The doctrine of intellectual property is based on the assumption that the exclusivity to commercialize a novel product granted to an inventor creates incentives to conduct research. In some areas, however, intellectual property can constitute a barrier to development of social welfare. In the area of access to medicines in developing countries, the intellectual property-related problem can take two forms. When needed products are not being developed and thus do not exist, lack of availability occurs. Lack of accessibility, on the other hand, arises when necessary medicines do exist, but their prices are prohibitive for people from resource-poor countries. Based on a detailed analysis of the patent and trade environment in the pharmaceutical sector, the thesis examines the potential of patent pooling as a joint intellectual property management strategy to increase access to medicines within the existing international intellectual property system. Particularly, it analyzes the effects of an existing pharmaceutical pool, the Medicines Patent Pool, on accessibility of antiretroviral medicines in low and middle income countries.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-19T16:40:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 evandrodeoliveiralupatini.pdf: 1858906 bytes, checksum: 5cce2914c24271bd66cff2c1d9dbc87f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T18:00:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 evandrodeoliveiralupatini.pdf: 1858906 bytes, checksum: 5cce2914c24271bd66cff2c1d9dbc87f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T18:00:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 evandrodeoliveiralupatini.pdf: 1858906 bytes, checksum: 5cce2914c24271bd66cff2c1d9dbc87f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A farmacoterapia sempre assumiu um importante papel na prevenção, manutenção e recuperação da saúde. Entretanto, a prescrição e a utilização inapropriada de medicamentos vêm causando graves problemas à saúde coletiva, de forma que há necessidade do uso racional de medicamentos. Há um consenso na literatura de que pacientes informados são mais propensos ao cumprimento de regimes terapêuticos. No contexto hospitalar, o momento da alta é considerado crítico, uma vez que envolve a transição do paciente em níveis assistenciais. O trabalho buscou verificar o conhecimento dos pacientes a respeito dos medicamentos prescritos na alta hospitalar em um hospital de ensino. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, de corte transversal prospectivo, realizado no Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora no período de setembro a dezembro de 2013. Foram entrevistados 107 pacientes ou cuidadores de pacientes no momento da alta hospitalar sendo aplicados questionários com o intuito de verificar o conhecimento sobre a prescrição de alta, bem como investigar fatores associados a este conhecimento. Foi atribuída pontuação (0 a 13 pontos) e sua correspondência em três níveis de conhecimento: insuficiente, regular e bom. A pontuação média foi 9,66 pontos, correspondendo a um nível de conhecimento regular. Dez por cento dos entrevistados apresentaram nível insuficiente, 58,9% regular e 30,8% bom. Os dois maiores índices de acerto foram quanto à frequência de administração (94,4% de concordância) e via de administração (97,2%). Os dois piores índices de acerto foram para interações medicamentosas (15,9%) e efeitos adversos (29,0%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a média da pontuação de grupos em função da raça/cor (autodeclarada) e polifarmácia. Mesmo estando satisfeitos com as orientações transmitidas, “precauções”, “efeitos adversos” e “interações medicamentosas” foram os temas mais demandados pelos entrevistados quanto a maiores orientações. Infere-se que as atividades de educação em saúde deveriam estar mais presentes, contribuindo para um maior conhecimento do paciente. Sugere-se o trabalho ordenado e conjunto dos diversos profissionais de saúde, tomando por base o diálogo com o paciente, preparando-o desde o primeiro dia de internação para o momento da alta. Neste âmbito, o profissional farmacêutico deve ser convocado a participar do planejamento da alta hospitalar, integrando a equipe multiprofissional de saúde e fornecendo ao paciente todas as informações necessárias para o uso seguro e racional dos medicamentos. / Pharmacotherapy has always played an important role in prevention, maintenance and restoration of health. However, the inappropriate prescribing and use of medicines are causing serious public health problems, and rational use of medicines is needed. There is a consensus in the literature that informed patients are more likely to comply with treatment regimens. In the hospital context, the discharge is considered critical, since it involves the transition levels of the patient care. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of patients regarding medications prescribed at discharge in a teaching hospital. This is an exploratory study, a prospective cross-sectional, conducted at University Hospital of UFJF from September to December 2013. 107 patients or caregivers were interviewed at discharge and questionnaires were used to verify the knowledge about prescribing medicines and to investigate factors associated with this knowledge. Score (0-13 points) and their correspondence in three levels of knowledge was given: poor, regular and good. The average score was 9.66 points, which corresponds to a regular level of knowledge. Ten percent of respondents had insufficient levels, 58.9% regular and 30.8% good. The two highest accuracy rate was about the frequency of administration (94,4% agreement) and route of administration (97.2%). The two worst rates were for drug interactions (15.9%) and adverse events (29.0%). There was a statistically significant difference between mean scores based on race / color (self-declared) and polypharmacy. Despite being pleased with the guidelines provided, "precautions", "adverse effects" and "drug interactions" were the topics most in demand by respondents as the major orientations. It is inferred that the activities of education and health should be more present, contributing to a greater understanding of the patient. It is suggested that the ordered work and all the different health professionals, based on a dialogue with the patient, preparing it since the first day of admission to discharge. In this context, the pharmacist should be asked to participate in hospital discharge planning, integrating multidisciplinary health care team to the patient and providing all information necessary for the safe and rational use of medicines.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-04-25T18:31:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco Antonio Spina.pdf: 1128320 bytes, checksum: 29a9aed93ad1d424a61974aebbac5d2d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco Antonio Spina.pdf: 1128320 bytes, checksum: 29a9aed93ad1d424a61974aebbac5d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / An Easy Access, variety and increased consumption of medicines in different health sectors, are becoming an environmental problem and public health, since the incorrect disposal of waste, made by the people in the environment, for lack of a legislation , specific reflected directly in reverse logistics processes (LP) of expired medications. The creation of the National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) seeks to alleviate and solve this need linked to the environment, but it is important to know the role of the pharmaceutical retail and propose shared responsibility actions in the waste management among all stakeholders. This research aims to analyze the participation of pharmaceutical managers or technicians responsible pharmacists in São Paulo in reverse logistics expired medications or unused front NSWP. The study is a qualitative exploratory case study - quantitative, involving interviews with active pharmaceutical retail and an active manager in LR area of drugs. The collected data were processed and analyzed descriptively using graphical and statistical form using SPSS software. The figures obtained in this study demonstrate that the reality of Reverse Logistics in the pharmaceutical retail in São Paulo is fragile and that the facilities are not integrated and prepared to share the LR with the other links in the chain. Of the 79 respondents (49% of the sample) is not sure to dispose of expired medicines in the post sale and, on the other hand, 113 respondents (70% of the sample) say they are knowledgeable of the harm caused to the environment by the irregular disposal of medicines. / O fácil acesso, a variedade e o aumento do consumo de medicamentos em diversos segmentos de saúde estão se tornando um problema ambiental e de saúde pública, uma vez que o descarte incorreto dos resíduos, feitos pela população no meio ambiente, por falta de uma legislação específica, reflete diretamente nos processos de Logística Reversa (LR) dos medicamentos vencidos. A criação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) busca amenizar e resolver essa necessidade ligada ao meio ambiente, porém é importante conhecer o papel do varejo farmacêutico e propor ações de responsabilidade compartilhada no gerenciamento de resíduos entre todos os stakeholders. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a participação de farmacêuticos gestores e farmacêuticos responsáveis técnicos, na cidade de São Paulo na Logística Reversa de medicamentos vencidos ou em desuso frente à PNRS. O trabalho é um estudo de caso de caráter exploratório, qualitativo e quantitativo, que envolve a realização de entrevistas com farmacêuticos atuantes no varejo e um gestor atuante na área de LR de medicamentos. Os dados coletados foram tratados e analisados de forma descritiva por meio de gráficos e de forma estatística utilizando software SPSS. Os números obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que a realidade da Logística Reversa no varejo farmacêutico no município de São Paulo é frágil e que os estabelecimentos não estão integrados e preparados para compartilhar a LR com os outros elos da cadeia. De um total de 161 entrevistados, 79 (49% da amostra) não sabem ao certo a destinação final de medicamentos vencidos no pós-consumo e, por outro lado, 113 entrevistados (70% da amostra) se dizem conhecedores dos malefícios causados ao meio ambiente pelo descarte irregular de medicamentos.

To provide background information about previous findings about the prevalence of use, abuse and dependence of various substances (nicotine, alcohol, prescription and illicit drugs) findings of available epidemiological studies in Germany from the 1980s and 1990s are summarized and critically evaluated. Focusing on findings of substance use surveys in adolescents and young adults the review indicates: (a) a considerable number of large scale questionnaire surveys in general population samples documenting the frequency of use and patterns of use of most substances; (b) indications of increasing rates of drug use particularly in East Germany; (c) high rates of illicit drug use, mainly of cannabinoids, but also stimulants and hallucinogens, among young age groups. No data are available from substance use surveys or from clinical epidemiological studies allowing the determination of how frequent substance abuse and substance dependence diagnoses are in the general population or in adolescents and young adults. Priorities for future research to ameliorate this unsatisfactory situation are outlined with emphasis on research in adolescents and young adults.

This diploma thesis deals with current pharmacotherapeutic care with a focus on activities that nurses take part in. The aim was to collect and evaluate the views and experiences of selected nurses regarding their role in pharmacotherapy team, particularly what activities they perform in such team and how their pharmacotherapy teams work in general. SWOT analysis was then used firstly to evaluate the current role of nurses and secondly to suggest a way of implementation of possible extension of nurses' competencies in pharmacotherapy. In order to collect the required data, semi-structured interviews were conducted. These were recorded, so they could be easily processed afterwards. During transcription of the interviews into written text, all the collected data was briefly analysed. The data was further analysed using the open coding method, when three main categories with specific subcategories and subcodes were identified. All the selected men and women, which were asked for cooperation, are people working as a nurse without supervision and mentoring. Based on their career history all of them were expected to have a more specific experience with the issue. The respondents were mainly nurses with long-term working experience, often working in middle or senior management. When selecting the future...

Este documento tiene como objetivo demostrar la viabilidad y rentabilidad de un proyecto de inversión en una aplicación y plataforma web especializada en el delivery de medicamentos. En el primer capítulo se describe brevemente la idea de negocio, la cual está basada en la demanda creciente de compras por delivery, la mayor penetración de smartphones e internet. El segundo capítulo, se describen los aspectos generales del negocio, los beneficios de la app tanto para las farmacias y boticas como para el consumidor, como lo son: ahorro, puntualidad, accesibilidad, rapidez. En el tercer capítulo, entre otras cosas, se detallan las estrategias a utilizarse, la estrategia genérica, la cual es la estrategia de enfoque, debido a que se dirige aun segmento con una necesidad particular. En el cuarto capítulo, se muestra cómo se diseñó la propuesta de valor, y cuáles fueron las necesidades identificadas en el mercado. El quinto capítulo, se describen las características del marketing mix del servicio, los canales de venta y la demanda proyectada. En el sexto capítulo, empresa, las políticas de operaciones, la ubicación y la inversión total. En el séptimo capítulo, el lector podrá conocer la denominación y razón social de la empresa, el número de trabajadores y el presupuesto de recursos humanos. En el octavo capítulo, siendo un proyecto basado en deuda, se podrá conocer la rentabilidad del Flujo de caja de libre disponibilidad calculada en 66.08%, un Valor Actual Neto de S/. 909,869 soles con una tasa de rentabilidad mínima esperada de 15.15%. / This document aims to demonstrate the viability and profitability of an investment project in an application and web platform specialized in the delivery of medicines. The first chapter briefly describes the business idea, which is based on the growing demand for delivery purchases, the greater penetration of smartphones and the internet. The second chapter describes the general aspects of the business, the benefits of the app for both pharmacies and drugstores as well as for the consumer, such as: savings, punctuality, accessibility, speed. In the third chapter, among other things, the strategies to be used are detailed, the generic strategy, which is the focus strategy, because it targets a segment with a particular need. In the fourth chapter, it is shown how the value proposition was designed, and what were the needs identified in the market. The fifth chapter describes the characteristics of the marketing mix of the service, the sales channels and the projected demand. In the sixth chapter, company, operations policies, location and total investment. In the seventh chapter, the reader will be able to know the name and company name of the company, the number of workers and the human resources budget. In the eighth chapter, being a project based on debt, it will be possible to know the profitability of the Free Cash Flow calculated at 66.08%, a Net Present Value of S /. 909,869 soles with a minimum expected rate of return of 15.15%. / Trabajo de investigación

El objetivo general de la investigación ha sido analizar la factibilidad y viabilidad de la creación de una empresa comercializadora de medicamentos esenciales con propósito de beneficiar con precios competitivos a aquellas clínicas con limitado poder de negociación y adquisición ubicadas en Miraflores, San Borja y San Isidro. El abastecimiento oportuno a las clínicas del segmento del mercado elegido y el aumento del periodo promedio de pago a las clínicas con menor liquidez, son las principales características del modelo del negocio. A partir del marco teórico se analizan diversos aspectos relacionados a laboratorios y proveedores, precios Kairos; así como distribución y centrales de compras. El mercado meta está constituido por 44 clínicas ubicadas en los distritos elegidos. En la investigación se utilizó la metodología mixta (cuantitativa y cualitativa) lo cual permitió corroborar que el modelo del negocio es atractivo para el mercado real constituido por 14 clínicas. Los procesos clave de la empresa están compuestos por la negociación del costo de adquisición, cotización al cliente, consolidación y adquisición de medicamentos, almacenamiento, así como, venta y distribución. La simulación con proyección a 5 años, una inversión de S/ 773 829 financiado con 81,64% de capital propio y un 18,36% de préstamo bancario a una TEA de 16,48% a un plazo de 3 años, arrojan un VAN positivo de S/ 864 015 y una TIR de 42,08% superior al costo de oportunidad de los inversionistas. Se ha concluido que el modelo del negocio es altamente atractivo para los potenciales clientes e inversionistas. / The main purprose of the research is to analyze the feasibility and viability of the creation of a trading company of essential drugs with the purpose to help those clinics a competitive prices with limited purchasing power and negotiation located in Miraflores, San Borja and San Isidro. The appropiate supply to clinics in the chosen market segment and the high average payment period to clinics with less liquidity, will be the main characteristics of the business model. Through the theoretical framework, many related aspects are analyzed to laboratories and suppliers, Kairos prices; as well as distribution and purchasing centers. The target market is composed of 44 clinics located in the chosen districts. In the research, it's used the mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative), which corroborated that the business model is attractive for the real market consisting of 14 clinics. The key processes of the company are composed to the negotiation of the cost of acquisition, quotation to the client, consolidation and acquisition of medicines, storage space, as well as, sale and distribution. The simulation with a 5-year projection with an investment of S/ 773,829 financed with 81.64% of equity capital and 18.36% of bank loan at a rate of 16.48% for a term of years, results a positive NPV of S/ 864,015 and IRR of 42.08% higher than the opportunity cost of investors. For all that reaffirms that the business model is highly attractive to potential clients and investors. / Trabajo de investigación

Nuestra idea de negocio nace en base a que algunas personas tienen problemas con respecto al delivery de medicamentos como la demora en la entrega, altos costos en el delivery. Por ese motivo, este presente trabajo tiene como finalidad la implementación y desarrollo del modelo de negocio sostenible en un periodo determinado con la posibilidad de competir en el mercado a través de su valor agregado y sus beneficios de diferenciación entre sus competidores. La idea de negocio llamado GoMedic, la cual se basa en la creación de una red de farmacias y así el cliente pida su producto para que el aplicativo busque el establecimiento más cercano a su hogar y encuentre el precio más accesible que se tenga en el mercado. Lo que se busca es brindar el mejor precio del mercado a nuestro comprador, manteniendo la seguridad y normas en la venta de medicinas, asimismo de cumplir los protocolos de bioseguridad de nuestros motorizados afiliados. La contribución de la app para la sociedad en estos momentos será reducir de alguna manera los niveles de contagio en zonas cerradas o poca ventilación y minimizar las exposiciones de las personas en las calles en plena pandemia. En la primera parte, se elaboraron experimentos para validar el problema mencionado con el objetivo de recolectar todo lo investigado sobre ello y la posible solución. En la segunda parte, se elaboraron experimentos para así de esa forma llegar a conocer si la idea de negocio es factible o no. Se puede decir que nuestro proyecto es viable ya que con las proyecciones realizadas se obtiene un valor actual neto total de S/.68 564, lo que significa que es rentable / Our business idea was born on the basis that some people have problems regarding the delivery of medicines such as delays in delivery, high costs in delivery. For this reason, this present work aims to implement and develop the sustainable business model in a given period with the possibility of competing in the market through its added value and its benefits of differentiation among its competitors. The business idea is called GoMedic, which is based on the creation of a network of pharmacies and thus the client requests their product so that the application looks for the establishment closest to their home and finds the most accessible price in the market . What is sought is to provide the best price on the market to our buyer, maintaining safety and standards in the sale of medicines, as well as complying with the biosafety protocols of our affiliated motorized vehicles. The app's contribution to society at this time will be to somehow reduce the levels of contagion in closed areas or poor ventilation and minimize the exposure of people on the streets in the midst of a pandemic. In the first part, experiments were developed to validate the aforementioned problem in order to collect all the research on it and the possible solution. In the second part, experiments were developed in order to get to know if the business idea is feasible or not. It can be said that our project is viable since with the projections made, a total net present value of S / .68,564 is obtained, which means that it is profitable. / Trabajo de investigación

En el presente trabajo de investigación, se presenta la idea de negocio Farmappcia, plataforma virtual que ofrece medicamentos y asesoría a precios bajos. La idea de negocio pretende beneficiar a aquellas personas que necesiten acceder a medicamentos de manera económica y rápida. Por otro lado, busca ofrecer una plataforma y aplicativo móvil que permita al usuario o cliente interactuar de forma sencilla y rápida. De esta manera, se pretende dar solución a aquellas personas que requieren de medicamentos y no cuentan con accesibilidad o tiempo para adquirirlos. Por último, el proyecto tendrá una inversión inicial de S/.33,422.95 para poder empezar una primera etapa de operaciones. La inversión será recuperada a mediados del segundo año tras haber empezado operaciones. Además, contara con un financiamiento del 50% de la inversión inicial a través de deuda con terceros. / In this research work, the Farmappcia business idea is presented, a virtual platform that offers medicines and advice at low prices. The business idea aims to benefit those people who need access to drugs cheaply and quickly. On the other hand, it seeks to offer a platform and mobile application that allows the user or client to interact easily and quickly. In this way, it is intended to provide a solution to those people who need medications and do not have accessibility or time to acquire them. Finally, the project will have an initial investment of S/.33,422.95 to be able to start a first stage of operations. The investment will be recovered in the middle of the second year after starting operations. In addition, it will have financing of 50% of the initial investment through debt with third parties. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación presenta una solución basada en una aplicación de delivery, la cual permite al público objetivo poder tener un fácil acceso para las compras de sus medicamentos, ofreciéndoles ahorro de tiempo, dinero, beneficios de compra y una entrega en un rango menor a una hora. Es importante resaltar que la solución planteada se basa en un modelo de negocio on demand, puesto que es un servicio que es atendido solamente cuando el cliente lo solicita. El respectivo análisis del proyecto se llevó a cabo mediante diferentes entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a personas del público objetivo pertenecientes de Lima Metropolitana de los NSE A, B y C. Dicho análisis permitió identificar una demanda de mercado insatisfecha, debido a que gran parte de los entrevistados consideran que, además de que no existe una aplicación exclusiva de delivery de medicinas, actualmente el delivery de las farmacias no brinda un servicio eficiente que cumpla con las expectativas de un servicio básico de delivery. Por consiguiente, se ha planteó la solución Medlivery, una aplicación de delivery de medicinas, que no solo satisface esta necesidad insatisfecha de los consumidores, sino también sirve como apoyo para todas aquellas personas que no pueden acercarse a una farmacia presencial por diferentes razones. Para poder determinar la rentabilidad del proyecto, se analizó el comportamiento de los clientes potenciales mediante diversos experimentos que validan tanto la propuesta de valor del negocio, como la intención de compra y venta de este. / This research work presents a solution based on delivery application, which allows the target audience to have easy access to the purchase of their medicines, by offering them saving on time, money, purchase benefits and fast delivery, no longer than an hour. It is important to highlight that this proposed solution is based on an on demand business model since it is a service that is attended only when the client requests it. The respective analysis of the project was carried out through different in-depth interviews carried out with people from the target audience belonging to Metropolitan Lima of the socioeconomic groups A, B and C. This analysis allowed identifying unsatisfied market demand since a large part of the interviewees considers that, in addition to the fact that there is no exclusive application for the delivery of medicines, currently the delivery of pharmacies does not provide an efficient service that meets the expectations of their public. Therefore, the Medlivery solution has been proposed, a medicine delivery application, which not only satisfies this unmet need of consumers, but also serves as a support for all those people who cannot approach a face-to-face pharmacy for different reasons. In order to determine the profitability of this project, the behavior of potential customers was analyzed through various experiments that validate both the value proposition of the business, as well as its intention to buy and sell it. / Trabajo de investigación