La présente étude s’intéresse aux popula-tions installées en Irlande avant l’arrivée du christianisme (aux environs du Ve siècle de notre ère), et plus précisément aux bâtisseurs des tombes à couloirs du Néolithique ainsi qu’aux Celtes. L’omniprésence d’une com-posante féminine symbolique dans les pay-sages pré-chrétiens (qu’ils soient naturels, mégalithiques ou littéraires) est au centre de cette analyse, qui prend en considération le caractère matrifocal des sociétés archaïques et en évalue l’impact sociétal et rituel chez les Celtes. La thèse examine la spécificité de la perception des reliefs et l’expression sym-bolique de la représentation. Cette dernière se traduit chez les populations du Néolithique par une féminisation du paysage au travers des modifications délibérées de lieux naturels ou la création de sites clefs (tels que Brú na Bóinne ou Loughcrew). Nous montrons aussi que cette perception de l’espace comme fé-minin fut relayée chez les Celtes par la créa-tion de mythes mettant en scène des figures féminines divines ou évhémérisées transfonc-tionnelles. Le rapprochement proposé entre les créa-tions de ces deux groupes humains distants de plusieurs millénaires (de - 3500 à 700) vise à montrer qu’il existe dans les deux cas conception similaire de la terre d’Irlande comme féminine. Pour ce faire, la thèse met en relation plusieurs disciplines. La confron-tation des documents archéo-mythologiques révèle une continuité chronologique dans les représentations qui est liée à l’assimilation de l’héritage culturel indigène par les Celtes venus du continent. Nous avançons l’idée que l’osmose entre ces deux cultures a donné naissance à une identité celte insulaire unique, fortement ancrée dans la terre d’Irlande. / This study deals with the peoples who settled in Ireland before the coming of Chris-tianity (around the 5th century C.E.), and more precisely with both the builders of pas-sage tombs dating from the Neolithic period and the Celts. The analysis revolves around the omnipresence of a symbolical feminine element in pre-Christian landscapes (be they natural, megalithic or literary) and takes into account the matrifocal nature of these ancient communities, assessing its impact on Celtic societies and rituals. A specific apprehension of the natural features and its symbolic repre-sentation will be examined here. The latter is expressed by the Neolithic peoples through feminine sexual attributes they deliberately added to natural places or through the promi-nent sites they built (such as Brú na Bóinne or Loughcrew). It will also be shown that such a feminine perception of the Irish land-scape was taken up by the Celts, who created myths involving transfunctional or euhemer-ised goddess figures. Bringing together the creations of these two peoples separated by several millennia (from 3,500 B.C.E. to 700 C.E.) aims at showing that they shared a similar feminine vision of Ireland. To do so, several fields will be considered. Confronting archaeo-mythological documents will highlight actual chronological consistency in representation. This is linked to the continental Celts’ assim-ilation of the indigenous cultural heritage. We believe that the blending of these two cultures led to a unique insular Celtic identity which is deeply rooted in the land of Éire.

<p>Anthropological data from fieldwork carried out among a fishing population in western Sicily show how related matrifocal nuclear families are tightly knit within larger, male-headed networks. The mother focus at the basic family level is thereby balanced and the system indicates that the mother-child unit does not function effectively on its own, as has often been argued for this type of family structure. As a result of dominating moral values which strongly emphasise the uniqueness of family and kin, people are brought up to depend heavily upon and to be loyal to their kin networks, to see themselves primarily as parts of these social units and less so as independent clearly bounded individuals, and to distinctly separate family members from non-family members. This dependence is further strengthened by matri- and/or patrivicinity being the dominant form of locality, by the traditional naming system as well as a continual use of kin terms, and by related people socialising and collaborating closely. The social and physical boundaries thus created around the family networks are further strengthened by local architecture that symbolically communicates the closed family unit; by the woman, who embodies her family as well as their house, having her outdoor movements restricted in order to shield both herself and her family; by self-mastery when it comes to skilfully calculating one's actions and words as a means of controlling the impression one makes on others; and by local patriotism that separates one's co-villagers from foreigners. Hospitality, which brings inclusion and exclusion into focus, is shown to be a means of ritually incorporating non-kin and thus containing the danger the stranger represents. </p><p>The author aims to answer the question of whether the social and physical boundaries around the family network, together with the distrust towards non-family members referred to by the informants themselves, constitute a hindrance as regards collaboration with non-kin, or if collaboration beyond the family boundaries is possible and, if so, whether or not this has to lead to the family's losing its position.</p>

Anthropological data from fieldwork carried out among a fishing population in western Sicily show how related matrifocal nuclear families are tightly knit within larger, male-headed networks. The mother focus at the basic family level is thereby balanced and the system indicates that the mother-child unit does not function effectively on its own, as has often been argued for this type of family structure. As a result of dominating moral values which strongly emphasise the uniqueness of family and kin, people are brought up to depend heavily upon and to be loyal to their kin networks, to see themselves primarily as parts of these social units and less so as independent clearly bounded individuals, and to distinctly separate family members from non-family members. This dependence is further strengthened by matri- and/or patrivicinity being the dominant form of locality, by the traditional naming system as well as a continual use of kin terms, and by related people socialising and collaborating closely. The social and physical boundaries thus created around the family networks are further strengthened by local architecture that symbolically communicates the closed family unit; by the woman, who embodies her family as well as their house, having her outdoor movements restricted in order to shield both herself and her family; by self-mastery when it comes to skilfully calculating one's actions and words as a means of controlling the impression one makes on others; and by local patriotism that separates one's co-villagers from foreigners. Hospitality, which brings inclusion and exclusion into focus, is shown to be a means of ritually incorporating non-kin and thus containing the danger the stranger represents. The author aims to answer the question of whether the social and physical boundaries around the family network, together with the distrust towards non-family members referred to by the informants themselves, constitute a hindrance as regards collaboration with non-kin, or if collaboration beyond the family boundaries is possible and, if so, whether or not this has to lead to the family's losing its position.

Anthropological data from fieldwork carried out among a fishing population in western Sicily show how related matrifocal nuclear families are tightly knit within larger, male-headed networks. The mother focus at the basic family level is thereby balanced and the system indicates that the mother-child unit does not function effectively on its own, as has often been argued for this type of family structure. As a result of dominating moral values which strongly emphasise the uniqueness of family and kin, people are brought up to depend heavily upon and to be loyal to their kin networks, to see themselves primarily as parts of these social units and less so as independent clearly bounded individuals, and to distinctly separate family members from non-family members. This dependence is further strengthened by matri- and/or patrivicinity being the dominant form of locality, by the traditional naming system as well as a continual use of kin terms, and by related people socialising and collaborating closely. The social and physical boundaries thus created around the family networks are further strengthened by local architecture that symbolically communicates the closed family unit; by the woman, who embodies her family as well as their house, having her outdoor movements restricted in order to shield both herself and her family; by self-mastery when it comes to skilfully calculating one's actions and words as a means of controlling the impression one makes on others; and by local patriotism that separates one's co-villagers from foreigners. Hospitality, which brings inclusion and exclusion into focus, is shown to be a means of ritually incorporating non-kin and thus containing the danger the stranger represents. The author aims to answer the question of whether the social and physical boundaries around the family network, together with the distrust towards non-family members referred to by the informants themselves, constitute a hindrance as regards collaboration with non-kin, or if collaboration beyond the family boundaries is possible and, if so, whether or not this has to lead to the family's losing its position.

L'écart de la représentation politique des femmes entre la Guadeloupe et la Martinique a été à l'origine de notre interrogation sur la socialisation politique des femmes aux Antilles françaises. En interrogeant des élus guadeloupéens et martiniquais (hommes et femmes) nous avons tenté de comprendre en quoi la socialisation politique pouvait expliquer le niveau d'engagement des femmes en politique. Le·genre étant le concept su lequel se fonde la société pour justifier la séparation et la hiérarchisation des individus masculins et féminins c'est par le biais du processus de socialisation sexué que les individus apprennent leurs rôles genrés. Si cette séparation des hommes et des femmes dans des sphères distinctes (publique et privée) tend à freiner le femmes dans leur engagement politique, les élues antillaises n'auraient pas été majoritairement touchées pas une socialisation politique sexuée. Au contraire, la matrifocalité présente aux Antilles françaises aurait permi un certain nombre de femmes d'être socialisée similairement aux hommes. Mais la société empreinte de valeurs genrées aurait tout de même freiné les femmes dans l'entame d'une carrière politique. Si la famille transmet des valeurs politiques de base, que les partis politiques n'ont qu'un rôle relatif d'agent socialisateur le monde associatif semble être un agent de socialisation déterminant en termes d'engagement politique, un révélateur et un propulseur d'hommes et de femmes dans le monde politique. Socialisés aux valeurs politiques, ces élus deviennent également des agents de socialisation politique pour les jeunes qui peuvent représenter la relève politique. / Differences in the political representation of women between Guadeloupe and Martinique were the source c our questioning about the political socialisation of women in the French West Indies. Sy interviewing elected men and women in Guadeloupe and Martinique, we tried to understand how political socialization coul explain the level of involvement of women in politics. With gender being the concept from which any societ justifies the process of separation and hierarchy between male and female individuals, it is through the sexual socialization process that individuals learn their gendered raies. If this separation between men and women in both public and private spheres tends to impede women in their political commitment, elected women of the French West Indies have not been disproportionately affected by sexual political socialization. On the contrary, the matrifocality in the French West Indies would have allowed a number of women to be socialise dsimilarly to men. However, the strong gendered values of this society would have still hampered women at the beginning of their political career. While family provides basic political values, political parties have only a relative role of socializing agent. However, associations seem to be a decisive/crucial socializing agent in terms of political commitment, acting as a career booster for men and women in politics. Socialized to political values, these elected individuals become in turn factors of political socialization for young people whe represent the next political generation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudete Alves da Silva Souza.pdf: 976362 bytes, checksum: 18921bffb5b4f4643ad566f4de111980 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / This work has as an aim to tackle the loneliness of the black woman in the affectivesexual dimension, having as a central axis her rejection while pretender to the marriage market by the partner of the same ethnicity. For the understanding of this phenomenon we looked for in the literature datas that could show this empirical fact starting from the socio-historical conception of this subject and the correlated implications. Thus, in addition to the Bibliographic research, the methodological line leds up qualitative technical piece, characterized by the focus group and by the analysis of the speech, allowing to know the representations of these women. The obtained datas with the devolution of 62 interview routes sent to 62 women guided the focus group realization. The datas analysis showed that women who joined the survey consider that there is a disadvantage situation of the black women compared to the white women regarding to the preference of the black men in the choice of the affective and conjugal partner. This situation affects more intensively on young black women, independent of the social class. The behavior of the black man was perceived as a result of a social devaluation of the black population from Brazil, from a long time ago, that is stimulating the young black men to seek "lighten" the family. The Inter-racial association was seen as beneficial to the black man, meaning its social climbing and very disadvantaged for the black woman, by the tendency observed between the inter-racials couples the couple black man-white woman as predominant. The participants believe that the exclusion of the black woman brings loneliness and humiliation. To face this situation, the group considered that the formal education is a rescue major factor of the black ethnic black, enabling the identification of a bigger number of people with thesevalues / Abordei neste trabalho a solidão da mulher negra na dimensão afetivo-sexual, tendo como eixo central seu preterimento, enquanto pretendente ao mercado matrimonia, pelo parceiro da mesma etnia. Para o entendimento de tal fenômeno procurei buscar na literatura dados que dessem conta dessa realidade empírica, partindo da concepção sócio-histórica desse sujeito e das implicações a ela correlacionadas. A linha metodológica utilizada foi a qualitativa, caracterizada pelo grupo focal e pela análise do discurso, permitindo conhecer as representações dessas mulheres. Os dados obtidos com a devolução de 62 roteiros de entrevista nortearam a realização do grupo focal, composto por 11 mulheres. A análise dos dados mostrou que os sujeitos consideram que existe uma situação de desvantagem da mulher negra em comparação com a mulher branca no que concerne à preferência do homem negro na escolha de parceira afetiva e conjugal. Esta situação repercute com mais intensidade nas jovens negras, independente da classe social. O comportamento do homem negro foi percebido como resultado de uma desvalorização social da população negra do Brasil, de longa data, que vem estimulando os jovens negros a procurar clarear a família. A associação inter-racial foi vista como vantajosa para o homem negro, no sentido da sua ascensão social, e muito desvantajosa para a mulher negra pela tendência observada da predominância de pares inter-raciais, quais sejam homem negro-mulher branca. As participantes consideram que o preterimento da mulher negra acarreta solidão e humilhação. Para enfrentar esta situação o grupo considerou que a educação formal é um fator importante de resgate dos valores étnicos da raça negra, possibilitando a identificação de maior número de indivíduos com estes valores

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudete Alves da Silva Souza.pdf: 976362 bytes, checksum: 18921bffb5b4f4643ad566f4de111980 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-29 / This work has as an aim to tackle the loneliness of the black woman in the affectivesexual dimension, having as a central axis her rejection while pretender to the marriage market by the partner of the same ethnicity. For the understanding of this phenomenon we looked for in the literature datas that could show this empirical fact starting from the socio-historical conception of this subject and the correlated implications. Thus, in addition to the Bibliographic research, the methodological line leds up qualitative technical piece, characterized by the focus group and by the analysis of the speech, allowing to know the representations of these women. The obtained datas with the devolution of 62 interview routes sent to 62 women guided the focus group realization. The datas analysis showed that women who joined the survey consider that there is a disadvantage situation of the black women compared to the white women regarding to the preference of the black men in the choice of the affective and conjugal partner. This situation affects more intensively on young black women, independent of the social class. The behavior of the black man was perceived as a result of a social devaluation of the black population from Brazil, from a long time ago, that is stimulating the young black men to seek "lighten" the family. The Inter-racial association was seen as beneficial to the black man, meaning its social climbing and very disadvantaged for the black woman, by the tendency observed between the inter-racials couples the couple black man-white woman as predominant. The participants believe that the exclusion of the black woman brings loneliness and humiliation. To face this situation, the group considered that the formal education is a rescue major factor of the black ethnic black, enabling the identification of a bigger number of people with thesevalues / Abordei neste trabalho a solidão da mulher negra na dimensão afetivo-sexual, tendo como eixo central seu preterimento, enquanto pretendente ao mercado matrimonia, pelo parceiro da mesma etnia. Para o entendimento de tal fenômeno procurei buscar na literatura dados que dessem conta dessa realidade empírica, partindo da concepção sócio-histórica desse sujeito e das implicações a ela correlacionadas. A linha metodológica utilizada foi a qualitativa, caracterizada pelo grupo focal e pela análise do discurso, permitindo conhecer as representações dessas mulheres. Os dados obtidos com a devolução de 62 roteiros de entrevista nortearam a realização do grupo focal, composto por 11 mulheres. A análise dos dados mostrou que os sujeitos consideram que existe uma situação de desvantagem da mulher negra em comparação com a mulher branca no que concerne à preferência do homem negro na escolha de parceira afetiva e conjugal. Esta situação repercute com mais intensidade nas jovens negras, independente da classe social. O comportamento do homem negro foi percebido como resultado de uma desvalorização social da população negra do Brasil, de longa data, que vem estimulando os jovens negros a procurar clarear a família. A associação inter-racial foi vista como vantajosa para o homem negro, no sentido da sua ascensão social, e muito desvantajosa para a mulher negra pela tendência observada da predominância de pares inter-raciais, quais sejam homem negro-mulher branca. As participantes consideram que o preterimento da mulher negra acarreta solidão e humilhação. Para enfrentar esta situação o grupo considerou que a educação formal é um fator importante de resgate dos valores étnicos da raça negra, possibilitando a identificação de maior número de indivíduos com estes valores

Une société hétéronormative reconnaît l’hétérosexualité, les sexes et les rôles de genre qui y sont traditionnellement associés comme seuls comportements socialement acceptables. En Martinique, ces rôles de genre sont incarnés par des personnages fictifs auxquels les individus se réfèrent dans leurs interactions. Cette fiction hétéronormative s’écrit autour de personnages légitimes qui respectent des normes assez contradictoires décrites par les études de genre aux Antilles (Réputation, Respectabilité, Matrifocalité) et elle se maintient grâce à la stigmatisation de personnages identifiés comme monstrueux. Dans un contexte où l’essentiel des îles indépendantes des Antilles conserve une législation coloniale hostile à l’homosexualité, le Makoumè est un personnage de sexe mâle au rôle de genre féminin et supposé homosexuel, qui définit en négatif le rôle de genre masculin. Dans un contexte judéo-chrétien et post-colonial, la Walpa structure les rôles de genre féminins en dessinant la limite de comportements incompatibles avec la Respectabilité. La recherche sur la marginalisation de ces personnages met en lumière les violences auxquelles sont exposées les personnes LGBTI en Martinique. Elle révèle aussi les souffrances causées par la stigmatisation du Makoumè et de la Walpa dans l’ensemble de la population, quelle que soit l’identité sexuelle des individus. Déconstruire les axiomes de l’hétéronormativité dans le cadre scolaire pourrait alors participer à la diminution des violences sexistes et homophobes générées par cette fiction. Cette hypothèse a été explorée dans le cadre d’une étude de terrain pionnière sur l’homophobie et le sexisme en milieu scolaire en Martinique. / A heteronormative society recognizes heterosexuality, gender and gender roles traditionally associated with it as the only socially acceptable behavior. In Martinique, these gender roles are embodied by fictional characters to which people refer in their interactions. This heteronormative fiction is written around legitimate characters who respect the quite contradictory norms described by the West Indies gender studies: Reputation, Respectability, Matrifocality. But it is maintained through the stigmatization of characters considered monstrous. In the context of the West Indies where most of the independent islands penalize homosexuality, Makoumè is a male character of feminine gender and supposed homosexual, which defines in negative the masculine gender. In a Judeo-Christian and post-colonial context, the Walpa structures feminine gender roles by drawing the limit of behaviors incompatible with Respectability. Research on the marginalization of these characters highlights the violence faced by LGBTI people in Martinique. It also reveals the suffering caused by the stigmatization of Makoumè and Walpa in the entire population, regardless of the sexual identity of individuals. Deconstructing the axioms of heteronormativity in the school system could then contribute to the reduction of the sexist and homophobic violence generated by this fiction. This hypothesis was explored in a pioneering field study on homophobia and sexism in schools in Martinique.

Les sociétés caribéennes de legs plantationnaire sont souvent associées à des sociétés « matrifocales » à tendance matriarcale où les femmes seraient détentrices d’un potentat féminin et les hommes dépossédés de leur autorité « naturelle ». Les femmes sont certes dotées d'une autorité féminine mais la « matrifocalité » ne nie pas des rapports de pouvoir inégaux entre les hommes et les femmes. Le champ politique en constitue un terrain d'expression privilégié. Le décalage paradoxal entre le pouvoir prêté aux femmes et leur position dans le système politique sert de point de départ à ce travail de thèse qui cherche à étudier les relations entre ordre social et représentation politique du point de vue du genre. Il analyse l'évolution de la représentation des femmes dans les assemblées politiques centrales en Guadeloupe (Conseil départemental et Conseil régional) et en Jamaïque (Chambre des représentants et Sénat) depuis 1944 au prisme des renégociations permanentes entre les contraintes structurelles des deux contextes politiques étudiés et les contraintes symboliques intériorisées par leurs acteur.rices.s porteur.se.s d'une histoire sociale particulière, ainsi que les modalités de professionnalisation politique des représentantes recouvrant une hétérogénéité de trajectoires personnelles, professionnelles et politiques. La méthode de recherche adoptée mobilise des sources archivistiques par le recueil de données de type statistique et monographique, donnant lieu à la réalisation d'une base de données sur les femmes siégeant dans les assemblées politiques et d'une typologie de leurs trajectoires, ainsi que la réalisation d’une série d'entretiens semi-directifs biographiques auprès de certaines d’entre elles afin d'approfondir l'analyse de leurs trajectoires. La perspective comparatiste entre la Guadeloupe et la Jamaïque souligne les spécificités de leurs systèmes de représentation politique en dépit de leurs similitudes socioculturelles. / The Caribbean plantation societies are often described as “matrifocal” or even matriarchal societies in which women hold a female power which deprives their male counterparts of their “natural” authority. Women indeed possess a female power but “matrifocality” does not prevent men from holding more power than women in some domains. The study of the political arena is insightful in this regard. This thesis considers the paradoxical gap between the power women are believed to have in society and their position within the political system, and studies the relationship between the Caribbean social order and its gendered political representation. It analyzes the evolution of women’s representation in the central political assemblies of Guadeloupe (Departmental Council and Regional Council) and Jamaica (House of Representatives and Senate) since 1944, drawing on the permanent evolutions between the structural constraints of the two studied political systems and the symbolic constraints interiorized by the parliamentarians that carry a specific social history; as well as their diversified pathways to political professionalization, echoing their different personal, professional and political trajectories. The research method uses archival data, through the collection of statistical and monographic data which enabled the construction of a database of women seated in the political assemblies of Guadeloupe and Jamaica, as well as interviews conducted with some of them in order to deepen the analysis of their trajectories. The comparative study between Guadeloupe and Jamaica highlights the specificities of their political representation systems despite their similar sociocultural history.