Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The way in which the economic scenario is structured can be considered a central factor in the investigation of aspects related to organizational performance. However, internal aspects of the organization can also be influencing factors of performance, for example, the mental models of the entrepreneurs. Mental models represent the perceptual structuring of managers about the decisions to be taken in the organizational sphere and that can end up reflecting on the success or failure of the business. The main objective of this research was to verify the relationship between the mental models and the organizational performance of startups in the Brazilian Northeast, based on the model of De Toni et al., (2014). This research became relevant, considering the high mortality rate of Brazilian startups, reaching about 25% in its first year of operation and 50% before completing 4 years in the market (ARRUDA et al., 2012). The methodology adopted in the research was qualitativequantitative (mixed approach), being divided into two stages. The first stage consisted of semi-structured interviews with 5 (five) entrepreneurs / managers of startups in the Brazilian Northeast, aiming to analyze the perception of these individuals regarding the dimensions investigated. In the second stage, a survey was carried out with 42 managers of startups in the Brazilian Northeast. A Likert-type questionnaire of 5 (five) points was adopted, relating the organizational performance factor to the dimensions of mental models proposed by De Toni et al., (2014), being: Knowledge, Emotional Skills, Linear Mind, Relationships, Mission and Strategy, Creativity and Innovation and Vocation. In the qualitative stage, a strong link was found between the perception of the managers / entrepreneurs interviewed and the dimensions that form the mental models as drivers of performance. Among the 7 dimensions analyzed, it was observed that the dimensions of creativity / innovation and vocation demanded more enthusiasm in the interviewees' statements, demonstrating that the constant search for innovation and satisfaction in managing their own enterprise are essential factors in the search for the best performance. At the end of the qualitative analysis, it was possible to elaborate a model adapted from the original proposed by De Toni et al., (2014), bringing in this model adapted subcategories that make up the respective dimensions, which were captured through the conversations with the interviewees. In a second moment, already in the quantitative stage, descriptive statistical tests were carried out aiming to statistically identify a relation between the mental models and the organizational performance aspect. The results showed that all the dimensions investigated have high agreement rates on the part of the respondents regarding their connection with the performance of the startups. It was verified that the dimensions with the highest relation to the performance factor were Vocation with a general average of 4.70 and the Creativity / Innovation dimension with a general average of 4.47. With this, it is noticed that there was a coherence between the results obtained in the two stages of the research. Among all the dimensions investigated, the Emotional Ability dimension was the one that showed the lowest index of relation with the organizational performance with an average of 3.97. However, even though it is the dimension that obtained the lowest mean of agreement, its index still indicates a good agreement on its link to organizational performance. This research has contributed to the development of studies that interrelate the areas of administration and psychology. In addition, it has provided an expansion in the investigations related to the mental models of managers / entrepreneurs of startups and their relation with the organizational performance factor. / A forma como o cenário econômico está estruturado, pode ser considerado fator central na investigação dos aspectos relacionados ao desempenho organizacional. Entretanto, os aspectos internos à organização podem também ser fatores influenciadores do desempenho, como por exemplo, os modelos mentais dos empreendedores. Os modelos mentais representam a estruturação perceptiva dos gestores acerca das decisões a serem tomadas no âmbito organizacional e que podem acabar refletindo no sucesso ou fracasso empresarial. Diante disso, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo principal verificar a relação entre os modelos mentais e o desempenho organizacional de startups do nordeste brasileiro, com base no modelo de De Toni et al., (2014). Essa investigação tornou-se relevante, tendo em vista a alta taxa de mortalidade das startups brasileiras, chegando a cerca de 25% em seu primeiro ano de atuação e 50% antes de completar 4 anos no mercado (ARRUDA et al., 2012). A metodologia adotada na pesquisa foi de caráter qualitativa-quantitativa (abordagem mista), sendo dividida em duas etapas. A primeira etapa foi constituída de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 5 (cinco) empreendedores/gestores de startups do Nordeste brasileiro, visando analisar a percepção destes indivíduos no tocante às dimensões investigadas. Já na segunda etapa foi realizada uma survey com 42 gestores de startups do Nordeste brasileiro, sendo adotado um questionário do tipo Likert de 5 (cinco) pontos, relacionando o fator desempenho organizacional às dimensões formadoras dos modelos mentais propostas por De Toni et al., (2014), sendo elas: Conhecimentos, Habilidades Emocionais, Mente Linear, Relacionamentos, Missão e Estratégia, Criatividade e Inovação e Vocação. Na etapa qualitativa constatou-se uma forte ligação entre a percepção dos gestores/empreendedores entrevistados e as dimensões formadoras dos modelos mentais como direcionadoras do desempenho. Dentre as 7 (sete) dimensões analisadas observou-se que as dimensões criatividade/inovação e vocação demandaram de maior entusiasmo nas verbalizações dos entrevistados, demonstrando que a busca constante por inovar e a satisfação em gerir seu próprio empreendimento são fatores essenciais na busca pelo melhor desempenho. Ao final da análise qualitativa, foi possível elaborar um modelo adaptado do original proposto por De Toni et al., (2014), trazendo nesse modelo adaptado subcategorias que compõem as respectivas dimensões, as quais foram captadas por meio das conversas com os entrevistados. Em um segundo momento, já na etapa quantitativa, foram realizados testes de estatística descritiva visando identificar estatisticamente uma relação entre os modelos mentais e o aspecto desempenho organizacional. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as dimensões investigadas possuem altas taxas de concordância por parte dos respondentes no que concerne à sua ligação com o desempenho das startups. Chegou-se à constatação de que as dimensões com maior relação com o fator desempenho foram Vocação com uma média geral de 4,70 e a dimensão Criatividade/Inovação com uma média geral de 4,47. Com isso, nota-se que houve uma coerência entre os resultados obtidos nas duas etapas da pesquisa. Dentre todas as dimensões investigadas, a dimensão Habilidades Emocionais foi a que demonstrou o menor índice de relação com o desempenho organizacional com uma média de 3,97. Entretanto, mesmo sendo a dimensão que obteve a menor média de concordância, seu índice ainda indica uma boa concordância quanto à sua ligação com o desempenho organizacional. Esta pesquisa trouxe contribuições para o desenvolvimento de estudos que interliguem as áreas da administração e da psicologia. Além disso, trouxe uma ampliação no tocante às investigações relacionadas aos modelos mentais de gestores/empreendedores de startups e sua relação com o fator desempenho organizacional. / São Cristóvão, SE

People engage with multiple online services and carry out a range of different digital transactions with these services. Registering an account, sharing content in social networks, or requesting products or services online are a few examples of such digital transactions. With every transaction, people take decisions and make disclosures of personal data. Despite the possible benefits of collecting data about a person or a group of people, massive collection and aggregation of personal data carries a series of privacy and security implications which can ultimately result in a threat to people's dignity, their finances, and many other aspects of their lives. For this reason, privacy and transparency enhancing technologies are being developed to help people protect their privacy and personal data online. However, some of these technologies are usually hard to understand, difficult to use, and get in the way of people's momentary goals. The objective of this thesis is to explore, and iteratively improve, the usability and user experience provided by novel privacy and transparency technologies. To this end, it compiles a series of case studies that address identified issues of usable privacy and transparency at four stages of a digital transaction, namely the information, agreement, fulfilment and after-sales stages. These studies contribute with a better understanding of the human-factors and design requirements that are necessary for creating user-friendly tools that can help people to protect their privacy and to control their personal information on the Internet. / People engage with multiple online services and carry out a range of different digital transactions with these services. Registering an account, sharing content in social networks, or requesting products or services online are a few examples of such digital transactions. With every transaction, people take decisions and make disclosures of personal data. Despite the possible benefits of collecting data about a person or a group of people, massive collection and aggregation of personal data carries a series of privacy and security implications which can ultimately result in a threat to people's dignity, their finances, and many other aspects of their lives. For this reason, privacy and transparency enhancing technologies are being developed to help people protect their privacy and personal data online. However, some of these technologies are usually hard to understand, difficult to use, and get in the way of people's momentary goals. The objective of this thesis is to explore, and iteratively improve, the usability and user experience provided by novel privacy and transparency technologies. To this end, it compiles a series of case studies that address identified issues of usable privacy and transparency at four stages of a digital transaction, namely the information, agreement, fulfilment and after-sales stages. These studies contribute with a better understanding of the human-factors and design requirements that are necessary for creating user-friendly tools that can help people to protect their privacy and to control their personal information on the Internet.

De récents travaux ont amorcé l’exploration des formes sociales de l’expérience optimale (i.e. group flow et team flow). Toutefois, la connaissance que l’on a de ces processus et des manières de les identifier reste très limitée. Ce travail de thèse visait d’une part à définir le team flow et à en isoler les dimensions conceptuelles, et d’autre part, à élaborer une nouvelle méthode d’observation visant à détecter les différentes formes de flow grâce aux comportements des joueurs et à l’enregistrement des parties de jeu. Dans cette perspective, trois études ont été menés sur différents jeux coopératifs (League of Legends, Resident Evil 5…) et ont révélé : 1) que le team flow est un phénomène qualitativement différent de la forme individuelle du flow et présente donc des dimensions conceptuelles qui lui sont spécifiques ; 2) que l’interdépendance positive et les modèles mentaux partagés semblent jouer un rôle majeur dans l’émergence du team flow. L’interdépendance permet de lier les joueurs dans l’action et de les orienter dans une direction commune. Les modèles mentaux semblent permettre aux joueurs de construire un cadre d’organisation partagé qui favorise l’émergence d’une coopération efficace et fluide ; 3) que le flow, le team flow et le group flow sont des états mentaux qu’il semble possible de détecter en observant le comportement des joueurs et leurs actions dans le jeu. Considérées dans leur ensemble, ces études ont permis de mieux cerner le fonctionnement de l’expérience optimale de coopération, sa singularité face à la version individuelle du flow, ainsi que des pistes pour identifier ces états mentaux en temps réel. Après avoir discuté les principaux résultats de cette thèse, nous suggérons des perspectives de recherches et d’applications dépassant le cadre du jeu vidéo / Recent studies have explored social forms of the optimal experience (i.e. group flow and team flow). However, knowledge about these processes and ways to identify them, is very limited. Therefore, the present thesis aims, first, to define the team flow and its conceptual dimensions, and second, to create a new method to detect the different forms of flow through observation of players’ behavior and game replays. In this vein, three studies were carried out on different cooperative games (League of Legends, Resident Evil 5…) and revealed that: 1) team flow is a phenomenon qualitatively different from individual flow and therefore posseses unique conceptual dimensions; 2) positive interdependence and shared mental models seem to play a major role in the emergence of team flow. Positive interdependence links players in action and points them in a common direction. Mental models appear to allow players to build a shared organizational framework that promotes the emergence of an effective and smooth cooperation; 3) flow, team flow and group flow are mental states that seem to be possibly detectable by observing players’ behavior and their actions in the game. The joint outcomes of these studies help to define the optimum cooperative experience, its functioning, its specific characteristics compared to the individual version of flow, as well as ways to identify these mental states in real time. After discussing the main results of this thesis, we suggest research perspectives and applications beyond the scope of gaming.

Diploma thesis strives to identify the effectiveness of sociomapping in relation to selected charakteristics of work groups and teams. Literature review section defines the theoretical background of group and teamwork, which is being followed by the topics of team states and processes, team communication, mental models, team climate and teamwork effectivity. The final part focuses on team interventions, ways of evaluating their effectiveness and introduces specific aspects of sociomapping. The empirical part uses quantitative research approach, which analyzes the relationship between the method of sociomapping and its effect on the frequency of team communication, shared mental models in the form of the difference between the optimal and current frequency of communication and team climate. The sociomapping intervention is expected to have an effect on team performance in the form of higher hotel rating and team performance assessment. Both values were measured before and after the intervention. It is expected, that the frequency of team communication, the difference between optimal and current frequency of communication and team climate will behave as mediators. The results showed that sociomapping intervention is positively related to hotel rating (p = 0.014), but not to team performance...

Syftet med denna rapport var att undersöka individer från olika grupper och se hur deras uppfattningar, upplevelser och vardag under Covid-19 pandemin ser ut. Med hjälp av denna förståelse var målet att applicera beteendeteorier och riskteorier relevanta till pandemin i kombination med mentala modeller. Förhoppningen med kopplingen mellan individers upplevelse samt dessa teorier var att skapa en förståelse för vilka aspekter som kan påverka smittspridning. Frågeställningarna som besvarades var:  Skiljer det sig mellan grupper hur man förhåller sig till pandemin? Om folk går emot restriktioner eller rekommendationer, hur motiveras det? Hur anser folk att de har förändrat sitt liv om man jämför före och under pandemin? Kan sociala aspekter och uppfattad risk skapa en förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar smittspridning? Datainsamlingsmetoden var semistrukturerade intervjuer. Analysmetoden var interpretativ fenomenologisk analys. Tre bredare teman identifierades, agerande, resonerande och förändring. Slutsatsen var att det fanns vissa skillnader mellan grupperna hur de förhåller sig till pandemin och att aktiviteter som går mot rekommendationer och restriktioner var mycket baserat på social kontext, upplevd risk och aktiviteter som deltagarna gjorde innan pandemin. Deltagarna upplevde även att de har gjort en förändring i sina liv. Social kontakt visade sig givande för att känna gemenskap, en känsla av att bidra och att få annan input. Slutligen fastställdes det att den sociala kontexten och betydelsen av den samt riskuppfattning bör vara i åtanke för att förstå smittspridning och därmed pandemin. / The aim of this report was to examine individuals from different groups to see how their experiences, beliefs and everyday life has been during the Covid-19 pandemic. Thereafter the aim was to evaluate the results with the help of behavioral and risk theories of relevance to the pandemic in combination with mental models. The idea with the connection between the individual experiences and these theories was to come to an understanding about which aspects affect the spread of the virus. The study was based on the following research questions: Is there a difference between groups how they have adapted to the pandemic? If people go against recommendations and restrictions, how do they motivate that? In what way do people feel they have made a change during the pandemic? Can social aspects and perceived risk create an understanding of which factors affect the spreading of the virus? The data was collected via semi structured interviews. The analysis was made with an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three overarching themes were identified, how the participants act, how they reason, and how they have changed. The conclusion made from the study was that there were some differences between groups how they have adapted to the pandemic and that the motivations behind the activities which were against recommendations and restrictions were largely based on social context, perceived risk and activities the participants were doing before the pandemic. The participants also felt they had made changes to their lives. Social contact was shown to be important to feel a sense of belonging, a feeling of contributing and to get different input. Finally, the conclusion was drawn that social context and perceived risk should be considered to understand the spreading of the virus and thereby the pandemic.

Diploma thesis "Free concept maps in social research" deals with the possibility of using the free concept map technique in social research. To cope with this question, the author defines three domains of examination. The first one addresses the theoretical background of the research technique along with it's evolution from it's precursor - the mental models. Terminology used in literature and also later in the thesis will also be introduced within this domain.The second domain is dedicated to the introduction of our research, which used the free concept maps as a research tool. The analysis of data and their interpretations will pose as one of the conditions for the third domain - the comparison of the free concept map technique with the social survey technique. Research reports with a similar topics as the one we studied, the motivation od students to apply to university, will be used for comparison. Both techniques will be compared on the basis of in-advance prepared factors defined on the the basis of individual characteristics of each method. The outcome of the paper has the form of summary and critical analysis of the method.

No description available.

No description available.

Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit bildete die Bedeutung von Teamreflexionsprozessen für die Weiterentwicklung und Leistungsfähigkeit von Projektteams. Nach der Theorie der Teamreflexivität von West (1996, 2000) spielen regelmäßige Reflexionsprozesse eine besondere Rolle bei der Anpassung an steigende Herausforderungen der Teamarbeit und stehen in einem direkten Verhältnis zum Teamerfolg in komplexen und dynamischen Arbeitsfeldern, wie sie im Projektkontext anzutreffen sind. Eine Reihe empirischer Studien bestätigt, dass sich Teamreflexionsprozesse positiv auf das Arbeitsergebnis von Teams auswirken. Allerdings existieren nur wenige Erkenntnisse darüber, auf welche Faktoren der Nutzen von kollektiven Reflexionsprozessen zurückzuführen ist und wie sich kontinuierliche Reflexionsprozesse im Zeitverlauf auswirken. Die vorliegende Arbeit knüpfte an diesen Forschungslücken an und verfolgte das Ziel, neben dem direkten Einfluss indirekte Effekte von Teamreflexionsprozessen auf die Leistung von Projektteams im Längsschnitt zu untersuchen. Da sozial-kognitiven Prozessen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Wirkung von Teamreflexionsprozessen zugeschrieben wird, wurde das Konzept der mentalen Teammodelle (Cannon-Bowers, Salas & Converse, 1993; Klimosky & Mohammed, 1994) genutzt, um die Verbindung zwischen Teamreflexion und Teamleistung zu erglären. Mentale Teammodelle beschreiben die gemeinsamen Repräsentationen und das Wissen der Teammitglieder über teamrelevante Gegebenheiten und wirken sich nachweislich positiv auf die Teamleistung aus. Je nach Inhaltsbereich werden Teammodelle in aufgabenbezogene und teamarbeitsbezogene Typen unterschieden (z.B. Mohammed, Ferzandi & Hamilton, 2010). Auf Grund der Bedeutung aufgabenbezogener Kognitionen bei der Bearbeitung komplexer und intellektuell anspruchsvoller Aufgaben in Projektteams, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die mentalen Aufgabenmodelle der Teammitglieder als Mediatoren zwischen Teamreflexion und Teamleistung beleuchtet. Dabei wurde angenommen, dass sowohl die Ähnlichkeit (Übereinstimmung zwischen den Teammitgliedern) als auch die Qualität der Aufgabenmodelle den Einfluss von Teamreflexion auf die Teamleistung erklären können. Aufbauend auf den postulierten Zusammenhänge zwischen Teamreflexion, der Ähnlichkeit und Qualität der mentalen Aufgabenmodelle (Mediatoren) und der Teamleistung wurde ein Forschungsmodell abgeleitet und mit Forschungshypothesen unterlegt. In dem Modell wurden sequentielle Aspekte mit berücksichtigt und die Wirkung von wiederholt stattfindenden Teamreflexionen im Zeitverlauf betrachtet. Mit einer experimentellen Untersuchung (Experimental-Kontrollgruppen-Design mit Messwiederholung) wurde das Forschungsmodell empirisch überprüft. Im Rahmen dieser Studie bearbeiteten 22 studentische Projektteams eine zweitägige Fallstudie zum Themenbereich Personalauswahl. Die Analyse der Teamergebnisse belegte direkt positive Effekte von gemeinsamen Reflexionsprozessen auf die Teamleistung, welche vermittelt wurden durch die Qualität der mentalen Aufgabenmodelle. Wider erwartend konnte der indirekte Effekt durch die Ähnlichkeit der Aufgabenmodelle nicht nachgewiesen werden. Teamreflexionen wirken sich positiv auf die Ähnlichkeit aus, diese hatte jedoch keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Teamleistung. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass wiederholt durchgeführte Reflexionsprozesse zu einer Zunahme der Teamleistung und zu einem Anstieg in der Qualität der Aufgabenmodelle im Zeitverlauf führten. Dieses Ergebnis ist ein erster empirischer Beleg für die Bedeutung der Kontinuität von Teamreflexionsprozessen für die Weiterentwicklung von Teams. Zusammenfassend konkretisierte die vorliegende Arbeit, wie und warum Teamreflexionsprozesse auf die Leistung von Projektteams im Zeitverlauf wirken. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die positiven Effekte von Teamreflexion auf eine Verbesserung in der Qualität der Aufgabenvorstellungen der Teammitglieder zurückgeführt werden können. Des Weiteren wurde deutlich, dass regelmäßig durchgeführte Teamreflexionen zu einer Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit im Zeitverlauf führen. Damit trägt die vorliegende Arbeit zu einem besseren Verständnis der Wirkungsweise von Teamreflexionsprozessen bei.:1 Einleitung 3 1.1. Ausgangspunkt, Zielsetzung und Forschungsfragen 3 1.2. Aufbau der Arbeit 8 2 Begriffliche und konzeptionelle Grundlagen der Teamarbeit 12 2.1. Definition und Typen von Teams 12 2.2. Effektivitätsmodelle der Teamarbeit 15 3 Teamreflexion 20 3.1. Begriffsbestimmung Teamreflexion 20 3.2. Teamreflexion und Teameffektivität: Die Theorie der Teamreflexivität 23 3.3. Verwandte reflexionsbasierte Ansätze auf der Teamebene 31 3.4. Empirische Befunde zur Wirkung von Teamreflexion auf die Teamleistung 39 3.5. Fazit 45 4 Mentale Teammodelle 46 4.1. Kognitive Teamforschung 46 4.2. Begriffsbestimmung und Abgrenzung zu anderen Konzepten 47 4.3. Inhalte und Typen mentaler Teammodelle 49 4.4. Ähnlichkeit und Qualität mentaler Teammodelle 51 4.5. Einflussfaktoren auf die Entwicklung mentaler Teammodelle 55 4.6. Entstehung und Veränderung mentaler Teammodelle im Zeitverlauf 59 5 Forschungsmodell und Hypothesen 61 5.1. Forschungsmodell 61 5.2. Hypothesen 63 6 Empirische Untersuchung 83 6.1. Methodik 83 6.2. Ergebnisse 113 6.3. Diskussion 153 7 Schlussbetrachtung 171 7.1. Zusammenfassung der Erkenntnisse 171 7.2. Implikationen 178 Literaturverzeichnis 184 Anhang 205

With the recent rise in interest in critical readings of our history, scholars have begun noticing that historical documents such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle may have functioned as propaganda (e.g., Yorke, 2006; Konshuh, 2020). The present study examines how Britons (i.e., Brythonic-Celtic-speaking people) are discursively represented in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The aim of the study is twofold. First, drawing upon theories from Role and Reference Grammar (RRG, e.g., Van Valin, 1993), this study applies the notion of thematic roles to investigate what roles Britons may take as arguments in the Chronicle. Secondly, the study takes a socio-cognitive approach to discourse (e.g., van Dijk, 2017), conceptualizing arguments and the roles they take as corresponding to the Anglo-Saxons’ shared mental representations of the referents. The results show Britons are construed mainly as passive, often taking the roles of Theme or Patient as they are fought, slain and put to flight. When taking an Agent role, Britons are mostly performing actions related to fear caused by the Anglo-Saxons.  Based on this, it was concluded that the Britons are construed as a cowardly and rather anonymous group, whom the Anglo-Saxons have all the right to eradicate. The portrayal of Britons in the Chronicle furthermore resembles portrayals of other colonized peoples, and it appears that strategies observed in orientalist discourses may have parallels in medieval English discourses.  Moreover, the results provide linguistic empirical evidence for what previous research in history has indicated: that the Anglo-Saxons used opposing groups as part of their narrative in which they were the rightful rulers of Britain (Yorke, 2006; Konshuh, 2020).