdominerad organisation. Den teoretiska referensramen består av teorier, begrepp och tidigare forskning gällande employer branding, employer femvertising, genusteorier, jämställdhet, kvinnan i minoritet samt ledarskap.I kandidatuppsatsen har en kvalitativ metod använts där åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med kvinnliga och manliga ledare på olika nivåer och affärsområden. En kompletterande intervju har även genomförts med en representant från personalavdelningen för att skapa en överblick över organisationens kontext. Resultatet påvisar att organisationer som domineras av män tenderar att främja män. Vidare indikerar resultatet att det i den studerade organisationen finns få insatser för att attrahera och behålla specifikt kvinnliga ledare. Resultatet synliggör även hur organisationskulturen i en mansdominerad organisation kan bidra negativt till arbetsmiljön för kvinnliga ledare. Denna kandidatuppsats kan ses som ett komplement till tidigare forskning med sin inriktning mot employer branding och könsskillnader som få tidigare studier kombinerat. Vidare kan även denna studie bidra till praktikersamhället som inspiration samt underlag för mansdominerade organisationer som vill arbeta för en mer jämställd arbetsplats. / The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to broaden the perspective of leader’s experience regarding employer branding from a gender perspective in male-dominated organisations. This bachelor’s thesis has examined an organisation in the manufacturing industry and has elements of a case study. The study is focused on how female and male leaders perceives their employer brand to attract and retain female leaders. Furthermore, the study has focused on how gender equality is perceived by leaders in a male-dominated organisation. The theoretical framework consists of theories, concepts and previous research in employer branding, employer femvertising, gender studies, gender equality, females in minority and leadership.In this bachelor’s thesis, a qualitative method was used where eight semi-structured interviews was conducted with female and male leaders at different levels and business areas. A complementary interview was also implemented with a human resource representant to create an overview of the organisational context. The results show that organisations dominated by men tend to promote men. Furthermore, the results indicate that in the studied organisation are few efforts to attract and retain specifically female leaders. The results also show how organisational culture in a male-dominated organisation can contribute negatively to the work environment for female leaders. This bachelor’s thesis can be viewed as complementary to earlier research oriented around employer branding and gender differences, which few earlier studies have combined. This study could furthermore contribute to practitioner society as inspiration and basis for male-dominated organisations who aspire towards a more equal workplace.

Text in English / Abstracts in English, isiXhosa and Afrikaaans / This study’s primary objective was to create a framework for developing authenticity, by exploring women’s experiences of authenticity and how these relate to their wellbeing in a male-dominated work environment. Twelve purposively chosen women participated in the study, comprising six police officers and six traffic officers from the Western Cape province in South Africa. Data were gathered through narrative interviews by using open-ended questions, and analysed by applying thematic analysis. The research findings revealed that challenges or stressors in their law enforcement environment serve as potential agents for moving the self away from best-self in the authenticity dynamic, resulting in the need for coping and therefore for developing authenticity. The framework for developing authenticity was constructed as an ongoing and unfolding process comprising the following: experiencing challenges or stressors; turning within; recognising possible ways of being; managing perceptions, thoughts, emotions and behaviour; making conscious choices and taking responsible actions; as well as evaluating responses and consequences against best-self standards. During this process various best-self characteristics and associated skills are developed and employed, but also serve as best-self standards against which to evaluate growth and transformation. Secondary objectives aimed to advance the concept of authenticity in the study of well-being as a discipline of psychology. It also aimed to make a methodological contribution by applying hermeneutic phenomenological and transpersonal approaches in a novel way. / Eyona njongo yesisifundo ibikukuphuhlisa umgaqo nkqubo wokwenene, oqwalasela izinto abantu basetyhini abadlule kuzo kwaye nokuba zingqamane njani nentlalontle yabo kwindawo zokusebenza eziphethwe ngamadoda. Ishumi elinesibini labasetyhini elikhethwe ngenjongo, liye lathatha inxaxheba kwesi sifundo, eliquka amapolisa amathandathu kunye namagos’ezendlel'amathandathu, avela kwiphondo Lentshona Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Kusetyenziswe udliwano ndlebe apho abantu bebe balisa amabali abo, bebuzwa imibuzo efuna impendulo ezingqalileyo ukuqokelela ezinkcukacha kwaye zahlalutywa ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo oluthile. Uphando lufumanise ukuba imiceli mingeni okanye uxinizelelo lwengqondo kwiimeko zokugunyaziswa komthetho zisebenza njenge arhente zokubasusa ekubeni babalasele kwinguqu yokwenene, nto leyo ebangela kubekho imfuneko yokuba banyamezele kwaye kubekho uhlumo lokwenene. Umgaqo nkqubo wophuhliso lokwenene wakhiwe njenge nkqubo eqhubekayo equka ezizinto zilandelayo: ukudibana nemiceli mingeni okanye uxinezelelo nezinokwenzeka ngayo izinto; ukulawula iingcamango, iingcinga, imvakalelo kunye nendlela yokuziphatha, ukuthatha izigqibo ezi zizo kunye nokuthatha uxanduva lwezenzo zakho; kwaye uphonononge indlela abaphendula ngayo kwakunyegokwase ngqondweni; ukonganyelwa ngaphakathi; ukubona indlela ezinokwenzeka ngayo izinto; ukulawula iingcamango, iingcinga, imvakalelo kunye nendlela yokuziphatha, ukuthatha izigqibo ezi zizo kunye nokuthatha uxanduva lwezenzo zakho; kwaye uphonononge indlela abaphendula ngayo kwakunye neziphumo ezinxamnye nomgangatho wokuba ubalasele. Ngexesha lalenkqubo iimpawu zakho ezihamba phambili nezohlukeneyo, kunye nezakhono ezinxulumene nazo ziyaphuhliswa kwaye uqashwe, kodwa zikwa ncedisa njenge milinganiselo yokuvavanya ukukhula kunye notshintsho. Iinjongo zesibini zijolise ekuqhubekekiseni lemfundiso yokwenene kwisifundo sentlalo-ntle njenge ngqeqesho yasengqondweni. Kwakhona, kwenzelwe ukwenza igalelo leendlela zokwenza izinto ngokusebenzisa iindlela zophando ngokusebenza kwengqondo yomntu (hermeneutic), kunye nophando lwamava kunye neenkolelo zomntu, ngeedlela ezintsha. / Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om 'n raamwerk vir die ontwikkeling van egtheid te skep, deur vroue se ervarings van egtheid te ondersoek en hoe dit verband hou met hul welstand in 'n manlik-gedomineerde werksomgewing. Twaalf doelgerig gekose vrouens het deelgeneem aan die studie, wie bestaan het uit ses polisiebeamptes en ses verkeersbeamptes uit die Wes-Kaapse provinsie in Suid- Afrika. Data was versamel deur middel van narratiewe onderhoude deur oop vrae te gebruik, en ontleed deur tematiese analise toe te pas. Die navorsingsbevindings het aan die lig gebring dat uitdagings of stressors in hul wetstoepassingsomgewing as potensiële agente dien om die self weg te beweeg van die beste-self in die egtheid dinamika, wat die behoefte aan coping tot gevolg het en dus vir die ontwikkeling van egtheid. Die raamwerk vir die ontwikkeling van egtheid is saamgestel as 'n deurlopende en ontvouende proses wat die volgende insluit: ervaring van uitdagings of stressors; keer na binne; erkenning van moontlike maniere om te wees; hantering van persepsies, gedagtes, emosies en gedrag; maak bewustelike keuses en neem verantwoordelike aksies; sowel as die evaluering van reaksies en gevolge teen die beste-self standaarde. Gedurende hierdie proses word verskeie beste-self eienskappe en verwante vaardighede ontwikkel en aangewend, maar dien ook as die beste-self standaarde om groei en transformasie te evalueer. Sekondêre doelwitte het ten doel om die konsep van egtheid in die studie van welstand as dissipline van sielkunde te bevorder. Dit is ook daarop gemik om 'n metodologiese bydrae te lewer deur hermeneutiese fenomenologiese en transpersoonlike benaderings op 'n nuwe manier toe te pas. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)