Este trabalho aborda o tema das políticas migratórias defensivas dos Estados e sua relação com a proteção elusiva dos refugiados e solicitantes da condição de refugiado (SCR). Com frequência, o tema é submetido a interpretações superficiais, limitadas e, inclusive, equivocadas, as quais não contribuem para um entendimento diligente à altura da complexidade da problemática. A pesquisa fundamenta-se nas contribuições de diversos estudiosos sobre o assunto e agrega dados empíricos atualizados. O estudo busca analisar, no âmbito internacional, desde a década de 1990, as três principais políticas migratórias defensivas aplicadas pelos Estados em relação ao fluxo e acolhimento de refugiados e SCR, bem como suas implicações. Para tanto, nesse escopo, faz-se necessário considerar o dinamismo do processo decisório político dos Estados em um contexto de afirmação de interesses e tensões internacionais. Igualmente, a partir da aplicação da tríade de políticas migratórias defensivas, são analisadas suas contradições no que tange à assunção do responsibility-sharing internacional e à vinculação com fatores que originam os fluxos de deslocamentos forçados. / This research deals with the subject of the State’s defensive migration policies regarding its relation to the elusive protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Quite often, this subject is under superficial, limited, and also erroneous, interpretation, which does not contribute to a better understanding of its complexity. The analysis is supported by the contributions of many experts in this field and includes new data. This paper seeks to analyze, in the international context, since the 90s, the three main defensive migration policies used by States in regard to the influx and protection of refugees and asylum seekers, as well as their implications. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider the dynamism involving the State’s political decision process in a context of diverging interests and international tensions. Also, from the application of the three defensive migration policies, the paper analyses their contradiction in relation to the assumption of the international responsibility-sharing, as well as their link to the factors that originate the influx of forced displacement. / Este trabajo trata del tema de las políticas migratorias defensivas de los Estados y su relación con la protección esquiva de refugiados y solicitantes de la condición de refugiado (SCR). A menudo, el tema es sometido a interpretaciones superficiales, limitadas e, incluso, equivocadas, las cuales no contribuyen para un entendimiento diligente a la altura de la complejidad de la problemática. El análisis está basado en las contribuciones de distintos expertos sobre el tema y agrega datos empíricos actualizados. El estudio busca analizar, en el ámbito internacional, desde la década de los años 1990, las tres principales políticas migratorias defensivas aplicadas por los Estados en relación al flujo y acogida de refugiados y SCR, además de sus implicaciones. Para eso, en ese ámbito, es necesario considerar el dinamismo del proceso decisorio político de los Estados en un contexto de afirmación de intereses y tensiones internacionales. Igualmente, a partir de la aplicación de la tríade de políticas migratorias defensivas, son analizadas las contradicciones de dichas políticas en lo que se refiere a la asunción del responsibility-sharing internacional y a la vinculación con factores que originan los flujos de desplazamientos forzados.

Through police co-operation, re-admission agreements, and setting up of detention camps, Italy’s immigration policy tries to delocalise border controls between Europe and North Africa. Italian immigration quotas and development aid should induce countries of origin and transit of migrants to tighten their border controls and cooperate with Italy. Development aid is used by the EU in order to exert pressure on other countries, whereas Libya for instance uses transiting refugees as a diplomatic weapon. On the other hand, relations between Italy and North African countries do not focus on human rights violations taking place in some of these countries.

A partir du cas de la politique d'aide au retour volontaire en France, cette recherche propose une interprétation des politiques d'éloignement des étrangers en situation irrégulière, telles qu'elles sont formulées à l'échelle de l'Union européenne sous l'angle du « retour ». Le principe d'expulsion est maintenant transposé dans le champ de l'action sociale, sous la forme de divers dispositifs d'assistance humanitaire qui masquent la dimension de contrainte contenue dans l'objectif final de faire sortir les étrangers du territoire. Ce brouillage amène à s'intéresser aux ressorts matériels et symboliques de la domination qui s'exerce sur les « retournés » par le biais de cette assistance, où s'observe un retournement du rapport des expulsables à leur départ, rebaptisé « volontaire ». En tenant bout à bout l'étude des processus de renvoi et des expériences d'après-retour, il s'agit de mettre en perspective les mythologies et les réalités du phénomène. Pour ce faire, on examine, à travers les mécanismes de relégation, l'ensemble des acteurs et des institutions participant à l'aménagement d'un espace transnational de prise en charge sociale reliant les pays de renvoi aux pays d'où venaient les émigrés, particulièrement dans les effets sociopolitiques et anthropologiques que leurs opérations produisent. / Starting from the issue of assisted voluntary return in France, this research offers an interpretation of removal policies for undocumented foreigners, labeled as "return policy" in the European Union. The principle of deportation has now been transposed to the field of social policy. Therefore, various humanitarian assistance programmes have hidden the notion of obligation which underlies the final goal of having foreigners leave the country. This confusion leads to the study of material and symbolic patterns of domination applied to "returnees”. In fact, this assistance involves a twist in the relation to the departure: undocumented migrants are no longer deportable people but foreigners asking for voluntary departure. Considering the whole process of removal and post deportation experiences, this research is to outline the myths and realities of return. Thus, trough relegation mechanisms, both social actors and institutions have been investigated. Their involvement and its consequences in the set up of a transnational space bonding the "deporting countries" and the countries of origin have been thoroughly analysed from a sociopolitical and an anthropological point of view.

Este trabalho aborda o tema das políticas migratórias defensivas dos Estados e sua relação com a proteção elusiva dos refugiados e solicitantes da condição de refugiado (SCR). Com frequência, o tema é submetido a interpretações superficiais, limitadas e, inclusive, equivocadas, as quais não contribuem para um entendimento diligente à altura da complexidade da problemática. A pesquisa fundamenta-se nas contribuições de diversos estudiosos sobre o assunto e agrega dados empíricos atualizados. O estudo busca analisar, no âmbito internacional, desde a década de 1990, as três principais políticas migratórias defensivas aplicadas pelos Estados em relação ao fluxo e acolhimento de refugiados e SCR, bem como suas implicações. Para tanto, nesse escopo, faz-se necessário considerar o dinamismo do processo decisório político dos Estados em um contexto de afirmação de interesses e tensões internacionais. Igualmente, a partir da aplicação da tríade de políticas migratórias defensivas, são analisadas suas contradições no que tange à assunção do responsibility-sharing internacional e à vinculação com fatores que originam os fluxos de deslocamentos forçados. / This research deals with the subject of the State’s defensive migration policies regarding its relation to the elusive protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Quite often, this subject is under superficial, limited, and also erroneous, interpretation, which does not contribute to a better understanding of its complexity. The analysis is supported by the contributions of many experts in this field and includes new data. This paper seeks to analyze, in the international context, since the 90s, the three main defensive migration policies used by States in regard to the influx and protection of refugees and asylum seekers, as well as their implications. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider the dynamism involving the State’s political decision process in a context of diverging interests and international tensions. Also, from the application of the three defensive migration policies, the paper analyses their contradiction in relation to the assumption of the international responsibility-sharing, as well as their link to the factors that originate the influx of forced displacement. / Este trabajo trata del tema de las políticas migratorias defensivas de los Estados y su relación con la protección esquiva de refugiados y solicitantes de la condición de refugiado (SCR). A menudo, el tema es sometido a interpretaciones superficiales, limitadas e, incluso, equivocadas, las cuales no contribuyen para un entendimiento diligente a la altura de la complejidad de la problemática. El análisis está basado en las contribuciones de distintos expertos sobre el tema y agrega datos empíricos actualizados. El estudio busca analizar, en el ámbito internacional, desde la década de los años 1990, las tres principales políticas migratorias defensivas aplicadas por los Estados en relación al flujo y acogida de refugiados y SCR, además de sus implicaciones. Para eso, en ese ámbito, es necesario considerar el dinamismo del proceso decisorio político de los Estados en un contexto de afirmación de intereses y tensiones internacionales. Igualmente, a partir de la aplicación de la tríade de políticas migratorias defensivas, son analizadas las contradicciones de dichas políticas en lo que se refiere a la asunción del responsibility-sharing internacional y a la vinculación con factores que originan los flujos de desplazamientos forzados.

Este trabalho aborda o tema das políticas migratórias defensivas dos Estados e sua relação com a proteção elusiva dos refugiados e solicitantes da condição de refugiado (SCR). Com frequência, o tema é submetido a interpretações superficiais, limitadas e, inclusive, equivocadas, as quais não contribuem para um entendimento diligente à altura da complexidade da problemática. A pesquisa fundamenta-se nas contribuições de diversos estudiosos sobre o assunto e agrega dados empíricos atualizados. O estudo busca analisar, no âmbito internacional, desde a década de 1990, as três principais políticas migratórias defensivas aplicadas pelos Estados em relação ao fluxo e acolhimento de refugiados e SCR, bem como suas implicações. Para tanto, nesse escopo, faz-se necessário considerar o dinamismo do processo decisório político dos Estados em um contexto de afirmação de interesses e tensões internacionais. Igualmente, a partir da aplicação da tríade de políticas migratórias defensivas, são analisadas suas contradições no que tange à assunção do responsibility-sharing internacional e à vinculação com fatores que originam os fluxos de deslocamentos forçados. / This research deals with the subject of the State’s defensive migration policies regarding its relation to the elusive protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Quite often, this subject is under superficial, limited, and also erroneous, interpretation, which does not contribute to a better understanding of its complexity. The analysis is supported by the contributions of many experts in this field and includes new data. This paper seeks to analyze, in the international context, since the 90s, the three main defensive migration policies used by States in regard to the influx and protection of refugees and asylum seekers, as well as their implications. In this sense, it is appropriate to consider the dynamism involving the State’s political decision process in a context of diverging interests and international tensions. Also, from the application of the three defensive migration policies, the paper analyses their contradiction in relation to the assumption of the international responsibility-sharing, as well as their link to the factors that originate the influx of forced displacement. / Este trabajo trata del tema de las políticas migratorias defensivas de los Estados y su relación con la protección esquiva de refugiados y solicitantes de la condición de refugiado (SCR). A menudo, el tema es sometido a interpretaciones superficiales, limitadas e, incluso, equivocadas, las cuales no contribuyen para un entendimiento diligente a la altura de la complejidad de la problemática. El análisis está basado en las contribuciones de distintos expertos sobre el tema y agrega datos empíricos actualizados. El estudio busca analizar, en el ámbito internacional, desde la década de los años 1990, las tres principales políticas migratorias defensivas aplicadas por los Estados en relación al flujo y acogida de refugiados y SCR, además de sus implicaciones. Para eso, en ese ámbito, es necesario considerar el dinamismo del proceso decisorio político de los Estados en un contexto de afirmación de intereses y tensiones internacionales. Igualmente, a partir de la aplicación de la tríade de políticas migratorias defensivas, son analizadas las contradicciones de dichas políticas en lo que se refiere a la asunción del responsibility-sharing internacional y a la vinculación con factores que originan los flujos de desplazamientos forzados.

Esta tese busca analisar os padrões de mudança e continuidade na política migratória brasileira, de maneira a observar o papel neles exercido pela dinâmica político-burocrática interorganizacional. Nesse intuito, empreende uma análise do funcionamento do Executivo em uma abordagem institucionalista centrando-se no processo político subjacente aos resultados em política migratória. O trabalho testa a hipótese de que o desenho institucional caracterizado por fragmentação e sobreposição de competências que caracteriza a política migratória é estruturante de processos organizacionais correspondentes a um duplo mecanismo: de um lado, organizações, por meio de seus dirigentes políticos e burocratas, realizam mudanças incrementais setoriais na política, em decorrência do aumento de suas capacidades técnico-administrativas e político-relacionais. De outro, em função dos objetivos de manter seu espaço de poder e lógica de ação organizacional, tais organizações tenderão a opor obstáculos a reformas mais amplas. Paralelamente, a tese enfrenta duas outras questões de pesquisa: (i) como as arenas internacional e doméstica se influenciam mutuamente no processo político migratório; e (ii) como os diferentes atores governamentais que tomam parte na formulação e implementação da política migratória brasileira coordenam suas atividades em um arranjo institucional complexo. De maneira a testar empiricamente suas hipóteses, realiza um process-tracing da política migratória brasileira entre 2003 e abril de 2016. / The present thesis seeks to analyze the patterns of change on Brazilian migration policy, in order to observe the role played by the interorganizational political-bureaucratic dynamics. To this end, it undertakes an analysis of how the Executive branch works, in an institutionalist approach focusing on the political process underlying the results in migration policy. The thesis tests the hypothesis that the institutional design of migration policy, characterized by fragmentation and overlapping of competences, structures organizational processes by a double mechanism: on the one hand, organizations, through their political leaders and bureaucrats, make incremental policy changes, as a result of the increase of its technical-administrative and political-relational capacities. On the other hand, according to the objectives of maintaining their space of power and their logic of organizational action, such organizations will tend to oppose wider reforms. At the same time, the thesis also addresses two other research questions: (i) how the international and domestic arenas influence each other in the migration policy process; and (ii) how different governmental actors that take part in the formulation and implementation of the Brazilian migration policy coordinate their activities in a complex institutional arrangement. In order to empirically test its hypotheses, it carries out a process-tracing of the Brazilian migration policy between 2003 and 2016.

What is the rationale behind immigration policies? Do developed countries really want to restrict immigration?

This thesis describes individual national minorities living on the territory of Czech Republic, under which conditions they can enter the Czech territory and live here and integration process of minorities to the Czech majority society. Each of those minority groups is characteristic by different values, culture, language, color of the skin, religion, and lifestyle and by the ability to adapt new world for them. This integration process is a long-term process and depends also on the Czech society, how those minorities will identify with Czech territory. Already on elementary schools students are getting to know variety of cultures through multicultural education that is trying to build a sense for respecting different cultures and esprit de corps in them. Citizens of Czech society living in abroad are finding a support in allowance organizations called Czech centers, which work also for representing Czech Republic in a lot of countries.

This thesis introduces the phenomenon of illegal migration and the ways of its solution. This thesis focuses on the way of regularization or legalization of the illegal status of the foreigner already residing in the state. In the thesis, the meaning of regularization is presented and an analysis of the three european countries with regularization experience is made. The experience of these three countries can be an inspiration for Czech Republic which has been facing the phenomenon of illegal migration for a short time and refuses the regularization at this moment. At the end of this thesis, there are some proposals on what the Czech republic should concern about before the debates about the regularization. The thesis deals also with the conditions under which the regularization would be meaningful if the Czech Republic considers it.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of labor migration into the Czech Republic in the years 2003 -- 2013 and verifies the hypothesis that the amount of the labor immigrants into the Czech Republic is increasing. The theoretical part defines the basic concepts related to migration, and since labor migration has the biggest impact on the labor market, it must also deals with the theory of the labor market For a deeper understanding of immigration there are explained economic theories, which deal with this issue. The legislative measures of the host country is an important factor for immigration, and therefore this topic devoted an entire chapter. The biggest added value of this work brings the fifth chapter, which deals with foreigners on the Czech labor market. The hypothesis was confirmed only partly because the number of immigrants was growing only until 2008. After that began the economic recession and many foreigners left the country, which was also caused by changes in legislation. However, economic growth is again expected influx of immigrants, and also due to the fact that the Czech government supports by its projects legal employment of foreigners in our country.