<p>I och med att fler och fler datasystem används som informationsbärare inom hälso- och sjukvården, blir verksamheterna också sårbara på ett sätt som de inte varit tidigare.</p><p>Hoten mot informationsförsörjningen kan vara både interna och externa. Exempel på interna hot är de egna medarbetarnas brist på säkerhetstänkande och externa hot kan vara virusangrepp och hackers, men också strömavbrott eller andra kommunikationsavbrott.</p><p>Rapporten är en kartläggning av och en kunskapsinventering av reservrutiner i Landstinget Kronoberg.</p><p>Under april och maj 2007 skickade vi ut en webbenkät till ett urval av medarbetare vid de båda driftenheterna. 200 användare valdes slumpvis ut, 50 stycken från vardera yrkeskategorin läkarsekreterare, läkare, undersköterskor och sjuksköterskor.</p><p>Svarsfrekvensen blev 50 %.</p><p>Vi har i rapporten kommit fram till att de tillfrågade medarbetarna tycker att reservrutiner är viktigt, men långt från alla vet inte vad reservrutiner är eller hur de arbetats fram. Det har framkommit att många anser att journaluppgifter inte förs in rätt i den datoriserade journalen efter ett driftstopp, då reservrutiner använts. P.g.a. detta finns överhängande risk att man förlorar Landstinget Kronobergs vision om ”en patient – en journal”.</p><p>Det visar sig att medarbetare är kunniga och väl införstådda i reservrutinsarbetet men stora</p><p>brister i det allmänna säkerhetstänkandet finns.</p><p>Enheternas ledningar har inte följt upp användningen av reservrutiner. Inte heller granskat eller reflekterat över arbetet med reservrutiner.</p><p>Vi avslutar rapporten med förslag till åtgärder av de brister vi kommit fram till.</p> / <p>Since information technology has become the main carrier of information in healthcare service, we can see how these organizations now face a number of new threats. The treaths against information support can be either internal or external. An internal threat can for example be lack of security thinkning, whereas external threats can be power failures.</p><p>The essay is a survey over and an inventory of backup procedures and routines in the county council of Kronoberg, Sweden.</p><p>Data was obtained by sending out a questionnaire via county council intranet. 200 users of the EHR in the county council were selected; 50 physicians, 50 nurses, 50 assistant nurses and 50 medical secretaries. A total of 100 persons answered the questionnaire (i.e. a response rate of 50 %).</p><p>To sum up our result of the survey, we can make the following statements:</p><p>• all of the respondents think that backup procedures and routines are important for the organization</p><p>• relatively many are ignorant about the existence of backup routines and procedures</p><p>• a serious conclusion of the survey, is that many respondents regards that documentation is done incorrectly from the backup procedures in to EHR after an incident or system failure (EHR)</p><p>• the majority of the units management staff/management teams at the micro system level has not revised the backup routines on a regular basis.</p>

Le présent travail montre la modélisation constitutive d'un géomatériau composé d'une matrice poreuse saturée et déformable contenant une distribution périodique de fissures évolutives remplies de fluide. La méthode d'homogénéisation des développements asymptotiques est utilisée afin de déduire un modèle capable de décrire le couplage hydro-mécanique macroscopique. Prenant en considération l'évolution de fissures et sans faire des hypothèses phénoménologiques, une analyse énergétique mésoscopique couplé avec un schéma d'homogénéisation a été développée et elle fournit une loi d'évolution d'endommagement macroscopique. De cette façon, un lien direct entre les phénomènes de rupture de la structure mésoscopique et l'endommagement macroscopique correspondant est établie. Finalement, on présente une étude numérique du comportement macroscopique d'endommagement hydro-mécanique. / This work presents the constitutive modeling of a geomaterial consisting of a deformableand saturated porous matrix including a periodic distribution of evolving fluid-filledcavities. The homogenization method based on two-scale asymptotic developments isused in order to deduce a model able to describe the macroscopic hydro-mechanicalcoupling. By taking into account the cavity growth and without any phenomenologicalassumption, it is proposed a mesoscopic energy analysis coupled with the homogenizationscheme which provides a damage evolution law. In this way, a direct link between themeso-structural fracture phenomena and the corresponding macroscopic damage isestablished. Lastly, a numerical study of the local macroscopic hydro-mechanical damage behaviour is presented. / In questa tesi si presenta la modellazione costitutiva di un geomateriale composto da unamatrice porosa satura e deformabile contenente una distribuzione periodica di cavitàriempite da fluido che si propagano. Il metodo di omogeneizzazione basato sugli sviluppiasintotici a doppia scala viene utilizzato con l'obiettivo di dedurre un modello capace didescrivere l'accoppiamento idro-meccanico macroscopico. Prendendo in considerazione lapropagazione delle cavità e senza nessuna ipotesi fenomenologica, si propone un'analisienergetica mesoscopica accoppiata ad uno schema di omogeneizzazione che fornisce unalegge di evoluzione del danno.In questo modo, una relazione diretta tra i fenomeni difrattura meso-strutturali ed il corrispondente danno macroscopico viene stabilita. Infine,uno studio numerico del comportamento macroscopico locale di danno idro-meccanico viene presentato.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 18195512 bytes, checksum: 6229ab5e9f367190d5f7b4336c07dfec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study was designed based on the concept of achiral / meso compound. The importance of preparing achiral compounds is based on their structural simplification, leading to new molecules which require no further investigations pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers. Therefore, it is proposed to the synthesis of analogues tetrahydropyrans achiral/meso using the Prins cyclization reaction. The homoallylic alcohols synthesized in this work were derived from the Barbier reaction obtained in great yields, wherein these products are used as a synthesis intermediate for the preparation of tetrahydropyrans proposed. The Prins cyclization reaction is an efficient method for the preparation of tetrahydropyrans therefore proved to be a powerful tool for synthesis and versatile for the preparation of substituted tetrahydropyrans to give all the compounds synthesized in satisfactory yields. Through spectroscopic and crystallographic studies were possible to determine in detail the relative configuration of the molecules 40a, 41a, 44a, 45a, 46a, 46b and 48b. Furthermore, a theoretical study was developed using the density functional theory to obtain the molecular geometries optimized in the gas phase, making it possible to compare these preferred conformations with geometries defined by crystals. The tetrahydropyrans bioevaluated were synthesized in the leukemic cell line K562 and two types of normal L929 cells and PBMC. The results were very promising in cancer in vitro assays, highlighting the hydrazones 42a-c and the 43a-c aminoguanidines they were the only compounds that were active against resistant cell line K562, highlighting the tetrahydropyran 42c which showed higher activity series counterpart (present value of IC50 7.59 μM) and the tetrahydropyran 42b with an excellent IC50 (8.97 μM) value and a good selectivity index (2.2 in L929 and 1.6 in PBMC). / Este trabalho foi idealizado baseado no conceito de compostos aquirais/meso. A importância da preparação de compostos aquirais está baseada na sua simplificação estrutural, conduzindo a novas moléculas que não necessitam de posteriores investigações farmacodinâmicas e farmacocinéticas dos enantiômeros. Sendo assim, propomos neste trabalho a síntese de análogos tetraidropirânicos aquirais/meso utilizando a reação de ciclização de Prins. Os álcoois homoalílicos sintetizados foram provenientes da reação de Barbier obtidos em ótimos rendimentos, no qual estes produtos foram utilizados como intermediário de síntese para a preparação dos tetraidropiranos propostos. A reação de ciclização de Prins é um método eficiente na preparação dos tetraidropiranos, pois mostrou-se ser uma ferramenta de síntese poderosa e versátil para a preparação dos tetraidropiranos substituídos, obtendo-se todos os compostos sintetizados em rendimentos satisfatórios. Através de estudos espectroscópicos e cristalográficos foi possível determinar detalhadamente a configuração relativa das moléculas 40a, 41a, 44a, 45a, 46a, 46b e 48b. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um estudo teórico utilizando a teoria do funcional densidade para se obter as geometrias moleculares otimizadas em fase gasosa, tornando possível comparar estas conformações preferenciais com as geometrias definidas pelos cristais. Os tetraidropiranos sintetizados foram bioavaliados na linhagem de células leucêmicas K562 e dois tipos de células normais L929 e PBMC. Os resultados em câncer foram bastante promissores nos ensaios in vitro, dando destaque para as hidrazonas 42a-c e as aminoguanidinas 43a-c que foram os únicos compostos que se mostraram ativos contra a linhagem celular resistente K562, destacando-se o tetraidropirano 42c que apresentou maior atividade da série congênere (apresentando valor de CI50 7.59 μM) e o tetraidropirano 42b que apresentou excelente valor de IC50 (8.97 μM) e um bom índice de seletividade (2.2 em L929 e 1.6 em PBMC).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho ilustra o desenvolvimento de uma rota sintÃtica para a obtenÃÃo de uma meso-metaloporfirina, a partir de uma meso-porfirina base livre, macromolÃcula derivada do LÃquido da Casca da Castanha de Caju (LCC), subproduto do agronegÃcio do caju. A obtenÃÃo dessas espÃcies seguida de estudos preliminares da modificaÃÃo da superfÃcie do eletrodo de ouro com a meso-metaloporfirina de cobre com aplicaÃÃo para sensor de NO (Ãxido NÃtrico) tambÃm compÃe os objetivos desse trabalho. A partir do processo de metalaÃÃo,foi sintetizada uma meso-metaloporfirina utilizando Cu (II) como centro metÃlico, a partir da macromolÃcula base livre, e testes voltamÃtricos foram realizados utilizando o eletrodo de ouro, em meio de diclorometano e PTBA 0,1 mol L-1, obtido a 100 mV s-1.Estudos foram realizados a cerca do comportamento eletroquÃmico dos filmes formados em presenÃa de NO em meio aquoso de Na2SO4 0,5 mol L-1 obtendo o voltamograma cÃclico para o eletrodo de ouro modificado com a porfirina de cobre(II) na detecÃÃo de NO e foi observado no voltamograma para NO sobre uma intensidade de corrente 7,6 vezes maior comparada à do pico observado para o mesmo processo do NO na superfÃcie de ouro nÃo modificado demonstrando elevado potencial para aplicaÃÃo como sensor eletroquÃmico. Outra metodologia eletroanalÃtica foi desenvolvida para a obtenÃÃo de um biossensor, baseado em uma enzima, glutationa-S-transferase (GST), para determinaÃÃo do pesticida molinato, um herbicida prÃ-emergente, em amostras reais de Ãgua de campos de arrozais da cidade do Porto, em Portugal. A construÃÃo deste biossensor baseou-se a imobilizaÃÃo de GST em um eletrodo de carbono vÃtreo (GCE), atravÃs da ligaÃÃo covalente glutaraldeÃdo-amino-silano (APTES/GA). O princÃpio deste biossensor consistiu no processo de inibiÃÃo da GST promovida pelo molinato. A curva de calibraÃÃo foi obtida por meio da tÃcnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD) variando a concentraÃÃo do pesticida entre 1,01x10-6 â 4,20x10-5 mol L-1 apresentando um limite de detecÃÃo (LD) de 0,064 mg L-1. O biossensor baseado na GST foi aplicado para quantificar o molinato nas amostras de Ãgua das lavouras de arrozais. Os resultados obtidos com este biossensor foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por HPLC e nÃo houve diferenÃas estatisticamente significativas comprovando, entÃo, que a metodologia desenvolvida foi precisa no nÃvel de concentraÃÃo estudada. / This study illustrates the development of synthetic route will be obtaining meso-metalloporphyrin, from porphyrin meso-free base macromolecule derived from Shell Liquid Cashew Nut (CNSL), byproduct of cashew agribusiness. Obtaining these species followed by preliminary studies of surface modification of gold electrode with copper meso-metalloporphyrin with application to sensor of NO (Nitric Oxide) also composed the objectives of this work. From metalation process, was synthesized by meso-metalloporphyrin using Cu (II) the a metal to center, from the macromolecule free base, and voltametric tests were carried out using the gold electrode in the middle of dichloromethane and TBAP 0,1 mol L-1, obtained at 100 mV s-1. Studies have been conducted about the electrochemical behavior of the films formed in the presence of NO in aqueous Na2SO4 0,5 mol L-1 the cyclic voltammogram obtained will be the gold electrode modified with porphyrin to copper (II) the detection of NO and voltammogram was observed in about one NO to current intensity 7,6 times larger compared to the peak observed for the same process of NO in unmodified gold surface showing high potential for application as an electrochemical sensor. Electroanalytical another methodology was developed will be obtaining the biosensor, based on an enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), will be determining the pesticide molinate, the real daily pre-emergent herbicide in samples of to water of paddy fields City Porto, in Portugal. The construction of this biosensor was based on the immobilization of GST in glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by covalent glutaraldehyde-amino-silane (APTES/GA). The principle of this biosensor consisted of the process promoted by inhibition of GST molinate. The calibration curve was obtained by the technique of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) varying the concentration of the pesticide between 1,01 x10-6 to 4,20 x10-5 mol L-1 having a limit of detection (DL) of 0,064 mg L-1. The biosensor based on GST was applied to quantify the molinate in water samples of paddy crop. The results obtained with this biosensor were compared with those obtained by HPLC and no statistically significant differences proving therefore that the developed methodology has been studied in terms of concentration.

A geração de novas fontes de energia limpa, segura e renovável por meio da fusão nuclear envolve importantes desafios tecnológicos, dentre eles a pesquisa, caracterização e a fabricação de materiais avançados para os futuros reatores de fusão nuclear. Os aços ferrítico-martensíticos de reduzida atividade radioativa, em especial a liga Eurofer-97, destacam-se por apresentar uma combinação única de propriedades para esta aplicação. O objetivo desta Tese de Doutorado é avaliar a estabilidade microestrutural deste aço recozido numa ampla faixa de temperaturas. Cálculos termodinâmicos e testes de dilatometria foram usados para determinar as temperaturas de transformação de fase. A estabilidade microestrutural foi estudada por meio de recozimentos isotérmicos entre 200 e 1350oC após laminação a frio com reduções de 40, 70, 80 e 90%. A avaliação da estabilidade mecânica do aço Eurofer-97 foi realizada por meio de medidas de dureza Vickers. As principais técnicas utilizadas para caracterização microestrutural foram microscopias eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão, tomografia por sonda atômica e medidas de magnetização DC. Tanto a textura como a microtextura foram determinadas por meio de medidas de difração de raios X e de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD). Recuperação, recristalização primária e crescimento anormal de grão ocorrem neste material recozido abaixo de 800oC. Acima desta temperatura, a transformação martensítica ocorre alterando bastante a micoroestrutura. A cinética de crescimento anormal de grão é alterada pela quantidade de redução a frio previamente aplicada. A hipótese proposta para explicar o crescimento anormal de grãos neste material baseia-se principalmente na vantagem de tamanho adquirida pelos núcleos de recristalização primária com diferenças de orientação médias superiores a 45º em relação aos vizinhos. Neste caso, o crescimento anormal de grão é responsável por fortalecer as componentes {111} e {111}, {001} e {110}. Acima de 800oC a transformação martensítica prevalece elevando a dureza Vickers e randomizando a textura deste aço. As características do produto transformado dependem tanto da temperatura de austenitização quanto do tamanho incial do grão ferrítico. Os dados de composição química das partículas estáveis após recozimento em temperaturas inferiores a 800oC foram usados para validar os resultados dos cálculos termodinâmicos obtidos via Thermo-Calc. / Clean, safe, and renewable energy sources such as nuclear fusion comprise important technological challenges, including research, characterization and manufacture of advanced materials for future fusion reactors. Modified ferritic-martensitic steels with reduced radioactive activity (RAFM), especially Eurofer-97 steel, are among worldwide references in the nuclear field for their unique properties. The scope of this Thesis is to evaluate the microstructural (thermal) stability in ferritic-martensitic Eurofer-97 after annealing within a wide range of temperatures. Themodinamic calculations as well as dilatometric tests were used to determine the main phase transformation temperatures. The microstructural stability of this steel was followed by isothermal annealing between 200 and 1350°C after cold rolling to 40, 70, 80 and 90% reductions in thickness. The mechanical stability in the Eurofer-97 was assessed by Vickers microhardness measurements. Representative samples for each metallurgical condition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and DC-magnetization tests. Both texture and microtexture were evaluated by X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Recovery, primary recrystallization, and abnormal grain growth (secondary recrystallization) processes have been observed at temperatures below 800°C. The amount of abnormally grown grains depends on the amount of previous cold rolling. The hypothesis for the most probable mechanism responsible for abnormal grain growth is based on the advantage size acquired by nuclei with misorientations above 45º surrounding their neighboring grains, even in regions where primary recrystallization was incomplete. The texture developed after abnormal grain growth has components belonging to ?- and ?-fibers with predominance of {111}, {111}, {100} e {110} components. The martensite transformation takes place when this steel is annealed above 800°C causing an increase of hardness, significant changes in microstructure, and texture weakening. The martensitic sructure depends very much on both austenitization temperature and initial austenitic grain size. The results of chemical analyses of stable particles present in samples annealed below 800oC were used to validate the thermodynamic calculations provided by Thermo-Calc.

I och med att fler och fler datasystem används som informationsbärare inom hälso- och sjukvården, blir verksamheterna också sårbara på ett sätt som de inte varit tidigare. Hoten mot informationsförsörjningen kan vara både interna och externa. Exempel på interna hot är de egna medarbetarnas brist på säkerhetstänkande och externa hot kan vara virusangrepp och hackers, men också strömavbrott eller andra kommunikationsavbrott. Rapporten är en kartläggning av och en kunskapsinventering av reservrutiner i Landstinget Kronoberg. Under april och maj 2007 skickade vi ut en webbenkät till ett urval av medarbetare vid de båda driftenheterna. 200 användare valdes slumpvis ut, 50 stycken från vardera yrkeskategorin läkarsekreterare, läkare, undersköterskor och sjuksköterskor. Svarsfrekvensen blev 50 %. Vi har i rapporten kommit fram till att de tillfrågade medarbetarna tycker att reservrutiner är viktigt, men långt från alla vet inte vad reservrutiner är eller hur de arbetats fram. Det har framkommit att många anser att journaluppgifter inte förs in rätt i den datoriserade journalen efter ett driftstopp, då reservrutiner använts. P.g.a. detta finns överhängande risk att man förlorar Landstinget Kronobergs vision om ”en patient – en journal”. Det visar sig att medarbetare är kunniga och väl införstådda i reservrutinsarbetet men stora brister i det allmänna säkerhetstänkandet finns. Enheternas ledningar har inte följt upp användningen av reservrutiner. Inte heller granskat eller reflekterat över arbetet med reservrutiner. Vi avslutar rapporten med förslag till åtgärder av de brister vi kommit fram till. / Since information technology has become the main carrier of information in healthcare service, we can see how these organizations now face a number of new threats. The treaths against information support can be either internal or external. An internal threat can for example be lack of security thinkning, whereas external threats can be power failures. The essay is a survey over and an inventory of backup procedures and routines in the county council of Kronoberg, Sweden. Data was obtained by sending out a questionnaire via county council intranet. 200 users of the EHR in the county council were selected; 50 physicians, 50 nurses, 50 assistant nurses and 50 medical secretaries. A total of 100 persons answered the questionnaire (i.e. a response rate of 50 %). To sum up our result of the survey, we can make the following statements: • all of the respondents think that backup procedures and routines are important for the organization • relatively many are ignorant about the existence of backup routines and procedures • a serious conclusion of the survey, is that many respondents regards that documentation is done incorrectly from the backup procedures in to EHR after an incident or system failure (EHR) • the majority of the units management staff/management teams at the micro system level has not revised the backup routines on a regular basis.

Denna uppsats kommer utgå i grunden från teorin om mikro- meso- och makroperspektivet. Ingångsvinkeln i uppsatsen utgår från offerfynd som påträffats under undersökningarna i Eketorp under 1900-talet. Offerfynden nivågrupperats där dem passar bäst in utifrån den valda teorin. Eketorp borg är en fornborg på Öland. Belägen på den sydöstra delen av ön på det stora alvaret. Eketorp borg har en stark koppling till många olika offerriter vilket syns i materialet. Genom det valda teoretiska perspektivet och analysen av offerfynden kan en bredare utveckling av Eketorps samhälle studeras. Detta då den rituella utvecklingen följer nära i hand med samhällets utveckling i borgen. Syftet med uppsatsen var att studera hur Eketorps samhälle utvecklades utifrån en religiös ingångsvinkel, med frågeställningar relevanta för detta. Diskussionen diskuterar de tolkningar från analysen och presenterar nya orsaker till att offerfynden offrat vid sina respektive platser. Resultatet av uppsatsen blev att genom den tydliga nivågrupperingen av offerfynden och genom den teoretiska tolkningen få nya tolkningarom hur kontexter och interaktion hängt ihop. / This thesis is based on the theory of the micro-meso- and macro perspective. The viewpoint of this text is based on sacrificial offerings found during the archaeological excavations in Eketorp during the 20th century. The offerings have been level-grouped where they fit best based on the chosen theory. Eketorp borg is an ancient castle on Öland, it’s been used in three phases and the thesis will mainly focus on the second one. Eketorp is located on the south-east part of the island on the Stora Alvaret. Eketorp borg has a strong connection to many different sacrificial rites, which can be seen in the chosen material. Through the theoretical perspective and the analysis of the victim finds, a broader development of Eketorp's society can be studied. This as the ritual development follows closely with the development of society in the fort. The aim of this thesis was to study how Eketorp's society developed from a religious viewpoint, with questions relevant to this. The first part of the text the author presents Eketorp borg and what the aim of this paper is, as mentioned before. In this part the theory and method are presented as well and how the theory has been molded to fit the different offerings and their contexts. This being referred to as the level-grouping. In the discussion the interpretations from the analysis and presents new reasons why the offerings have been sacrificed at their respective sites, the house, the bog, and the hall. The result of the thesis is the last chapter and concludes that through the level grouping and viewpoint of ritual and cult its possible to get new interpretations of how the different contexts and interactions was handled.

Numerical simulations of supercritical coastal flows have been performed. The meso-γ-scale model which has been used in this study is non-linear, hydrostatic and has a higher-order turbulence closure. Previous studies of supercritical coastal flows with this model have given rise to some questions and hypotheses, e. g. is the gradual curvature of the main coastal mountains north of Cape Mendocino sufficient to excite an expansion fan? Is the local terrain of Cape Mendocino responsible for the collapse of the marine atmospheric layer (MABL) in Shelter Cove? This study was designed to answer these questions. The terrain used in the simulations was generated by a simple analytical function and fitted to the real terrain north of Cape Mendocino in a sense that it would reflect it as good as possible, neglecting ”small” changes in the orientation of the coast and height of the terrain. This made it possible to test hypotheses related to the coastline shape one by one. Simulations that were performed are: Piecewise linear coasts with constant terrain height where the change in coastline orientation, the height of the inversion and strength of the background wind speed was varied; Piecewise linear coasts where the height of the terrain was varying along the coast; Curved coastlines with different curvatures; Piecewise linear coasts with simplified capes perpendicular to the coast where the height of the cape was varied. It was found that the angle with which the coast turns away from the flow regulates the amount of acceleration in the following expansion fan. A decreasing height of the terrain along the coast lead to an increased acceleration of the flow, the largest acceleration was found when the slope of the terrain was confined to the change in coastline orientation. It was concluded that this is comparable to an increased change in coastline orientation. The simulations with curved coastlines confirmed the hypothesis that the gradual curvature of the main coastal mountains north of Cape Mendocino is sufficient to excite an expansion fan. In fact, a curved coastline leads to a stronger acceleration of the flow than a piecewise linear coastline. One of the most striking features in this study was that the acceleration of the flow started far upstream of the change in coastline orientation, even though the flows were supercritical. This phenomenon was mainly found in the cases with the highest wind speeds. It is suggested that the upstream acceleration of the flow is due to either high amplitude gravity waves propagating within the MABL or internal gravity waves propagating above the inversion. When a cape was inserted perpendicular to the main coastline, this showed that even with a cape as low as approximately half the depth of the MABL, the flow was significantly blocked. Indications of wave-breaking on the lee side of the cape was also found, which confirmed the hypothesis that the local terrain of Cape Mendocino is responsible for the collapse of the MABL in Shelter Cove.

Advances in dynamic fracture modelling have become more frequent due to increases in computer speed, meaning that its application to industrial problems has become viable. From this, the author has reviewed current literature in terms of graphite material properties, structural dynamics, fracture mechanics and modelling methodologies to be able to address operational issues related to the ageing of Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) cores. In particular, the experimentally observed Prompt Secondary Cracking (PSC) of graphite moderator bricks which has yet to be observed within operational reactors, with the objective of supporting their plant life extension. A method known as eXtended Finite Element Method with Cohesive Zones (XCZM) was developed within Code_Aster open-source FEM software. This enabled the incorporation of velocity toughening, irradiation-induced material degradation effects and multiple 3D dynamic crack initiations, propagations and arrests into a single model, which covers the major known attributes of the PSC mechanism. Whilst developing XCZM, several publications were produced. This started with first demonstrating XCZM's ability to model the PSC mechanism in 2D and consequently that methane holes have a noticeable effect on crack propagation speeds. Following on from this, XCZM was benchmarked in 2D against literature experiments and available model data which consequently highlighted that velocity toughening was an integral feature in producing energetically correct fracture speeds. Leading on from this, XCZM was taken into 3D and demonstrated that it produced experimentally observed bifurcation angle from a literature example. This meant that when a 3D graphite brick was modelled that the crack profile was equivalent to an accepted quasi-static profile. As a consequence of this validation, the XCZM approach was able to model PSC and give insight into features that could not be investigated previously including: finer-scale heterogeneous effects on a dynamic crack profile, comparison between Primary and Secondary crack profiles and also, 3D crack interaction with a methane hole, including insight into possible crack arrest. XCZM was shown to improve upon previous 2D models of experiments that showed the plausibility of PSC; this was achieved by eliminating the need for user intervention and also incorporation of irradiation damage effects through User-defined Material properties (UMAT). Finally, while applying XCZM to a full-scale 3D graphite brick including reactor effects, it was shown that PSC is likely to occur under LEFM assumptions and that the Secondary crack initiates before the Primary crack arrests axially meaning that modal analysis would not be able to fully model PSC.

Pendant la dernière décennie, il y a eu un incrément de la résolution spatiale des observations satellitaires. Cela est notamment dû aux avancées technologiques implémentées sur les satellites. La quantité d'information observée est vaste, et il faut donc identifier des techniques efficaces pour la traiter et pour produire de cartes précises de la dynamique en surface. La mission future SWOT collectera de données d'élévation de surface (SSH) à très haute résolution spatiale : une partie de la dynamique à petites longueurs d'onde, c'est-à-dire, de la sousméso-échelle, sera représentée dans ces observations. Les observations satellitaires servent à réaliser la reconstruction spatiale en surface et aussi à la projeter vers l'intérieur de l'océan et vers des autres variables. La question posée est donc quelles méthodes peuvent fournir ces estimés 3D et multivariés avec une bonne précision à des échelles proches de la sousméso-échelle.Nous nous situons dans ce travail de thèse dans un cadre d'assimilation de données et d'images : l'objectif du travail étant la reconstruction de façon précise de la dynamique dans la couche de surface de l'océan (~500 m) à partir d'observations satellitaires. Pour ce faire, nous implémentons une méthode qui utilise différentes observations en surface à deux étapes d'analyse séparées. Elle consiste d'abord d'une première étape d'assimilation de données qui réalise une correction linéaire de l'écoulement. La deuxième étape se base dans une méthode d'assimilation d'images (Gaultier et al, 2012) dont l'objectif est de bien localiser les structures lagrangiennes obtenues par le calcul des exposants de Lyapunov. Dans le but de fournir des incertitudes associées aux estimés, nous disposons d'une distribution de probabilité d'ébauche qui sera corrigé par notre méthode : (i) la première étape effectue une analyse SEEK pour corriger cette distribution d'ébauche en utilisant une observation d’élévation de SSH; (ii) la deuxième étape minimise une fonction coût en utilisant l'observation d'une image structure et nous obtenons ainsi une distribution de probabilité finale. Les estimés sont projetés dans la dimension verticale en utilisant des EOFs (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) 3D multivariées, de cette sorte nous avons des estimés de variables observées et des variables non-observées (Duran-Moro et al, 2017).La méthode est testée en utilisant des données synthétiques produites par un modèle numérique à haute résolution (~3 km) dans la Mer de Salomon (SOSMOD36). La méthode fournit des résultats positifs : les estimés sont bien reconstruites sur la vertical et aussi concernant les variables non-observées. Dans ce cadre, nous réalisons une évaluation de l'impact de diverses pseudo-observations altimétriques dans la performance de la méthode. Ceci est réalisé par l'implémentation des traces Jason et Envisat sur l'observation de SSH ainsi qu'à partir du simulateur SWOT développé au JPL. Ce dernier est utilisé pour générer des pseudo-observations SWOT ainsi que des erreurs et du bruit prévus pour cette mission. La corrélation significative de ces erreurs a motivé l'application de la technique dans Ruggiero et al, 2016 dans notre analyse. Des simulations à plus haute résolution spatiale (~1 km) récemment produites à partir du modèle numérique NATL60 en Atlantique Nord sont aussi utilisées pour tester la méthode. Cette étude permet d'évaluer la dépendance des résultats avec la variabilité saisonnière de la dynamique aux moyennes latitudes. / During the last decade, high resolution observations have significantly increased mainly due to the strong innovations of satellite technology. The amount of observed information from satellites is large, and it is necessary to identify effective techniques to treat and to generate surface maps of the ocean dynamics. The future SWOT mission will collect sea surface height (SSH) measurements with a high spatial resolution : some dynamics at small wavelengths, which is known as submeso-scale, will be present in these new observations. Satellite observations could be used to carry out a vertical projection into the deeper ocean and to other variables. The question that rises is which methods can be used to carry out a 3D multivariate analysis with a significant precision, especially at meso and submeso-scale.We work here in a data/image assimilation framework : our objective if to reconstruction with good precision the dynamics in the upper oceanic layer (~500 m) using satellite observations. To do so, we implement a two-step method that uses different observations of the sea surface. The first step consist on the SEEK filter which is a data assimilation technique to carry out a first linear correction of the flow. The second step uses an image assimilation method (Gaultier et al , 2012) to correct the location of the main dynamical structure. This main dynamical structure is obtained by the computation of the Lyapunov exponents. A probability approach is applied to provide uncertainties on the estimates at each step. A first probability distribution of a background state is supposed to be known : the two-step method corrects this probability distribution at each step in order to converge towards the real ocean state. The SEEK filter corrects the background probability distribution using a SSH observation. The second step continues this correction towards smaller scales by using an image structure observation. To carry out the vertical projection, an ensemble of 3D multivariate EOFs (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) is used (Duran-Moro et al, 2017).The method is tested using synthetic data generated by a numerical model in the Solomon Sea region (SOSMOD36). The spatial resolution of these simulations is of ~3 km. We evaluate the response of our method in an idealized case study by using pseudo-observations generated from the simulations. The method provides good results and the estimates are corrected also in the vertical and in terms of other variables. A more detailed exploration of the altimetric observation is realized, especially related to future SWOT observations. Errors of SWOT observations have strong spatial correlations and another technique needs to be used in our method : this modification is carried out following work done in Ruggiero et al, 2016. Simulations from another NEMO configuration in the North Atlantic region (NATL60) are also used to evaluate the method. This second test allows us to explore the method in a different latitude of the globe.