The present study is an interpretation of the two myths copied in the Old Babylonian period in which the Sumerian mother goddess is one of the main actors. The first myth is commonly called “Enki and Ninḫursaĝa”, and the second “Enki and Ninmaḫ”. The theoretical point of departure is that myths have society as their referents, i.e. they are “talking about” society, and that this is done in an ideological way. This study aims at investigating on the one hand which contexts in the Mesopotamian society each section of the myths refers to, and on the other hand which ideological aspects that the myths express in terms of power relations. The myths are contextualized in relation to their historical and social setting. If the myth for example deals with working men, male work in the area during the relevant period is discussed. The same method of contextualization is used regarding marriage, geographical points of reference and so on. Also constellations of mythical ideas are contextualized, through comparison with similar constellations in other Mesopotamian myths. Besides the method of contextualization, the power relations in the myths are investigated. According to this latter method, the categories at issue, their ranking, as well as their changed ranking, are noted. The topics of the myths is issues important for the kingship and the country, such as irrigation, trade, health and healing, birth, collective work, artisanry and rivalry. All these aspects are used in order to express what the power relations between the goddess Ninḫursaĝa/Ninmaḫ and the god Enki look like. The relations are negotiated and recalibrated, which leads to the goddess getting a lowered status. Part of the negotiations and recalibrations is gender behavior, which is related to historical developments in society. The present work points to the function of these myths as tools of recalibrating not only deities, but also men and women in society.

Les sources cunéiformes principalement de nature économique et administrative montrent que les femmes avaient un rôle très remarquable dans la vie économique en Mésopotamie au Ill' millénaire avant notre ère. Les femmes de différente strates sociales participaient d'une manière ou d'une autre dans la vie économique : les femmes proches du pouvoir ou autonomes qui géraient leurs propres ressources et maisonnées, ainsi que les femmes en bas de l'échelle sociale dépendantes des grands organismes et qui composait une abondante force de travail qui a largement été utilisée par les autorités. Les femmes de rang "normal" pouvaient exercer des activités productives telles que la production textile et la préparation des céréales, ou des activités à l'extérieur des maisonnées comme les travaux agricoles et les travaux de construction, elles pouvaient aussi exercer des métiers spécifiques comme la médecine. / Cuneiform sources, mainly of an economic and administrative nature, show that women had a very remarkable role in the economic life of Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. Women in different social strata participated in one way or another in economic life: women in power or autonomous who managed their own resources and households, as well as women at the bottom of the social depended of the large organizations, constituted an abundant labor force which was widely used by the authorities. Women from "normal" rank were able to engage in productive activities such as textile production and cereal processing, or activities outside households such as agricultural work and construction work, they could also be engaged in specific occupations such as Medicine.

L’étude entreprise visait à examiner l'apport que l'iconographie peut fournir à l’étude de la grande faune mammalienne et à l'évaluation de sa distribution historique au Proche-Orient, en prenant le 4ème et le 3ème millénaire en Syrie du nord comme époque et région cible. Trois objectifs précis étaient posés dans ce cadre (1) Proposer à travers des sources glyptiques contemporaines une vue de la faune des 4ème et 3ème millénaires en Mésopotamie du Nord ;(2) Evaluer la cohérence de cette image par rapport aux données archéozoologiques et par rapport à un modèle géochronologique plus large de l’évolution de la faune régionale ;(3) Evaluer la pertinence de la glyptique comme marqueur pour l’étude de la paléofaune. The object of this study was to examine the contribution that iconography can make to the study of large mammal faunas, focussing on the 4th and 3rd millennia in Upper Mesopotamia (Syria). Three goals were set in this framework (1) To propose a view of 4th and 3rd millennia fauna in Upper Mesopotamia as seen through glyptic sources; (2) To evaluate the coherence of this view in relation to contemporary archaeozoological data and in relation to a wider geochronological model of the regional fauna; (3) To assess the relevance of glyptic as a marker in the study of ancient faunas. / Doctorat en Histoire, histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le motif du palmier, qui apparaît dès la fin du IVe millénaire av. J.-C. en Égypte et en Mésopotamie, connaît une très large diffusion dans la Méditerranée antique, durant les second et premier millénaires av. J.-C. Il s’inscrit dans la tradition artistique, culturelle et religieuse d’un grand nombre de régions : le Levant, l’île de Chypre, la Grèce, la Méditerranée occidentale. Bâtie sur ce champ d’étude, géographiquement et chronologiquement très large, cette thèse examine la répartition du motif résultant de contacts et d’échanges entre les différentes civilisations et met en lumière l’élaboration d’une iconographie spécifique, propre à chacune d’entre elles. Certains développements symboliques – tels l’aspect cultuel du palmier et le rapprochement ou l’assimilation de l’arbre avec l’être humain, et plus particulièrement avec la femme –, apparaissent récurrents et permettent d’examiner la question de la continuité, ou non, du motif dans les différents groupes d’images étudiées et la façon dont la vision de l’arbre se manifeste dans chacune des civilisations. / The pattern of the palm-tree, which appears as soon as the end of the IVth millennium BC in both Egypt and Mesopotamia, experiences a vast diffusion across the Ancient Mediterranean world during the IInd and Ist millennium BC. Its style situates it in the artistic, cultural, and religious tradition of a large number of regions: the Levant, Cyprus island, Ancient Greece, and the Western Mediterranean. This thesis, built on wide geographical and chronological fields of study, investigates the geographical distribution of the pattern arising from contacts and exchanges between various civilizations and highlights how a specific iconography, proper to each civilization, has been elaborated. Some symbolic developments, such as the religious aspect of the palm-tree and the connection or assimilation of the tree to humans, in particular to women, appear recurrent and allow one to address the question of the continuity of the pattern in various picture samples and the way the view of the tree manifests itself in each of these civilizations.

A partir de uma avaliação crítica de propostas teóricas voltadas ao estudo histórico da cognição como as apresentadas por Jack Goody e Reviel Netz , este trabalho desenvolve uma possível aproximação entre novos modelos produzidos no campo das ciências cognitivas, em especial modelos de cognição corporalizada (embodied cognition), e as atuais interpretações dos textos matemáticos babilônicos. Propõe possíveis desenvolvimentos dessas interpretações através da identificação de um sistema cognitivo estendido específico da cultura escribal babilônica, fundado no uso de ferramentas cognitivas: as formas de produção da escrita cuneiforme, o repertório textual preservado pela tradição escribal e a própria instituição social escolar da eduba. Neste quadro, os conceitos matemáticos, as formas de percepção e ordenação da realidade material e a cognição escribal sobre o conceito de tempo se revelam dependentes da agência material dos tabletes cuneiformes, das práticas ligadas a eles e da posição social do escriba. / From a critical evaluation of theoretical proposals aimed at the historical study of cognition as those presented by Jack Goody and Reviel Netz this paper explores a possible connection between new models coming from cognitive sciences, particularly \"embodied cognition models, and current interpretations of Babylonian mathematical texts. It proposes possible developments of these interpretations through the recognition of an extended cognitive system, specific of Babylonian scribal culture, based on the use of cognitive tools: forms of production of cuneiform writing, the textual repertoire preserved by scribal tradition and the social institution of the eduba school. In this context, mathematical concepts, forms of perception and ordering of material reality and scribal cognition of the concept of time reveal themselves dependent on the material agency of cuneiform tablets, the practices linked to them and the social position of the scribe.

Esta dissertação propõe uma análise de um conjunto de 50 cartas administrativas paleobabilônicas (c. 2003 1595 AEC), oriundas do sítio arqueológico de Tell Harmal, correspondente à antiga cidade de &#352aduppûm, e publicadas pela primeira vez por Albrecht Götze em 1958. Para esse fim, apresentamos uma nova transliteração das cópias dos tabletes e a primeira tradução desse material do acadiano para o português. Nessa documentação podemos observar detalhes do papel desempenhado por oficiais integrantes da administração de &#352aduppûm na gerência das terras agrícolas, mais especificamente quando &#352aduppûm estava sob o controle do rei Ib&#227l-pî-El II (1779-1765 AEC) de E&#353nunna. Por meio dos aspectos operacionais das práticas administrativas locais, buscamos compreender a sua relação com a administração central de E&#353nunna. Adicionalmente, esse trabalho expõe um aspecto da atividade administrativa que pode ser compreendido como a experiência social, que se revela sobretudo nas estratégias de sociabilidade postas em ação por esses oficiais / This dissertation proposes an analysis of 50 letters dated from the Old Babylonian period (c. 2003 - 1595 BCE). These letters come from the Tell Harmal archaeological site, corresponding to the ancient city of &#352aduppûm, and were first published in 1958 by Albrecht Götze. To achieve my goal, I present new transliterations of the copies of the tablets and the first transliteration of this material from Akkadian into Portuguese. This documentation gives us details of the role played by the officials performing &#352aduppûm administrative activities in agricultural land management, especially when &#352aduppûm was under the control of king Ib&#227l-pî-El II (1779-1765 BCE) of E&#353nunna. Through the operational local administrative practices aspects, we seek to understand their relationship with the central administration of E&#353nunna. Furthermore, this work brings an aspect of administrative activity that may be understood as a component of social experience, which is revealed mainly in sociability strategies put into action by these officials.

Esta dissertação propõe uma análise de um conjunto de 50 cartas administrativas paleobabilônicas (c. 2003 1595 AEC), oriundas do sítio arqueológico de Tell Harmal, correspondente à antiga cidade de &#352aduppûm, e publicadas pela primeira vez por Albrecht Götze em 1958. Para esse fim, apresentamos uma nova transliteração das cópias dos tabletes e a primeira tradução desse material do acadiano para o português. Nessa documentação podemos observar detalhes do papel desempenhado por oficiais integrantes da administração de &#352aduppûm na gerência das terras agrícolas, mais especificamente quando &#352aduppûm estava sob o controle do rei Ib&#227l-pî-El II (1779-1765 AEC) de E&#353nunna. Por meio dos aspectos operacionais das práticas administrativas locais, buscamos compreender a sua relação com a administração central de E&#353nunna. Adicionalmente, esse trabalho expõe um aspecto da atividade administrativa que pode ser compreendido como a experiência social, que se revela sobretudo nas estratégias de sociabilidade postas em ação por esses oficiais / This dissertation proposes an analysis of 50 letters dated from the Old Babylonian period (c. 2003 - 1595 BCE). These letters come from the Tell Harmal archaeological site, corresponding to the ancient city of &#352aduppûm, and were first published in 1958 by Albrecht Götze. To achieve my goal, I present new transliterations of the copies of the tablets and the first transliteration of this material from Akkadian into Portuguese. This documentation gives us details of the role played by the officials performing &#352aduppûm administrative activities in agricultural land management, especially when &#352aduppûm was under the control of king Ib&#227l-pî-El II (1779-1765 BCE) of E&#353nunna. Through the operational local administrative practices aspects, we seek to understand their relationship with the central administration of E&#353nunna. Furthermore, this work brings an aspect of administrative activity that may be understood as a component of social experience, which is revealed mainly in sociability strategies put into action by these officials.

La culture urukéenne de la Mésopotamie du Sud a fait l’objet de multiples analyses afin d’interpréter ses contacts au 4e millénaire. La découverte d'un nombre important de matériel de facture urukéenne sur les sites de la Mésopotamie du Nord a conduit les archéologues à proposer que cette présence était le résultat d'une expansion urukéenne dans cette région. Or, l'utilisation de théories anthropologiques pour l'étude archéologique des contacts culturels permet d'explorer d'autres formes de contact et de proposer l’hypothèse selon laquelle le matériel urukéen découvert en Mésopotamie du Nord est le fruit de la volonté des élites nord-mésopotamiennes visant des intérêts politiques, économiques et sociaux. L'émulation des dirigeants nord-mésopotamiens, qui veulent profiter de la puissance des Urukéens pour renforcer leur statut, ne peut qu'être le résultat d'un compromis entre les élites des deux régions qui y trouvent chacun leurs intérêts. / The urukeen culture of South Mesopotamia has been the subject of many studies to interpret its contacts in 4th millennium B.C. The important number of urukeen material discovered on many sites of northern Mesopotamia has led to the conclusion that this presence was the result of an urukeen expansion in this region. However, the use of anthropological theories for the archaeological study of cultural contacts enables to explore other forms of contact and to propose the hypothesis according to which the urukeen material discovered in these sites is the result of the will of the northern Mesopotamian leaders to reach political, economic and social advantages. The leaders emulation, who want to take advantage of the urukeen power to consolidate their status, is the result of a compromise between the elites of these two regions allowing both parties to find their interests.

Notre recherche de doctorant aborde l’architecture royale en Mésopotamie à la fin du bronze ancien et au bronze moyen (de l’époque de la IIIème dynastie d’Ur : 2112- 2004 av. J.-C. à l’époque paléo-babylonienne : 2004-1595 av. J.-C.). C’est durant cette partie de l’âge du Bronze que les activités de construction de grands bâtiments publics ont été les plus importantes et qu’elles sont les mieux documentées par les fouilles archéologiques La thèse comporte deux volumes (texte et figures). Le volume du texte se compose de trois parties : la première et la deuxième concernent l’analyse architecturale des palais de la Mésopotamie du Sud et du Nord. Dans la dernière partie, on a proposé une étude comparative entre les palais mésopotamiens construits de la période d’Ur III à l’époque paléo-babylonienne. Des comparaisons sont aussi faites entre ces derniers palais et ceux appartenant à la même région de l’âge du bronze. On a aussi proposé d’autres études comparatives entre les palais mésopotamiens et ceux relevant des civilisations voisines, ainsi qu’entre ces palais et les grandes maisons de la même région. / Our doctoral research discusses royal architecture in Mesopotamia from the end of the Early Bronze Age through the Middle Bronze Age (from the time of the Third Dynasty of Ur: 2112-2004 BC through the Old Babylonian period: 2004-1595 BC). Activities surrounding the construction of large public buildings reached their height during this part of the Bronze Age and the most complete records from archeological excavations date from this period.The thesis consists of two volumes (text and figures). The text volume is divided into three sections: the first and second sections give an architectural analysis of the palaces of North and South Mesopotamia. In the last section, we offer a comparative study of Mesopotamian palaces built at the time of Ur III and those built during the Old Babylonian period. We also compare these Old Babylonian palaces to those of the same region during other periods of the Bronze Age. Finally, we compare Mesopotamian palaces to those of neighboring civilizations and to the large houses of the same region.

This thesis attempts to describe the role of the British Admiralty&rsquo / s oil related naval policies from 1909 to 1914 in the formation of British oil diplomacy in the northern hinterlands of the Persian Gulf. On the basis of this attempt, it examines the precise beginning of oil security concerns of Britain and its articulation on the southwest Persian and Mesopotamian oil basins in light of the transition of the Royal Navy from coal to oil burning internal combustion engines. It delineates the interconnectedness of the issues relating to the significance of oil in British naval developments and naval supremacy and her clash of interests with the other Great Naval Powers, which had significant interest in oil rich Mesopotamia and southern Persia. By 1914, the Admiralty, through its exceptional relations with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in the hinterlands of the Persian Gulf became an important actor in the government&rsquo / s involvement in the oil industry. This thesis, suggests that the Admiralty was the political demand channel in the processes of British imperial expansion under the spread of new imperialism in general, and in the consolidation of fuel oil security in particular. The study will be a contribution to the academic literature on the history of naval powers in Turkey.