Whether insiders can use informational advantage when purchasing or selling their company stocks to generate cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) has shown different results in several markets. The Swedish market is yet to be extensively examined, and this thesis aims to understand how insiders in the OMXS30 companies perform when testing CAR and if there exists an information asymmetry. A predicted return is generated through the market model to calculate CAR, and the same index OMXS30 is combined with stock return data. We conducted an event study through Stata to match the transactions with a particular trading day to see how the insiders' transaction yielded CAR. We find that significant CAR exists for all insider groups for various event windows and find a difference in significant CAR for both genders and insider positions. The results were robust when we changed to a new market index as the independent variable in our regression analysis. The results align with previous literature, stating that insiders generated significant CAR from insider trading and differences between insider position and gender (Jeng et al. 2003; Jiang & Zaman, 2010; Lasfer & Ye, 2023). The findings can be used for regulatory purposes when investigating information asymmetry.

Investors have developed and used a range of investment strategies to generate a higherreturn than the overall market. Among these strategies, value and growth investing aretwo strategies that have become especially popular within the investment community.The difference between the two strategies originates from their differing perspectives onvalue ratios, where growth investors search for stocks with higher ratios on metrics likeprice-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book (P/B), called growth stocks, while valueinvestors seek stocks with lower ratios, called value stocks. The main purpose of thisstudy is to determine whether value or growth stocks provide a superior risk-adjustedreturn to offer investors an updated insight on portfolio allocation. The secondary purposeis to capture how resilient or sensitive the two types of stocks are to market volatility, toidentify characteristics that make certain compositions of stocks more effective duringdifferent periods. The sample consists of firms included in the S&P 500 index and thestocks are classified into value or growth stocks using the P/E ratio and the P/B ratio.Tests are performed each year between 2012 and 2023 to see how they perform, and withthe Sharpe ratio we are able to compare the two stock types based on their risk-adjustedreturn. Early research on value and growth investing came to the same conclusion, that valuestocks give a higher return than growth stocks, which has been the general view on thetwo strategies. More recent studies have identified a potential shift in the previous view,with indications that growth stocks perform better, and in recent years, firms in the techoriented business have seen high ratios, but at the same time they have generated highreturns. The empirical results show that during the time period studied, growth stocksoutperform value stocks in some years, value stocks outperform growth stocks in others,and in some, no statistical difference between the two is found. Over the whole period,from 2012 to 2023, we find that growth stocks have provided a higher risk-adjusted returncompared to value stocks, aligning with the most recent studies and challenging theprevious view that value stocks perform better. During volatile times, in this studyidentified as 2020 to 2022 during the Covid-19 crisis, the empirical result show that involatile market conditions, value stock perform better and is the better alternative for riskadjusted return.

This paper discusses the issue of residential segregation in Halmstad, a municipality in western Sweden. The inhabitants themselves say that it is one of the most segregated municipalities in the country and the growing segregation is affecting the community in various ways, particularly in the housing market, where increased segregation has resulted in decreased quality and safety in these areas, as well as decreased cohesion between different areas in the municipality. The paper aims to explain the forms of residential segregation in society using four theories: The planning hypothesis, market hypothesis, status hypothesis, and contact hypothesis. The research method used is the case study method, which is suitable for analyzing a “case” of broader phenomenon. One method that has been considered appropriate within the case study literature for testing theories, as this study does, is pattern matching, also known as congruence matching. This method tests the extent of which the empirical pattern matches the hypothetical pattern that the theory assumes. If there is lack of congruence between the empirical pattern and the theoretically assumed pattern, the result speak against the theoretical hypothesis. If the congruence is found, the theoretical hypothesis is supported. The planning hypothesis could confirm that the municipality ́s planning has had segregated effects and the efforts have not been sufficient to counteract residential segregation. The market hypothesis could not be confirmed because the housing market is not governed by market rents. The paper also found patterns that strengthened the status hypothesis. Partly by finding material that shows that Halmstad is a polarized municipality with areas that have lower status than others. Lastly, the contact hypothesis could partly be confirmed by looking at increased family immigration.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine if underlying psychological factors have an impact on shareholders' investment decisions and if forecasting quarterly reports have an impact on shareholders' investment decisions. Methods: The study combines an application of two different methods, survey and an event study. The purpose of the survey was to investigate if psychological factors interfere with shareholders' investment decisions. The Event study is designed to measure equity market reaction to the forecasts and if any changes occurred in the companies' share price. Theoretical: This study is based on established theories in the fields of behavioral finance, the efficient market hypothesis and the economic man. Conlusion: Underlying psychological factors have a certain impact on the shareholders' investment decisions. Both events study and survey, in particularly the part of the survey, which includes forecasts, showed that the shareholders are not affected by the forecasts published by market analysts.

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det uppstår onormal avkastning för målföretagets aktieägare vid offentliggörandet av företagsförvärv på den svenska aktiemarknaden, samt att undersöka om den svenska aktiemarknaden är effektiv enligt den effektiva marknadshypotesen. Metod: I uppsatsen tillämpades en eventstudie för att studera den onormala avkastningen. Datainsamlingen har skett från Thomson Reuters Eikon, Orbis, Zephyr och Retriver. Studiens dataunderlag har analyserats och presenterats i figurer och tabeller. Resultatet bygger på hypotesprövning och signifikanstest av framräknade onormala avkastningar.  Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet visade att målföretagens aktieägare vid offentliggörandet av företagsförvärv i genomsnitt erhöll en hög positiv onormal avkastning under perioden 2011 till 2016, samt att den svenska aktiemarknaden var effektiv. Detta genomsnittliga värde var statistiskt signifikant på signifikansnivån 0,01 procent. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till vidare forskning är att undersöka ett längre tidsspann, vilket kan öka populationens storlek. Vidare forskning kan även undersöka om olika faktorer i företagsförvärvet kan förklara de erhållna onormala avkastningarna.  Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar med relevant information till företagsledningar, finansanalytiker och företagsintressenter. Detta eftersom studiens resultat skapar förståelse för företagsförvärv i en svensk kontext och kan därför ligga till grund för beslutsfattande, värderingar och beräkningar av framtida företagsförvärv. / Aim: The aim of the study is to examine if the target company shareholders receive an abnormal return on the day of the announcement, on the Swedish stock market. The study also examines if the Swedish stock market is efficient according to the efficient market hypothesis. Method: The study was conducted according to the event study methodology. The data was collected from Thomson Reuters Eikon, Orbis, Zephyr and Retriever. The findings in the study was displayed and analysed in figures and tables. Hypothesis test and test of significance were used to investigate the aim of the study. Findings and conclusions: For the time period studied, 2011 to 2016, the target company shareholders on average received a high positive abnormal return on the day of the announcement, which was significant on the one percent level. The findings also indicates that the Swedish stock market is efficient according to the efficient market hypothesis. Suggestions for future research: One suggestion for future research could be to expand the time interval, which could increase the size of the population. Future research could also take the characteristics of the acquisition in consideration in an attempt to explain the abnormal returns found in this study.  Contribution of the thesis: This study’s findings are relevant for the chairmen of the board, finance analysts and corporate stakeholders. The findings in this study provides an understanding of the nature of acquisitions on the Swedish stock market, which can be used for decision making, evaluations and calculations of future acquisitions.

Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) has been the central assumption of financial modelling in the previous decades. At its core, it is a statement about the efficient incorporation of available information in the prices of assets, rendering each price a 'true' representation of the asset's intrinsic value. The notion of informationally efficient financial markets has been, since its formulation, entrenched in the very core of our understanding of how asset pricing works, yet, with ever so increasing frequency, when subjected to empirical scrutiny, it fails to prove its explanatory and predictive prowess. New academic strands emerged have emerged as a result, attempting to explain those empirical short-comings, with rather mixed results. The new models and theories often either explain a singular anomaly, rather than pro- viding a generalized and consistent theoretical framework, or are exclusive with the general state of financial markets, which tends to be efficient and rational. This thesis shall explore the relationship of information and financial mar- kets, taking into account developments that have occurred since the inception of the EMH. Subsequently it will present a new theoretical model for asset pric- ing and ipso facto the efficiency of financial markets, based on meta-analysis of information, along...

Bakgrund: Det finns olika investeringsstrategier som investerare kan använda sig av, att investera i låga multiplar är en strategi som har studerats väl. Genom att använda sig av låga multiplar kan investerare finna undervärderade bolag som på sikt genererar en överavkastning gentemot marknaden.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera hur väl P/E, P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT, EV/EBITDA och EV/S multiplarna skulle kunna appliceras som investeringsstrategi på Stockholmsbörsen. Vidare ämnar studien åt att analysera om det är möjligt att generera en högre avkastning än vad indexet OMXSPI har avkastat under tidsperioden 2008-2018. Metod: Studien använder sig av en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi där två portföljer för respektive multipel har sammanställts. Portföljerna viktas om årligen och både den verkliga och den ackumulerade avkastningen beräknas fram. Vidare utvärderas portföljerna enligt utvärderingsmåtten Sharpekvot, M^2, Treynorkvot och Jensens Alpha. Resultat: Investeringsstrategin är implementerbar för tre av sex multiplar. Låga P/B, EV/EBIT och EV/EBITDA genererade en överavkastning och slog både index samt respektive hög portfölj. Medan för de resterande multiplarna P/E, P/S och EV/S resulterade det i att investeringsstrategin inte är implementerbar. EV/S hade den högsta riskjusterade överavkastning och presterade bäst av samtliga sex multiplar. Studieresultatet för samtliga multiplar kan statistiskt säkerställas med en signifikansnivå på 5%. Den månatliga portföljavkastningen är inte slumpmässig, utan marknadsavkastningen har en viss påverkan. / Background: There are several investment strategies investors can use, where the strategy to invest in low multiples is well studied. By using low multiples investors can find undervalued companies to generate an excess return. Previous studies have been focusing on the P/E and EV/EBITDA- multiples, and not as much on other used multiples in relative valuation. Therefore an interest exists to also analyze multiples such as P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT and EV/S. Purpose: The study’s purpose is to analyze how well the multiples P/E, P/B, P/S, EV/EBIT, EV/EBITDA and EV/S can be applied as an investment strategy in the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Furthermore the study aim to analyze the possibility to generate a higher return than the index OMXSPI during the time period 2008-2018. Method: The study uses a quantitative research strategy, where two portfolios for each multiple has been created. The portfolio has been reinvested once a year, both the real and accumulated return was calculated. Also, the portfolios’ performance has been evaluated by adjusting it to risk by using the Sharpe ratio, M^2 , Treynor ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. Result: The investment strategy can be implemented for three of six multiples. The low P/B, EV/EBIT and EV/EBITDA generated a higher return than both index and their respective high portfolio. The other multiples P/E, P/S and EV/S cannot be used as an investment strategy. The high EV/S portfolio had the highest risk adjusted excess return meanwhile P/S had the highest accumulated return. The result of all multiples has been found to be statistically significant, therefore the market return has an effect on the portfolios’ monthly return.

Denna studie undersöker huruvida den faktiska avkastningen för ett flygbolags aktie skiljer sig från den förväntade avkastningen i samband med att ett av flygbolagets plan kraschar. För att undersöka förekomsten av abnormal avkastning genomförs en eventstudie där 71 flygplanskrascher mellan åren 1980 till och med 2018 undersöks. Resultatet visar att det förekommer en genomsnittlig kumulativ avvikelseavkastning på -4,65% dagen då kraschen sker inklusive nästkommande dag, vilken är statistiskt signifikant på 1%. Vidare har antalet dödsfall som en flygplanskrasch orsakar en statistiskt signifikant påverkan på sambandet med styrkan 1%, där fler dödsfall resulterar i en större negativ kumulativ abnormal avkastning.

This paper uses a fundamental investment strategy model developed by Piotroski (2000), called F_SCORE. The model uses accounting-based ratios applied for portfolios of high book-to-market firms. The aim of the study is to test the model for the US stock market during the years 1998-2015, as well as to develop it. The first test uses the original model during the specified time period. The next step is to develop the model by using correlations between each of the signals and future returns that Piotroski (2000) has proven to exist. The test showed that the F_SCORE outperforms the market during the time period. In the developed model the return can be increased even further. The result shows that the market adjusted return can be increased by an average of 24.7 % annually. The developed model thereby generates a better market adjusted return than Piotroski's original model. / Följande examensarbete använder en fundamental investeringsstrategi framtagen av Piotroski (2000) som benämns F_SCORE. Strategin har sin utgångspunkt i finansiella rapporter gällande företag med höga book-to-market. Syftet med studien är att testa modellen för den amerikanska marknaden under åren 1998–2015, samt utveckla den. Det första testet använder ursprungsmodellen under den angivna tidsperioden. I nästa steg utvecklas modellen genom att hänsyn tas till respektive nyckeltals korrelation med avkastning som Piotroski (2000) visat existerar. Testet visade att F_SCORE överträffar marknaden under den valda tidsperioden. I den utvecklade modellen gick det att öka avkastningen ytterligare. Resultatet visar att det går att öka den marknadsjusterade avkastningen med i genomsnitt 24,7 % per år. Den utvecklade modellen genererar därmed en bättre marknadsjusterad avkastning än Piotroskis originalmodell.

The study examines how the investment strategy Magic Formula (Greenblatt, 2006) has performed on the Swedish stock market. It is also investigated how the performance is affected when the strategy is combined with momentum. Since the expected pension for future generations is expected to decline it is important to have private savings with as high return as possible. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate if simple investment strategies can be used to achieve higher return. The purpose with this study is to find out if the investment strategies Magic Formula and Magic Formula combined with momentum has had a higher risk-adjusted return than the benchmark index OMX30. The results show that both Magic Formula and Magic Formula combined with momentum yielded a higher risk-adjusted return than the benchmark index. The results also showed that Magic Formula yielded an even better risk-adjusted return when it was combined with momentum. We wish that the result that was found in this study will give inspiration to private investors in order to achieve a higher return in their savings and a more satisfactory pension in the future