Background E-mail marketing is used to get consumers’ attention to one’s products, services, need, etc., and ultimately to get them to act in a specific way. How consumers are affected by E-mail marketing is a topic that has not been thoroughly investigated even though it is of great interest due to the vast increase of E-mail marketing the last couple of years. Thus, there is a major gap in the research of this topic, especially in a B2B context. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to analyze behaviors and attitudes of decision-makers in the Swedish manufacturing industry regarding B2B E-mail marketing. Method The authors used a quantitative research approach with an online-survey in order to collect necessary data. The population is decision-makers within the manufacturing industry in Sweden. The result is based on 1 777 participating decision-makers. The questionnaire was constructed by the authors and is based on the theoretical framework consisting: Tri-Component Model of Attitudes, Planned Behavior, Micheaux’s (2011) theory of perceived pressure and A(ad). The authors used analysis techniques such as descriptive univariate analysis, Anova-test, factor analysis and linear regression analysis to derive the result. Conclusion The conclusions drawn from this study are that the decision-makers within the manufacturing industry in Sweden tend to have a negative attitude and behavior toward E-mail marketing messages, only a small minority of the decision-makers had a positive attitude. Furthermore, the authors discovered an association between their attitude and how they actually behave. The study also reveals differences in the attitudes and behaviors regarding age and position within the company. A final conclusion drawn from this study is that the decision-makers do not read all marketing messages they receive and they also delete some marketing messages without reading them. The result of this is a non-functional marketing method, as it does not work as it is intended. A suggestion for marketers working with E-mail marketing is to try to establish more positive attitudes by building relationships with the recipients.

Media ger oss närmast dagligen information om uppköp mellan större företag. Detta visar på att företagsuppköp är ett vanligt inslag i dagens affärsliv. Tidigare studier som behandlar ämnet uppköp fokuserar i huvudsak på de integrerande företagen. Det är viktigt att inte bara studera de integrerande företagen utan att även lyfta blicken och undersöka leverantörerna bakom. Vi antar i denna uppsats att leverantörer till det uppköpta företaget kommer att påverkas och även reagera på ett uppköp. Om en slutproduktstillverkare köper upp en konkurrent kan en effekt bli att hälften av leverantörerna blir överflödiga medan de kvarvarande får producera desto mer. Detta pekar på att förändringen påverkar relationen mellan företag, men också att koncentrationen av företag ger färre möjligheter till affärsrelationer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur relationen mellan köpare och leverantör förändras när köparen blir uppköpt av en konkurrent samt hur leverantören agerar för att få en så positiv effekt som möjligt av uppköpet. Företeelsen som undersöks involverar uppköpande företag, uppköpt företag och leverantörer till det uppköpta företaget. Antalet inblandade parter gör företeelsen komplex. För att erhålla så korrekt information som möjligt har vi valt en explorativ undersökning och en kvalitativ metod. Ansatsen är en fallstudie och fallet är från småhustillverkarbranschen, Hjältevadshus uppköp av Modulenthus. Informationsinsamlingen har gjorts genom intervjuer, både med integrerande företagen och med leverantörerna. Det är viktigt för leverantören att ha förståelse för sin position i leverantörsnätverket, för att förstå relationsförändringar som en konsekvens av ett uppköp. Det är viktigt att veta eftersom det avgör hur enkelt eller komplicerat det är att bli utbytt. Typen av produkt, graden av kompexitet, eller tjänst som leverantören erbjuder spelar en betydande roll för effekten ett uppköp kan ha på leverantören. Typen av köpare-leverantörsrelation är också betydande för att förstå relationsförändringarna vid ett uppköp. Relationens grad av styrka och karaktär bestämmer om en förändring kommer att inträffa som en följd av uppköpet. Koncentrationstrenden genom uppköp minskar antalet företag på marknaden. Om inte leverantören ser ett uppköp som en möjlighet och är aktiv i förändringsprocessen, är risken stor att det uppköpande företaget istället kommer att använda redan etablerade leverantörer med en utvecklad relation till uppköparen. Genom att begränsa köparens handlingsmöjligheter ökar leverantören sin makt. Ett alternativ för leverantören är att få tillverka en större andel av köparens behov, vilket ökar leverantörens makt i den enskilda relationen. Det är svårt att utveckla alternativ till en köpare som köper en stor andel av leverantörens totala produktion. En möjlighet är att de andra köparna ökar sina inköp, men troligtvis måste leverantören finna nya, stora köpare om en stor produktionsandel ska omplaceras. / The media provides us almost daily with information regarding acquisitions between large companies. This indicates that acquisitions of companies play a frequent role in today’s business life.  Earlier studies on acquisitions focus mainly on the integrated companies. It is important not only to study the integrated companies, but to also cast an eye at the suppliers of the acquired companies. In this thesis we assume that the suppliers of an acquired company will be affected by the acquisition and that they also will react upon it. If an end-product manufacturer acquires a competitor one effect could be that half of the suppliers are made redundant, while the ones left will have to produce a lot more. This indicates that the change affects the relations between companies, but also that the concentration of companies gives fewer possibilities to initiate business relations. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how the relationship between a buyer and a supplier changes due to the buyer being acquired by one of its competitors. The aim is also to investigate which measures that are taken by the supplier to gain as positive effects as possible from the acquisition.  The occurrence being investigated involves an acquiring company, a company being acquired and suppliers of the acquired company. The number of parties involved makes the occurrence complex. To get as accurate information as possible we have chosen an exploratory study and a qualitative method.  The approach in the thesis is a case study and the case is taken from the house manufacturing industry, namely Hjältevadshus’ acquisition of Modulenthus. The information has been gathered through interviews with the integrated companies as well as with the suppliers. It is important for the supplier to have an understanding of its position in the network of suppliers, in order to understand which relationship changes that can occur due to an acquisition. The reason why it is important is because it determines how easy or how hard it is to be replaced.  The type of product, the degree of complexity, or what kind of service the supplier offers plays a significant part in how the supplier might be affected by the acquisition. It is also important to understand the relationship between the buyer and the supplier in order to understand relationship changes due to the acquisition. The relationship’s degree of strength and character decides whether a change will occur as a result of the acquisition. The trend of concentrating through acquisitions decreases the number of companies in the market. If a supplier does not look upon an acquisition as a possibility and plays an active part in the process of change, there is a major risk that the acquiring company will use established suppliers, with a well-developed relationship with the acquiring company, instead. By limiting the buyer’s possibilities for actions, the supplier increases its power. An alternative for the supplier is to get the opportunity to manufacture a larger part of the buyer’s needs, which increases the supplier’s power in that particular relationship. It is difficult for the supplier to develop alternatives to a buyer that used to purchase a large proportion of the supplier’s total production. One possibility is that the other buyers increase their purchases, but most likely the supplier will be forced to find new, large buyers if a major part of the production has to be relocated.

One of the most important factors leading to success of a regional/national cleaner (sustainable) production strategy is sector-focused approach. Due to limited resources and other constraints, it is a necessity to make a prioritization between sectors for cleaner (sustainable) production practices. Thus, within the scope of this study, manufacturing industry sub-sectors in Izmir and in Turkey were prioritized based on various criteria. The results should assist policy makers in the preparation of related sectoral roadmaps and action plans.The prioritization of manufacturing industry sub-sector was accomplished via Multi- Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method with the integration of recent available data and by taking feedback from the stakeholders. Investigation of the sectoral priorities was carried out both at regional (Izmir) and national (Turkey) level. The criteria used in prioritization of manufacturing industry sub-sectors in Izmir were water and energy consumption, amount of wastewater discharged, amount of solid waste and hazardous waste generated, greenhouse gas emissions, HerfindahlHirschman Index (statistical measure of market concentration), sectoral employment, number of companies, export share, added value and suitability for cleaner (sustainable) production. In the prioritization analysis of Turkey all of the aforementioned criteria for Izmir except Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, number of companies and added value were used.Based on the results of this study, the top five high priority industrial sectors for cleaner (sustainable) production practices in Izmir are basic metal industry, food products and beverages, chemicals and chemical products, other non-metallic mineral products and coke and refined petroleum. In the sectoral prioritization analysis for cleaner (sustainable) production in Turkey textile industry takes the place of coke and refined petroleum. These sectors coincide with the priority sectors identified based on different purposes by other regional and national institutions.

台灣的經濟型態屬於海島型經濟，受限於地域狹小、天然資源匱乏，在要素或產品市場都相當依賴對外投資。自1980年代起，由於國內產業環境惡化，企業為尋求低廉生產成本，維持競爭優勢，形成一股海外投資潮。1990年後，中國大陸的改革及對外開放經濟的政策，更促使台商的投資大批湧向中國大陸。2006年台商對中國大陸投資占整體海外投資比重高達63.91%，顯示海外投資高度集中於中國大陸。在廠商追求最大利潤目的下，產能外移後自有將其產品回銷台灣，搶占市場之獲利誘因。回銷可能取代國內生產，使製造業產值及就業人口減少，甚至削減貿易順差效果。而加入WTO後，政府逐步開放中國大陸商品進口，更使回銷比率大幅提升。政府應對影響廠商回銷因子有所認知並進行政策檢討，避免對相關產業造成重大不良影響。因此，本文的研究目的在於以2004至2006年經濟部統計處「製造業對外投資實況調查」中，最主要投資地區為中國大陸之製造業廠商之追蹤資料，搭配Tobit模型的估計研究，探討以下問題：一、瞭解台商對中國大陸投資概況、台灣對中國大陸產品開放進口概況及2003至2005年大陸投資台商回銷比率變化狀況；二、探究影響廠商回銷台灣金額比率之因素；三、對產品回銷所衍生問題及提昇國內產業競爭力相關議題，提供具體的政策建議。 本文研究主要發現，廠商次要投資地區不論為歐美或東南亞地區對回銷比率均無顯著影響。廠商特性中研發密集度、廠商海外事業規模、開始投資中國大陸時間對回銷比率均無顯著影響；國際化程度及廠商國內事業規模均對回銷比率呈顯著負向影響。投資動機中當地市場發展潛力大、配合國外客戶要求或隨台灣客戶赴當地投資對回銷比率呈顯著負向影響；原料供應方便，價格便宜或利用當地價廉充沛勞工對回銷比率呈顯著正向影響；當地土地取得容易則對回銷比率無顯著影響。水平分工中，產品不同，但台灣生產的附加價值高，對回銷比率呈顯著正向影響；產品相同，但台灣產品較高級以及產品種類及品質完全相同均對回銷比率影響不顯著。垂直分工關係中，台灣生產零組件與半成品，海外事業裝配及生產成品，以及海外事業生產零組件與半成品，台灣裝配及生產成品，對回銷比率均具有顯著正向影響，且後者之係數估計值高於前者。中國大陸投資事業之行銷方式由台灣母公司負責行銷，對回銷比率有顯著正向影響關係。對外投資之23個行業中，有16個行業之回銷比率，相對於食品及飲料製造業顯著為高，其中係數值前五大為精密器械業、電子零組件業、家具及裝設品業、運輸工具製造修配業與電腦通信及視聽電子產品業，顯示這些產業之回銷比率相較於其他產業為高。最後，由時間虛擬變數估計結果發現，相對於2003年，2004年回銷比率並無顯著地高於2003年，但2005年回銷比率顯著地高於2003年。 / Taiwan economy is an inland-style economy, curbed by limited land and lack of natural resource; Taiwan’s factor and product market depend heavily on investment to foreign countries. Starting from the 1980s, due to the deterioration of domestic industry environment, enterprises were searching for lower production costs to maintain competitive advantages; a trend of overseas investment hence formed. After 1990, Mainland China’s reforms and open economic policy have led to a huge inflow of Taiwanese investment into Mainland China. In 2006, Taiwan businesses’ investment in Mainland China is as high as 63.91% of Taiwan’s total overseas investment signaling high concentration of Taiwan overseas investment in Mainland China. Under the objective of maximizing profit, the enterprises have incentives to reverse import their products back to Taiwan for grabbing market share after moving their production capacity overseas. The reverse import could replace domestic production and lead to reduction in manufacturing output value and employment, even reduce the trade surplus effect. After join WTO, the government has gradually opened the market for products from Mainland China which leads to a sharp increase in the reverse import ratio. The government should understand the factors affecting enterprises’ decision on reverse import products back to Taiwan and carry out policy reviews to avoid creating significantly negative impacts on related industries. Accordingly, the research of this thesis aims to use the panel data of manufacturing firms who are primarily investing in China from the “Survey of Current Condition on Manufacturing Industry Overseas Investment” compiled by Department of Statistics of Ministry of Economic Affairs between 2004 and 2006 and combine with Tobit model to conduct an estimation research and probe into the following issues: 1. Understand the general condition of Taiwanese business’ investment in China, the general condition of Taiwan’s progress in opening up market for products from Mainland China and the variation of reverse import ratios of Taiwanese business investing in Mainland China between 2003 and 2005; 2. Probe into the factors affecting the reverse import ratio; 3. Offer concrete policy suggestions for problems generated from product reverse import from China to Taiwan and the related issues of enhancing competitive capability of domestic industries. The major finding of this study is that the secondary investment area has no significantly impact to reverse import ratio no matter the area is Europe, America or Southeast Asia. And if analyzing within enterprise characteristics, R&D concentration, foreign business scale and the time started to invest in Mainland China all have no significantly impact to reverse import ratio; the degree of internationalization and the enterprises’ scale in domestic have significantly negative impact to reverse import ratio. Within investment motives, local market development potential, cooperation with foreign customers’ request or the following of the footstep of their Taiwanese customers have significantly negative impact to reverse import ratio; convenient material supply, cheap input prices or the utilization of local cheap and abundant labor has significantly positive impact to reverse import ratio; the ease of obtaining land has no significantly impact to reverse import ratio. Looking into horizontal integration characteristics, for different type of products, the higher value added if produced in Taiwan has significantly positive impact to reverse import ratio; for same type of products but Taiwan products have higher grade and same quality products, they all have no significantly impact to reverse import ratio. Within the vertical integration relationship, if Taiwan companies make components and semi finished products and their overseas divisions are in charge of assembly and making finished products or the reverse situation all have significantly positive impact to reverse import ratio, and the later situation has higher estimated coefficient value than the former situation. If the parent company in Taiwan is taking charge of the marketing and sell of its invested business in Mainland China, the situation has significantly positive impact to reverse import ratio. Within the 23 industries which invested abroad, compared with food & beverage manufacturing industry, 16 industries have significantly higher reverse import ratios, and the industries which have the top 5 coefficient value are precision equipment, electronic parts & components, furniture & fixture, transportation tool manufacturing & repairing and Computer, Communication, Video & Radio electronic product industries; in other words, these five industries have higher reverse import ratios compared with other industries. Finally, from estimation results on time dummy variable, the study found that the reverse import ratio of 2004 is not significantly higher than that of 2003, however, the reverse import ratio of 2005 is significantly higher than that of 2003.

The social welfare of an economy is maximized when the various economic industries operate under conditions of perfect competition. According to the industrial organization, any deviation from perfect competition leads to several losses for the economy and more generally for the society. The investigation of the degree of market power, which comprises the basic objective of the present dissertation, is vital for the proper functioning of the economy. Therefore, the present study tests for the degree of market power and the market power determinants in the twenty-one sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry over the period 1983-2007. The degree of market power is also assessed in the nine sectors of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry for the period 1983-2007. Moreover, this study investigates the markup and the markup determinants for the twenty-one sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry as well as for the nine sectors of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry over the period 1984-2007. Furthermore, the present study estimates the welfare losses in the event of the existence of oligopoly power. In addition, the technical efficiency and its determinants are investigated for the twenty-one sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry as well as for the nine sectors of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry during the period 1984-2007. Three different approaches based on the “new empirical industrial organization” (NEIO) were used with the view to measuring the degree of market power and evaluating the competitive conditions. The first approach is the conjectural variation approach, which provides estimates regarding the actual degree of market power. The second approach is the Hall-Roeger approach and it investigates the market structure and more specifically the markup. The third approach developed comprises an extension of the Hal-Roeger approach and offers contemporaneous estimates about the degree of market power and the markup. Moreover, the welfare losses were estimated using a formal model of oligopoly. The technical efficiency was measured following the “data envelopment analysis” (DEA), while its sources were determined based on the Simar and Wilson’s Algorithm 1. A very important issue in the present study is the application of the bootstrap technique to the empirical estimations. That is why the application of the bootstrapping can lead to an accurate estimation of the sampling distribution without any assumptions on the distribution of the population from which the sample was taken so that the results of the empirical estimates can be accurate, robust and reliable. The empirical results indicate the presence of some degree of market power and markup in all sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry as well as those of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry over the period 1983-2007. In other words, the findings imply that both the manufacturing industry as well as the food and beverages industry operated under conditions of imperfect competition implying the existence of welfare losses. Furthermore, the results indicate that in the case of the Greek manufacturing industry, among the factors determining the market power and the markup at the sectoral level are the number of firms, the labor intensity and the sector size, while the determinants of market power and markup, over time, are the number of firms, the labor intensity and the growth. In the case of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry, the results suggest that among the determinants of the markup are the number of firms, the capital intensity and the sector size. More specifically, the empirical results imply that the degree of market power and the markup are negatively related to the variables of the number of firms and the labor intensity. In other words, the higher the number of firms, the lower the degree of market power and markup. Also, the sectors which are more labor-intensive have a lower degree of market power and markup. Additionally, the findings support that the degree of market power and the markup are related positively to the variables of the sector size, the growth and the capital intensity. In particular, the bigger the size of a sector the higher the degree of market power and markup. Also, the growth leads to a higher level of market power and markup. Furthermore, the sectors which are more capital-intensive have a higher markup. Moreover, the empirical results indicate that, on average, all sectors of the Greek manufacture as well as those of the food and beverages industry are technically inefficient over the period 1984-2007. Note that, in the case of the Greek manufacturing industry, the technical efficiency tends to increase over the period 1984-2007, whereas in the case of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry, the technical efficiency tends to decrease over the same period, i.e. 1984-2007. Also, the findings of the present dissertation imply that among the factors affecting technical efficiency for both the Greek manufacture and the food and beverages industry are the sector size, the growth, the capital and labor productivity and the labor intensity. More specifically, the empirical results indicate that the variables of sector size, growth, capital and labor productivity and labor intensity can positively influence the level of technical efficiency. In other words, the bigger the sector the higher the level of technical efficiency. Also, the growth improves the technical efficiency of a sector. Moreover, an increase in the capital productivity or/and in the labor productivity can lead to a higher level of technical efficiency. In addition to that, an increase of the labor intensity can result in the technical efficiency increase. / Η κοινωνική ευημερία μιας οικονομίας μεγιστοποιείται όταν οι διάφοροι κλάδοι που την απαρτίζουν λειτουργούν ανταγωνιστικά. Σύμφωνα με τη βιομηχανική οργάνωση, οποιαδήποτε απόκλιση από τον τέλειο ανταγωνισμό οδηγεί σε διάφορες απώλειες για την εν λόγω οικονομία, οι οποίες βέβαια επιφέρουν και ποικίλες κοινωνικές επιπτώσεις. Η εξέταση του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power), η οποία αποτελεί τον βασικό στόχο της παρούσας διατριβής, είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για την σωστή λειτουργία της οικονομίας. Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής πραγματοποιείται μία προσπάθεια εκτίμησης του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power) και των προσδιοριστικών της παραγόντων για είκοσι-ένα (21) κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας χρησιμοποιώντας στοιχεία της περιόδου 1983-2007. Επιπλέον, στόχος της εργασίας αυτής είναι ο υπολογισμός του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power) των εννέα (9) κλάδων της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1983-2007. Επίσης, υπολογίζεται το περιθώριο κέρδους (markup) και οι προσδιοριστικοί του παράγοντες για τους είκοσι-ένα κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας και τους εννέα κλάδους της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1984-2007, καθώς και οι απώλειες ευημερίας σε περίπτωση ύπαρξης ολιγοπωλιακής δύναμης στους εν λόγω κλάδους. Τέλος, στο πλαίσιο της εργασίας αυτής γίνεται υπολογισμός του επιπέδου τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας καθώς και των προσδιοριστικών παραγόντων της τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας για τους είκοσι-ένα κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας και τους εννέα κλάδους της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1984-2007. Τρεις διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις, που βασίζονται στην μεθοδολογία της «νέας εμπειρικής βιομηχανικής οργάνωσης», χρησιμοποιούνται για την μέτρηση του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power) και την εξέταση των συνθηκών ανταγωνισμού γενικότερα. Η πρώτη, αφορά την προσέγγιση της «εικαζόμενης μεταβλητότητας» και παρέχει εκτιμήσεις σχετικά με τον ακριβή βαθμό δύναμης της αγοράς (market power). Η δεύτερη, βασίζεται στην προσέγγιση των Hall-Roeger και εξετάζει τη δομή της αγοράς και πιο συγκεκριμένα το περιθώριο κέρδους (markup). Η τρίτη προσέγγιση που αναπτύσσεται αποτελεί μια επέκταση της προσέγγισης των Hal-Roeger και παρέχει ταυτόχρονες εκτιμήσεις σχετικά με το βαθμό δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους. Μέσω της παρούσας εργασίας, επίσης, γίνεται προσπάθεια εκτίμησης των απωλειών ευημερίας χρησιμοποιώντας ένα τυπικό μοντέλο ολιγοπωλίου. Επιπλέον, μετράται η τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα ακολουθώντας την τεχνική της «περιβάλλουσας ανάλυσης δεδομένων» (data envelopment analysis or DEA), ενώ οι παράγοντες που την επηρεάζουν προσδιορίζονται βάσει του Αλγορίθμου 1 των Simar and Wilson. Ένα πολύ σημαντικό σημείο αυτής της διατριβής αποτελεί η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου «bootstrap» στις εμπειρικές εκτιμήσεις. Το παραπάνω παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον, γιατί η εφαρμογή της συγκεκριμένης μεθόδου μπορεί να οδηγήσει στην ακριβή εκτίμηση της δειγματικής κατανομής χωρίς καμία υπόθεση για την κατανομή του πληθυσμού από τον οποίο λαμβάνεται το δείγμα ούτως ώστε τα αποτελέσματα των εμπειρικών εκτιμήσεων να είναι ιδιαίτερα αξιόπιστα. Τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα αναδεικνύουν τόσο την παρουσία κάποιου βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς όσο κι ενός περιθωρίου κέρδους σε όλους τους κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας και της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά την διάρκεια της περιόδου 1983-2007. Γενικά, τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι και η μεταποιητική βιομηχανία και η βιομηχανία τροφίμων και ποτών λειτουργούν υπό συνθήκες ατελούς ανταγωνισμού έχοντας ως συνέπεια την ύπαρξη απωλειών ευημερίας για τους εν λόγω κλάδους. Επιπλέον, στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας, ανάμεσα στους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν τη δύναμη της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους σε επίπεδο κλάδου είναι ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων, η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας και το μέγεθος του κλάδου, ενώ ανάμεσα στους προσδιοριστικούς παράγοντες της δύναμης της αγοράς και του περιθωρίου κέρδους διαχρονικά συγκαταλέγονται ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων, η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας και η ανάπτυξη. Στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι ανάμεσα στους προσδιοριστικούς παράγοντες του περιθωρίου κέρδους είναι ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων, η μεταβλητή εντάσεως κεφαλαίου και το μέγεθος του κλάδου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα φανερώνουν ότι ο βαθμός δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους είναι μεγέθη αντιστρόφως ανάλογα του αριθμού των επιχειρήσεων και της μεταβλητής εντάσεως εργασίας. Κατά συνέπεια, όσο μεγαλύτερος είναι ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων σε ένα κλάδο, τόσο χαμηλότερος είναι ο βαθμός δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους. Επίσης, οι κλάδοι που είναι περισσότερο εντάσεως εργασίας έχουν χαμηλότερο βαθμό δύναμης της αγοράς και περιθώριο κέρδους. Ένα επιπρόσθετο συμπέρασμα που εξάγεται μέσα από τη μελέτη και την ερμηνεία των εμπειρικών αποτελεσμάτων είναι ότι ο βαθμός δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους σχετίζονται θετικά με το μέγεθος του κλάδου, την ανάπτυξη και τη μεταβλητή εντάσεως κεφαλαίου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, όσο μεγαλύτερο είναι το μέγεθος του κλάδου, τόσο μεγαλύτερα είναι η δύναμη της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους. Επίσης, χρήσιμο συμπέρασμα της ερμηνείας των εμπειρικών αποτελεσμάτων είναι το ότι η ανάπτυξη φαίνεται να οδηγεί σε υψηλότερο επίπεδο δύναμης της αγοράς και περιθώριο κέρδους. Ακόμα, οι κλάδοι που είναι περισσότερο εντάσεως κεφαλαίου εμφανίζονται να έχουν υψηλότερο περιθώριο κέρδους. Σε ό,τι αφορά την παράμετρο της τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διατριβής δείχνουν ότι - κατά μέσο όρο - όλοι οι κλάδοι της ελληνικής μεταποίησης και της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών είναι τεχνικά αναποτελεσματικοί κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1984-2007. Ωστόσο, στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας, και για την προαναφερθείσα χρονική περίοδο, η συγκεκριμένη παράμετρος παρουσιάζει μία πτωτική τάση, ενώ στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών η τάση αυτή είναι αυξητική. Επιπλέον, η αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων της παρούσας εργασίας φανερώνει ότι, τόσο για την ελληνική μεταποίηση όσο και τη βιομηχανία τροφίμων και ποτών, ανάμεσα στους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα είναι το μέγεθος του κλάδου, η ανάπτυξη, η παραγωγικότητα του κεφαλαίου και της εργασίας καθώς και η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μπορεί μέσω των αποτελεσμάτων να υποστηριχθεί ότι οι προαναφερθείσες μεταβλητές - το μέγεθος του κλάδου, η ανάπτυξη, η παραγωγικότητα του κεφαλαίου και της εργασίας και η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας - επηρεάζουν θετικά την τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα. Με άλλα λόγια, μια αύξηση στο μέγεθος ενός κλάδου θα οδηγήσει σε υψηλότερο επίπεδο τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας. Επίσης, η ανάπτυξη βελτιώνει την τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα ενός κλάδου. Επιπρόσθετα, μια αύξηση της παραγωγικότητας του κεφαλαίου ή/και της εργασίας μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε υψηλότερα επίπεδα τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας. Τέλος, μια αύξηση της μεταβλητής εντάσεως εργασίας μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε αύξηση της τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας.

To compete, manufacturing companies need production systems that quickly can respond to changes. To handle change drivers such as volume variations or new product variants, reconfigurability is advocated as a competitive means. This implies an ability to add, remove, and/or rearrange the structure of the production system to be ready for future changes. Still, it is not clear how the production system design process can capture and support the design of reconfigurable production systems. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of how to support the design of reconfigurable production systems. Reconfigurability could be defined by a number of reconfigurability characteristics including convertibility, scalability, automatibility, mobility, modularity, integrability, and diagnosability. In eight case studies, reconfigurability characteristics in production system design were studied in order to investigate reconfigurability needs, knowledge, and practice in manufacturing companies. In three of the case studies reconfigurable production systems were studied to identify the links between change drivers and reconfigurability characteristics. In the remaining five case studies, reconfigurability in the production system design processes was addressed in terms of needs, prerequisites, and consideration. Based on the literature review and the case studies, support for reconfigurable production system design is suggested including two parts. The first part comprises support for analyzing the need for reconfigurability. Based on relevant change drivers the need for reconfigurability must be identified to enable selection of right type and degree of reconfigurability for each specific case of application. A comprehensive view of the reconfigurability characteristics is presented and links between change drivers and reconfigurability characteristics are described. The characteristics are divided into critical characteristics, that lead to a capacity or functionality change of the production system, and supporting characteristics, that reduce system reconfiguration time but do not necessarily lead to a modification of functionality or capacity of the production system. The second part provides support in how to consider reconfigurability in the production system design process. A holistic perspective is crucial to design reconfigurable production systems and therefore constituent parts of a production system are described. According to their character physical, logical, and human reconfiguration must be considered through the whole production system design process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to analyze the behavior of Brazilian manufacturing industry through technical and economic indicators from 1996 to 2011. Methodology includes the use of technical indicators as productive density, labor productivity, cost margin regarding labor, as well as raw materials, operational actions, production; and indicators of current profitability from the net surplus margin and mark up, and global one, through profit margin. Also, to use the classification of industries (made by technological intensity) it was used the OECD methodology. The theoretical framework discusses concepts of market structures under a dynamic point of view involving elements of manufacturing industry, such as technical progress. It has as hypothesis the overall changes in Brazilian economy; both regarding to institutional reforms, to economic policies in the 1990s and 2000, as well as the changes associated to the context of industry impacted asymmetrically some sectors (industries), especially on the technical-productive and economic indicators. From the results, in general, it was found reduction on labor productivity and lower density in productive chains of various industrial groups, especially considering those with higher technological level. In other words, the manufacturing industry showed less ability of human resource to aggregate value to product, as well as to create value in the production process. Otherwise, considering the cost margin and profitability indicators, they also showed an asymmetric behavior. While there was an average reduction of the production cost margin in the grand total of the manufacturing industry due to the reduction of labor cost margin, there was among industrial groups a bit defined movement, although it was not widespread. In many sectors, the fall in labor margin cost contributed for increasing the net surplus margin, even though not always accompanied by higher profit margin considering the rising of cost margins with industrial operations. The variations of costs and production margins also reflect variations in mark-up, this one showed a small increase for the manufacturing industry and a very asymmetric behavior for different industry groups. Although having short-term variations and the fact that few sectors have decreased the relation price/direct cost, the vast majority remained at the same level or increased in some cases. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento da indústria de transformação brasileira através de indicadores técnicos e econômicos, no período de 1996 a 2011. A metodologia engloba o uso dos indicadores técnico-produtivos como densidade produtiva, produtividade do trabalho, margem de custo com trabalho, margem de custo de matéria-prima, operacional e de produção e os indicadores de rentabilidade corrente pela margem líquida de excedente e mark up, e global, através da margem de lucro. Além disso, para uso da classificação das indústrias (feita pela intensidade tecnológica), utilizou-se a metodologia da OCDE. O referencial teórico aborda conceitos sobre as estruturas de mercado sob um ponto de vista dinâmico que envolve elementos das transformações da indústria, como o progresso técnico. Tem como hipótese que as mudanças gerais da economia brasileira, tanto no que se refere às reformas institucionais quanto às políticas econômicas dos anos de 1990 e 2000, bem como as mudanças da indústria associadas ao contexto impactaram de forma assimétrica os setores (indústrias), especialmente sobre os indicadores técnico-produtivos e econômicos. A partir dos resultados, constatou-se, de forma geral, redução da produtividade do trabalho e um menor adensamento nas cadeias produtivas dos diversos grupos industriais, principalmente os de maior nível tecnológico, ou seja, a indústria de transformação apresentou menor capacidade do recurso humano agregar valor ao produto e da indústria de gerar valor no processo produtivo. De outro modo, quanto aos indicadores de margens de custos e rentabilidade, estes apresentaram um comportamento também assimétrico. Enquanto ocorreu redução média da margem de custo de produção no total geral da indústria de transformação por conta da redução da margem de custo com trabalho, houve, entre os grupos industriais, um movimento pouco definido, embora não generalizado. Em muitos setores, a queda da margem de custo com trabalho contribuiu para a elevação da margem líquida de excedente mesmo que, nem sempre, acompanhada de maior margem de lucro, dada a elevação das margens de custo com operações industriais. As variações das margens de custos de produção também se refletem nas variações do mark up, o qual apresentou uma pequena elevação para o conjunto da indústria de transformação e um comportamento bastante assimétrico para os diferentes grupos industriais. Embora com variações de curto prazo e alguns poucos setores terem diminuído a relação preço/custo direto, na grande maioria, a indústria manteve-se em igual nível ou elevou-se para alguns casos.

Orientador: Rogério Gomes / Orientador: Cláudia Heller / Banca: Fernando Sarti / Banca: Marcelo Silva Pinho / Resumo: A indústria de transformação possui elevado potencial para alavancar o desenvolvimento econômico e social de uma nação, especialmente, de países em estágios intermediários de desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Desde meados dos anos 2000, está em curso, no Brasil, um processo não desprezível de desindustrialização precoce, que se tornou ainda mais grave no triênio de 2009-2011. A desindustrialização brasileira ocorre pelo encolhimento do valor adicionado manufatureiro no PIB, em valores corrente e constante, como também pela deterioração da posição da indústria de transformação doméstica no comércio exterior. No entanto, o processo recente de desindustrialização do Brasil apresenta algumas especificidades, como a geração de um volume expressivo de empregos e melhora nos indicadores sociais, o que, à primeira vista, parece contraditório ao diagnóstico de desindustrialização / Abstract: The manufacturing industry has a high potential to leverage both the economic and social development of a nation, especially in countries at intermediate stages of development such as Brazil. Since the mid-2000s, a premature deindustrialization process, which is not to be neglected, has been underway in Brazil. It became even worse during the 2009-2011 triennium. The Brazilian deindustrialization occurs by the shrinkage of manufacturing value added in GDP, in current and constant values, as well as the deteriorating position of the domestic manufacturing sector in foreign trade. However, the recent process of deindustrialization of Brazil has its peculiarities, such as the generation of a significant amount of jobs and improvement in social indicators, which, at first glance, may seem contradictory to the diagnosis of deindustrialization / Mestre

A inquietação quanto ao desenvolvimento local ganhou maior visibilidade na década de oitenta em virtude das contínuas e abrangentes mudanças tecnológicas. Esse fenômeno criou a necessidade de um repensar sobre as formas pelas quais se dão os diferentes processos de desenvolvimento local. Diante das múltiplas formas de abordar o tema, esse trabalho teve por objetivo discutir o sistema local de produção e, mais especificamente, as caraterísticas que moldam seu ciclo de vida. Para compreender o processo de evolução analisou-se o ciclo de vida através das alterações em sua importância local (quociente locacional) e importância industrial (coeficiente de concentração) a fim de evidenciar, de maneira empírica, os ciclos. A partir da tipologia dos sistemas locais foi possível identificar a evolução das capacitações locais na indústria de transformação do estado de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2010. A análise de quatro fases do ciclo de vida permitiu a identificação das principais atividades industriais nas microrregiões do estado e a fase em que se encontravam frente a evolução dos sistemas locais de produção no período analisado. Adicionalmente, como resultados ressalta-se que o processo de evolução dentro do ciclo de vida ocorre de maneira incremental, e que não há linearidade no processo de evolução entre as fases. / The current concern about local development has earned greater visibility in the eighties due to the large and continuous technological changes. This phenomenon has prompted the need to rethink about the diversity of local development processes. From the multiple ways to address this issue, the main objective of this research was to discuss the industrial clusters and, more specifically, the characteristics that are involved in shape of their life cycle. We analyzed the life cycle through the local (location quotient) and industrial importance (coefficient of concentration) in order to identify and better understand the evolution process of the cycles. Using the typology of industrial cluster was possible to identify the development of local capabilities in the manufacturing industry of the state of São Paulo, in the period of 1996-2010. We also used four distinct phases in the life cycles in order to identify the industrial activities and their positions in each region, considering the evolution of industrial clusters in the period. Additionally, our results demonstrated that the evolution process of the life cycle occurs incrementally, and there is no linearity in the evolution process between phases.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-09-19T16:08:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco Roberto Pereira Silva.pdf: 1708203 bytes, checksum: ca08ce102b8eb3c727f8ce1f156f6daf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T16:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco Roberto Pereira Silva.pdf: 1708203 bytes, checksum: ca08ce102b8eb3c727f8ce1f156f6daf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-28 / The Brazilian manufacturing industries have faced stiff global competition from factories in Europe, USA and Asia, requiring the same monitoring crucial factors to remain competitive. In general, these companies have performance indicators considered key in comparison units. However, the academic literature in the context of maintenance costs, little has addressed specifically on the impact of the use of OEE - Overall Equipment Effectiveness, indicator used to measure the overall effectiveness of equipment and production systems - in reducing maintenance costs. This work questions the extent to which manufacturing companies in Brazil know the impact on the results of production systems, and more particularly about the cost of maintenance. It also presents the objective of understanding the understanding of business impacts on the TPM and OEE bring about the management of maintenance and the costs of this activity. To achieve this goal, we used an exploratory survey as a practical exemplification, illustrating the results of applying the proposed concepts in industrial maintenance activities in manufacturing companies. The aforementioned results demonstrated that both the TPM and the OEE bring effective contributions to increase productivity, quality and competitiveness, and reduce maintenance costs, and that most of the companies studied have clarity that. / As indústrias de manufatura brasileiras têm enfrentado acirrada competição global com empresas da Europa, USA e Ásia, exigindo das mesmas o monitoramento de fatores cruciais para se manter competitivas. De maneira geral, essas empresas possuem um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho considerados como chave na comparação entre unidades. No entanto, a literatura acadêmica, no contexto dos custos de manutenção, pouco tem abordado, especificamente, sobre o reflexo do uso do OEE - Overall Equipment Effectiveness, indicador utilizado para medir a efetividade geral dos equipamentos e dos sistemas de produção - na redução de custos de manutenção. O presente trabalho questiona em que medida as empresas de manufatura no Brasil conhecem os impactos sobre os resultados dos sistemas de produção e, mais particularmente sobre o custo de manutenção. Apresenta ainda como objetivo compreender a compreensão das empresas sobre os impactos que o TPM e o OEE trazem sobre a gestão da manutenção e sobre os custos dessa atividade. Para atingir tal objetivo, utilizou-se uma survey exploratória como uma exemplificação prática, ilustrando os resultados da aplicação dos conceitos propostos nas ações de manutenção industrial em empresas de manufatura. Os resultados apontados demonstraram que tanto o TPM e quanto OEE trazem contribuições efetivas para aumentar a produtividade, qualidade e competitividade, e reduzir custos de manutenção, e que a maior parte das empresas estudadas têm clareza disso.