This research the Kaohsiung Area University student cardholder will make two kind of analyses, One for aims at characteristic of the all sample, proposed sends the card bank to the overall market possible promotion. Two for depends on the life state variable to make an area to separate, discusses the cardholder separates the colony when the different market area, sends promotion tool and strategy which the card bank may use. And separates in the colony in the different market area, selects market of the goal marketing, and to factor of the effective influence proposed to sends the card bank actual also the effective suggestion. This research conclusion may induce is two kinds: One for aims at the overall market. In the product strategy aspect, the bank entrepreneur may use the high service quality to take the competitive advantage. In the price strategy aspect, gives compares the preferential benefit the interest rate and the handling charge. In the circuit strategy aspect, promotes staff of bank's talented person quality. In the promotion strategy aspect, ¡§the television advertisements propaganda¡¨ and ¡§recommendation the relatives and friends¡¨ is the main news origin. Two for aims at marketing suggestion the different life state. Among them, ¡§the impulse expends the sensitive group¡¨ when applies for the credit card, its news originates mainly from the network obtains the correlation data, can take to send the card bank well-knownness. Manages the card the motive mainly does not have to carry too many cashes recommendation of and for the transaction convenience for the relatives and friends. Moreover, makes the goal market by ¡§the price complimentary gift sensitive group¡¨. The product strategy aspect, picks the line of different commodity marketing strategy, the increase card design the fine degree. In the price strategy aspect, must pick the line of low circulation interest rate in the cost scope with to make up manages the expense. The circuit strategy aspect, the penetration advertisement media or the oral circuit (for example penetrate recommendation relatives and friends), by effective transmission to goal customer. In the promotion strategy aspect, picks the good dividend in the cost scope to accumulate the spot, the complimentary gift provides.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of two divergent methods for delineating commuting regions, also called labour market areas, in a situation that the base spatial units differ largely in size as a result of an irregular population distribution. Commuting patterns in Sweden have been analyzed with geographical information system technology by delineating commuting regions using two regionalization methods. One, a rule-based method, uses one-way commuting flows to delineate local labour market areas in a top-down procedure based on the selection of predefined employment centres. The other method, the interaction-based Intramax analysis, uses two-way flows in a bottom-up procedure based on numerical taxonomy principles. A comparison of these methods will expose a number of strengths and weaknesses. For both methods, the same data source has been used. The performance of both methods has been evaluated for the country as a whole using resident employed population, self-containment levels and job ratios for criteria. A more detailed evaluation has been done in the Goteborg metropolitan area by comparing regional patterns with the commuting fields of a number of urban centres in this area. It is concluded that both methods could benefit from the inclusion of additional control measures to identify improper allocations of municipalities. / <p>Open Access</p>

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Tom Hallaq / Traditionally, men have been the primary face and voice of live broadcasting. Limited research has compared Designated Market Areas by news content. This study compared and analyzed gender representations between large and small market news programs in the Northwest region of the United States. Hard news stories are those which audiences expect to be included in a newscast and are more likely time-sensitive. Soft stories, on the other hand, are those known to be not as crucial or time-sensitive as hard stories. The purpose of this study was to examine two major topics: (1) gender representation as news anchors and reporters, and (2) gender representation in types of stories covered. Data of gender representation was compared and analyzed between a large and small news market. Notable differences and similarities between both markets were revealed. This study found female news reporters present 16% more hard stories than male reporters even when females were underrepresented as overall news talent compared to male news talent. Males represented 55% of news talent compared to females at 45% of news talent. Male anchors also presented more news stories as overall news talent, indicating visible gender inequality in the presentation of news stories. Another important purpose of this study was to introduce a preliminary study by comparing and analyzing gender representation data by television market size. An important difference found regarding news anchors, was the large market sample more equally represented both males and females as anchors, whereas the small market sample did not. The data revealed a 56% disparity by exhibiting males 78% of the time and females only 22% of the time in the small news market. Both markets also displayed significant differences in the total count of news anchors, reporters, and news content.

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This paper focuses on the major decision variables and appertaining decision makers in the selection of long term health care facilites. The literatures identifies principal decision makers as physicians and females between the ages of 45 and 65, and that the decision making process is usually rushed, haphazard, and guilt-ridden. The results of the study cite five decision factors perceived as most important by physicians and females age 45 to 65. The study concludes by comparing these results and recommending a more aggressive marketing communeiations effort by long term health care facilities.

This master thesis focuses on regional shopping centre’s market shares. It is written in cooperation with IKEA Centres that provided data regarding their shopping centres and funds for the gathering of statistics. The research question for the study is: What level of market share is valid for regional shopping centres in close proximity to an IKEA warehouse? In order to answer this question as accurate as possible the study is designed as a case study. The case is implemented on three different shopping centres, owned by IKEA Centres, with similar locations and market areas. The three shopping centres that are selected as subject centres in the study are Birsta City in Sundsvall, I-Huset in Linköping and Erikslund Shopping Center in Västerås. The case is focused on the regional shopping centres isolated and do not include the IKEA furniture store. The first part of the study concerns the delineation of the subject centres’ primary- and secondary market area. This is done using Reilly’s Law based on the prerequisites of the specific shopping centre. By using this method breaking points or borders of the market areas can be defined and located based on the calculated driving time. To be able to calculate the potential market shares for the centres, the buying power segmentation method is used.  The statistics are bought from Statistics Sweden and concerns mainly the number of households in the market areas and their disposable income. The market share is calculated by comparing the potential buying power of the households and the actual sales in the shopping centres. The results of the conducted study regarding the market share in the total market area is that Birsta City has a significant larger market share (60%) than the two other centres that the study concerns. I-Huset (17% market share) and Erikslund Shopping (25% market share) are located in regions with a higher population and more competition, the authors see this as the main factor to the difference in the market share. Results regarding market shares in different categories of goods are also presented. The three subjects’ centres offer several different collections of items. All centres have a large market share in the fashion segments that are offered, a wide tenant mix in combination with the target groups is seen to be an effecting factor. / Denna masteruppsats fokuserar på ämnet regionala shoppingcenters och dess marknadsandel. Uppsatsen är skriven i samarbete med IKEA Centres vilka har bidragit med data angående köpcentren samt medel för inköp av statistik. Studiens frågeställning är: Vilken marknadsandel har regionala köpcenter där ett Ikeavaruhus finns i närheten? För att besvara denna frågeställning på bästa sätt är studien utformad som en fallstudie. Fallstudierna är implementerade på tre olika shopping center i liknande läge och med likvärdiga marknadsområden. De tre köpcentrumen vilket är utvalda som ämnescenter i studien är Birsta City i Sundsvall, I-Huset i Linköping och Erikslund Shopping Center i Västerås. Forskningen är baserad på shopping centret och berör inte IKEAs möbelvaruhus. Den första delen av studien behandlar avgränsningen av köpcentrumens primära och sekundära marknadsområden. Avgränsningen är utförd med Reilly’s Law baserad på de specifika köpcentrets förutsättningar. Genom att använda den här metoden definieras brytpunkter och gränser för marknadsområdet kan avgränsas med hjälp av den beräknade körtiden. För att sedan beräkna köpcentrets marknadsandel används metoden ”Buying power segmentation method”. Statistiken som används är köpt från SCB och berör huvudsakligen antalet hushåll i marknadsområdena samt dess disponibla inkomst. Marknadsandelen är beräknad genom att jämföra den potentiella köpkraften hos hushållen med den faktiska försäljningen i köpcentren. Resultatet av den utförda studien rörande marknadsandelar av den totala marknaden är dels att Birsta City har en betydligt större marknadsandel (60%) än de två andra undersökta köpcentren. I-Huset (17% marknadsandel) samt Erikslund Shopping (25% marknadsandel) är belägna i regioner med högre invånarantal och större konkurrens. Författarna ser detta som en avgörande faktor till skillnaden i marknadsandel jämfört med Birsta City. Resultat angående marknadsandelar i olika kategorier av varor är också presenterade. De tre studerade köpcentren erbjuder ett brett utbud av produkter. Samtliga center har en stor marknadsandel i kategorier rörande kläder &amp; mode. Den breda hyresgästmixen samt målgruppen för köpcentren antas vara påverkande faktorer till detta.

Work is focused on determination of competitiveness of small and medium enterprises in market area of the Czech republic. It is divided into two parts. The theoretical section is based on explanation of the main issues, competition, small and medium enterprises, inovations. The practical part includes an introduction of three typified companies from small and medium enterprises and their analysis in the area of competitiveness, inovation activities and sustainable development. At the end of the work is an interpretation of the results of analysis and in addition, there is a proposal of precautions, which should lead to the improvement of competitiveness in these companies.

Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift beschäftigt sich mit dem räumlichen Einkaufsverhalten im Einzelhandel im Zusammenhang mit Einzelhandelsagglomerationen; genauer gesagt werden nachfrageseitige positive Agglomerationseffekte im Einzelhandel untersucht, d.h. Urbanisierungs- und Lokalisierungsvorteile, die auf dem Kundenverhalten basieren. Ausgehend von sehr heterogenen theoretischen Arbeiten v.a. aus dem Bereich der Raumwirtschaftstheorien, der Mikroökonomie und der verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Marketing-Forschung werden die verschiedenen Einkaufsstrategien abgeleitet, die in einer kundenseitigen Bevorzugung von agglomerierten Angebotsstandorten resultieren. Neben den bereits in älteren Raumwirtschaftstheorien behandelten Kopplungskäufen sind dies vor allem verschiedene Typen von Vergleichskäufen, die sich auf (mitunter strategische) Agglomerationen eigentlich konkurrierender Einzelhandelsanbieter beziehen. Die gebildeten Hypothesen zur (positiven) Wirkung von Einzelhandelsagglomerationen bzw. der räumlichen Konzentration mit andersartigen bzw. eigentlich konkurrierenden Anbietern werden anhand des ökonometrischen MCI-Modells (Multiplicative Competitive Interaction Model) überprüft. Auf diesem Wege wird zugleich ein Marktgebietsmodell auf der Basis des häufig angewendeten Huff-Modells formuliert, mit dem es möglich ist, Kundenströme unter Berücksichtigung von Agglomerationseffekten zu schätzen. Die Modellparametrisierung erfolgt anhand der realen Marktgebiete von Lebensmittelmärkten sowie Elektronik- und Baumärkten, die anhand einer Haushaltsbefragung ermittelt wurden. Insgesamt zeigen die Analyseergebnisse in den meisten Fällen, dass die Einkaufsstättenwahl bzw. der lokale Marktanteil einzelner Anbieter positiv vom vorhandenen Potenzial für Kopplungs- und Vergleichskäufe beeinflusst wird. Die Untersuchung zeigt die Relevanz von Agglomerationseffekten im Einzelhandel auf, wobei ein Modell formuliert wird, mit dem es möglich ist, diese Effekte zu analysieren. Konkrete Anwendungen hierfür finden sich in der betrieblichen Standortanalyse und insbesondere in der raumordnerischen und städtebaulichen Verträglichkeitsbeurteilung von Einzelhandelsansiedlungen.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The retail sector provides geographers with a major area of analysis where they can apply their specialist knowledge to solve and explain real-world problems. Over the years there have been significant changes in the locations where South Africans shop. Retail shops are moving from city centres (CBDs) to more accessible and attractive locations on the city’s edge. This phenomenon is also evident in the retail structure of Stellenbosch. Stellenbosch Square is a multi-million-rand shopping centre that has been erected on the edge of Stellenbosch. The retail buying patterns of the Paradyskloof neighbourhood (in Stellenbosch) was analysed and placed in context with Stellenbosch Square. Paradyskloof is situated between Stellenbosch Square and Die Boord shopping centre, which is situated more closely to the CBD. The null hypothesis states that: “The buying patterns of the residents of Paradyskloof did not change significantly after the building of Stellenbosch Square, a shopping centre situated between Stellenbosch and the Somerset West shopping centre.” The overarching aim is to describe and explain the extent of the current retail buying patterns of the Paradyskloof population and compare them to the predicted results of the Flowmap 7.2 origin-constrained gravity model with regards to Stellenbosch Square shopping centre. The Paradyskloof retail buying patterns was determined by a random distributed questionnare survey. The modelled results are compared to the actual buying patterns and the findings are placed in context. Various types of data (primary and secondary) were collected. The origin-constrained gravity model was calibrated with the mean trip lengths (MTL). The modelled results predicted that all of the Paradyskloof residents shop at Stellenbosch Square. To determine the actual buying patterns, 250 questionnaires were spatially distributed with the aid of a random sampling of erven within the Paradyskloof neighbourhood. The survey indicated that only 44% of the respondents shop at Stellenbosch Square. Some of the reasons for why some of the residents still shop closer to the CBD are: high mobility, high number of scholars, multi-functional trips, banking and postal services etc. The rationale behind Stellenbosch Square and the role it plays within the Stellenbosch retail market has also been provided.

How does space affect individuals’ outcome on the labor market? And how do we measure it? Beyond the notion of the labor market as a system of supply and demand, lays a society of individuals and workplaces, whose relationships are undeniably complex. This thesis aims to shed some new light on how to investigate and analyze the complex labor market relationships from a spatial perspective. In this thesis, five self-contained articles describe the spatial relationship between individuals and workplaces. In the first article, the official delineation of local labor market areas is tested against the delineation of labor markets for different subgroups. Differences in the regionalization are discussed from the subgroups’ and municipals’ perspective. In the second article, two sources of bias in the computation of local labor market areas, and suggestions how to reduce them, are presented. In the third article the spatial mismatch hypothesis is tested and confirmed on a refugee population in Sweden. In articles four and five, a new model for the estimation of job accessibility is introduced and evaluated. The model, ELMO, is created to answer to the need for a new accessibility measure to be used in spatial mismatch related research. The usability of the model is validated through empirical tests, were the ELMO-model excels in comparison to the accessibility models it is tested against.