Nuestra idea de negocio nace en base a que algunas personas tienen problemas con respecto al delivery de medicamentos como la demora en la entrega, altos costos en el delivery. Por ese motivo, este presente trabajo tiene como finalidad la implementación y desarrollo del modelo de negocio sostenible en un periodo determinado con la posibilidad de competir en el mercado a través de su valor agregado y sus beneficios de diferenciación entre sus competidores. La idea de negocio llamado GoMedic, la cual se basa en la creación de una red de farmacias y así el cliente pida su producto para que el aplicativo busque el establecimiento más cercano a su hogar y encuentre el precio más accesible que se tenga en el mercado. Lo que se busca es brindar el mejor precio del mercado a nuestro comprador, manteniendo la seguridad y normas en la venta de medicinas, asimismo de cumplir los protocolos de bioseguridad de nuestros motorizados afiliados. La contribución de la app para la sociedad en estos momentos será reducir de alguna manera los niveles de contagio en zonas cerradas o poca ventilación y minimizar las exposiciones de las personas en las calles en plena pandemia. En la primera parte, se elaboraron experimentos para validar el problema mencionado con el objetivo de recolectar todo lo investigado sobre ello y la posible solución. En la segunda parte, se elaboraron experimentos para así de esa forma llegar a conocer si la idea de negocio es factible o no. Se puede decir que nuestro proyecto es viable ya que con las proyecciones realizadas se obtiene un valor actual neto total de S/.68 564, lo que significa que es rentable / Our business idea was born on the basis that some people have problems regarding the delivery of medicines such as delays in delivery, high costs in delivery. For this reason, this present work aims to implement and develop the sustainable business model in a given period with the possibility of competing in the market through its added value and its benefits of differentiation among its competitors. The business idea is called GoMedic, which is based on the creation of a network of pharmacies and thus the client requests their product so that the application looks for the establishment closest to their home and finds the most accessible price in the market . What is sought is to provide the best price on the market to our buyer, maintaining safety and standards in the sale of medicines, as well as complying with the biosafety protocols of our affiliated motorized vehicles. The app's contribution to society at this time will be to somehow reduce the levels of contagion in closed areas or poor ventilation and minimize the exposure of people on the streets in the midst of a pandemic. In the first part, experiments were developed to validate the aforementioned problem in order to collect all the research on it and the possible solution. In the second part, experiments were developed in order to get to know if the business idea is feasible or not. It can be said that our project is viable since with the projections made, a total net present value of S / .68,564 is obtained, which means that it is profitable. / Trabajo de investigación

En el presente trabajo de investigación, se presenta la idea de negocio Farmappcia, plataforma virtual que ofrece medicamentos y asesoría a precios bajos. La idea de negocio pretende beneficiar a aquellas personas que necesiten acceder a medicamentos de manera económica y rápida. Por otro lado, busca ofrecer una plataforma y aplicativo móvil que permita al usuario o cliente interactuar de forma sencilla y rápida. De esta manera, se pretende dar solución a aquellas personas que requieren de medicamentos y no cuentan con accesibilidad o tiempo para adquirirlos. Por último, el proyecto tendrá una inversión inicial de S/.33,422.95 para poder empezar una primera etapa de operaciones. La inversión será recuperada a mediados del segundo año tras haber empezado operaciones. Además, contara con un financiamiento del 50% de la inversión inicial a través de deuda con terceros. / In this research work, the Farmappcia business idea is presented, a virtual platform that offers medicines and advice at low prices. The business idea aims to benefit those people who need access to drugs cheaply and quickly. On the other hand, it seeks to offer a platform and mobile application that allows the user or client to interact easily and quickly. In this way, it is intended to provide a solution to those people who need medications and do not have accessibility or time to acquire them. Finally, the project will have an initial investment of S/.33,422.95 to be able to start a first stage of operations. The investment will be recovered in the middle of the second year after starting operations. In addition, it will have financing of 50% of the initial investment through debt with third parties. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación presenta una solución basada en una aplicación de delivery, la cual permite al público objetivo poder tener un fácil acceso para las compras de sus medicamentos, ofreciéndoles ahorro de tiempo, dinero, beneficios de compra y una entrega en un rango menor a una hora. Es importante resaltar que la solución planteada se basa en un modelo de negocio on demand, puesto que es un servicio que es atendido solamente cuando el cliente lo solicita. El respectivo análisis del proyecto se llevó a cabo mediante diferentes entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a personas del público objetivo pertenecientes de Lima Metropolitana de los NSE A, B y C. Dicho análisis permitió identificar una demanda de mercado insatisfecha, debido a que gran parte de los entrevistados consideran que, además de que no existe una aplicación exclusiva de delivery de medicinas, actualmente el delivery de las farmacias no brinda un servicio eficiente que cumpla con las expectativas de un servicio básico de delivery. Por consiguiente, se ha planteó la solución Medlivery, una aplicación de delivery de medicinas, que no solo satisface esta necesidad insatisfecha de los consumidores, sino también sirve como apoyo para todas aquellas personas que no pueden acercarse a una farmacia presencial por diferentes razones. Para poder determinar la rentabilidad del proyecto, se analizó el comportamiento de los clientes potenciales mediante diversos experimentos que validan tanto la propuesta de valor del negocio, como la intención de compra y venta de este. / This research work presents a solution based on delivery application, which allows the target audience to have easy access to the purchase of their medicines, by offering them saving on time, money, purchase benefits and fast delivery, no longer than an hour. It is important to highlight that this proposed solution is based on an on demand business model since it is a service that is attended only when the client requests it. The respective analysis of the project was carried out through different in-depth interviews carried out with people from the target audience belonging to Metropolitan Lima of the socioeconomic groups A, B and C. This analysis allowed identifying unsatisfied market demand since a large part of the interviewees considers that, in addition to the fact that there is no exclusive application for the delivery of medicines, currently the delivery of pharmacies does not provide an efficient service that meets the expectations of their public. Therefore, the Medlivery solution has been proposed, a medicine delivery application, which not only satisfies this unmet need of consumers, but also serves as a support for all those people who cannot approach a face-to-face pharmacy for different reasons. In order to determine the profitability of this project, the behavior of potential customers was analyzed through various experiments that validate both the value proposition of the business, as well as its intention to buy and sell it. / Trabajo de investigación

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Social and Clinical Pharmacy Author: Duong Thuy Linh Supervisor: PharmDr. Jiří Klimeš, PhD., MBA Title of Thesis: The budget impact and cost-effectiveness thresholds in the context of other criteria in reimbursement decision making of medicinal products KEY WORDS: cost-effectiveness analysis, Willingness to pay threshold, medicines, MCDA - multi- criteria decision analysis OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to provide a structured overview of selected criteria that are / may be key to adopt new innovative technology in the reimbursement system, based on a retrospective analysis of selected decisions of the State Institute for Drug Control. It was investigated the relationship between the individual criteria (and scoring results) coming from the multi-criteria analysis and the value of ICER and BIA, for these medicinal products entering the reimbursed system. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of selected legally closed, published and publicly available administrative proceedings of the State Institute for Drug Control in the period January 2020 - May 2021. A total of 20 administrative proceedings were selected for the final analysis, of which 12 medicinal products that were selected, entered the permanent reimbursement and the...

El proyecto de “MedicFast” ha sido desarrollado para poder ayudar a las personas al momento de buscar un medicamento sin la necesidad de que pierdan tiempo preguntando en cada farmacia buscando un precio acorde y si se encuentra disponible, este proyecto resulta beneficioso en el aspecto del tiempo de búsqueda y el dinero que se pueda gastar, adicionando un servicio de delivery en caso no deseen ir a la farmacia por el medicamento. Además, se implementó un plan de marketing sumamente elaborado que tiene como finalidad poder interactuar con los usuarios por medio de las famosas redes sociales como Facebook e Instagram; además, se logró diseñar una campaña de promoción de “MedicFast” para poder conocer el interés de los usuarios en Lima Metropolitana que desean utilizar el aplicativo. MedicFast contará con un App móvil para sistemas IOS y Android, donde se podrán registrar los usuarios o enlazar sus redes sociales compatibles. Por medio de este aplicativo podrán interactuar en todo el proceso desde colocar el medicamento que desean hasta visualizar en donde se encuentra y si desean un servicio de delivery para que llegue a la puerta de su hogar. Además, se mostrarán las indicaciones respectivas de cada medicamento, el precio y en la farmacia donde se encuentra disponible. / The “MedicFast” project has been developed to help people when looking for a drug without the need to waste time asking each pharmacy looking for a price that matches and if it is available, this project is beneficial in terms of Search time and the money this can be spent, adding a delivery service in case they don’t want to go to the pharmacy for the medicine. In addition, a highly elaborate marketing plan was implemented that aims be able to interact with users through the famous social networks such as Facebook and Instagram; In addition, it was possible to design a promotion campaign for "MedicFast" in order to know the interest of users in Metropolitan Lima who wish to use the application. MedicFast will have a mobile App for IOS and Android systems, where users can register or Vínculo their compatible social networks. Through this application they will be able to interact in the whole process from placing the medicine they want to visualizing where it is and if they want a delivery service so that it arrives at the door of their home. In addition, the respective indications of each medication, the price and the pharmacy where it is available will be displayed. / Trabajo de investigación

Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterised by translocation of gene on chromosome 8. This translocation is usually detected by fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH) studies as part of routine diagnostic work-up and prognostication. FISH testing is commonly done with the break-apart probe (BAP). This case illustrates how this testing can be falsely negative. This patient is a young male diagnosed with Stage I low-risk Burkitt with FISH negative for translocation initially on BAP testing. Additional testing with dual FISH probe detected translocation. FISH testing using BAPs alone may be falsely negative for translocations creating a diagnostic challenge and compromising the treatment approach and assessment of prognosis.

Association of Commonwealth Universities. Commonwealth Scholarship Commission. United Kingdom.

This research, with the main focus on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, was based on data from the literature, and on questionnaire and interview surveys with the main stakeholders: authorities, drug-developers and NGOs/foundations. It revealed the following determinants, which contributed to the occurrence of drug pricing conflicts in Brazil, Thailand and South Africa: governmental constitutional commitments to supply medicines to poor people, the existence of a local pharmaceutical industry capable of producing generic versions of patented medicines and long histories of disease treatment programmes. The research documented the preferred approaches to increase global access to life-saving medicines for the next decade, which were found to be: public-private-partnerships, prevention measures, dedication of >0.5% of GNP to poor countries, and improvement of national healthcare/insurance systems. Those approaches were integrated into a conceptual framework, which could enable country-level organizations to move beyond the conflict mentality via a ¿Public-Private-Partnership for gradual Self-Sufficiency and Sustainability Model,¿ (P3S3). Within this framework, rich countries should invest >0.5% of their GNP to help to alleviate poverty in poor countries. With these funds, national governments should implement programmes to expand implementation of disease prevention measures and improve national - 4 - healthcare/insurance systems and the quality of the medicines involved. Public-private-partnerships should act as ¿steering-and-controlling¿ organizations to guide the process and to minimise corruption. As a positive message to all who currently lack access to these medicines, the thesis author¿s conclusion is that the use of this model could help to turn the current unsustainable development policies into sustainable ones, and as a consequence, it would contribute to improvements in the quality of life of millions of people in poor countries. / Tibotec-Virco BVBA

Backround. Based of my personal observations when employed as a pharmacist in a Saudi hospital it was clear that there were problems with medicine supply to outpatients. This thesis was designed to scientifically investigate the types of shortages, the reason(s) for such problems and potential solutions to the problem. Methods . This study was undertaken using a variety of experimental techniques to determine the views and perceptions of patients, pharmacists, physicians and administrative staff of the hospital under examination. To establish the scale of the problem: focus groups (n=25), structured questionnaires, structured interviews/meetings for health care professionals and a national survey (n=650) were the research tools used to objectively determine the relevant data. The data were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Results and Discussion That there was a real problem was quickly established in the data obtained from patients. A similar finding was made for each of the ¿professional groups¿. The central problem was one of shortages of medicines for prescriptions presented by outpatients. It was not a case the medicines were simply not available because they were never stocked but rather a simple shortage in the dispensary stock. It was established the lack of medicines was not due to central budget arrangements but involved prescribing quantities outside of the hospital guidelines which no degree of planning could accommodate. There was also the very unexpected finding that a prescription could be filled in a variety of hospital dispensaries as individuals could access more than one hospital or they could consult more than one physician for the same condition and obtain effectively double the supplies. Communications between the hospital and patients and the health care professionals could all be improved by perhaps increasing the knowledge of the patient about the correct use of medicines. Recommendations. A series of recommendations for future work is provided / Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Medication safety and improving communication at care transitions are an international priority. There is vast evidence on the scale of error associated with medicines reconciliation and some evidence of successful interventions to improve reconciliation. However, there is insufficient evidence on the factors that contribute towards medication error at transitions, or the roles of those involved. This thesis examined current UK medicines reconciliation practice within primary and secondary care, and the role of HCPs and patients. Using a mixed-method, multi-centre design, the type and severity of discrepancies at admission to hospital were established and staff undertaking medicines reconciliation across secondary and primary care were observed, using evidence-informed framework, based on a narrative literature review. The overall processes used to reconcile medicines were similar; however, there was considerable inter and intra-organisational variation within primary and secondary care practice. Patients were not routinely involved in discussions about their medication, despite their capacity to do so. Various human factors in reconciliation-related errors were apparent; predominantly inadequate communication, individual factors e.g. variation in approach by HCP, and patient factors e.g. lack of capacity. Areas of good practice which could reduce medicines reconciliation-related errors/discrepancies were identified. There is a need for increased consistency and standardisation of medicines reconciliationrelated policy, procedures and documentation, alongside communication optimisation. This could be achieved through a standardised definition and taxonomy of error, the development of a medicines reconciliation quality assessment framework, increased undergraduate and post-graduate education, improved patient engagement, better utilisation of information technology and improved safety culture.