Background: Integration policy and immigration policy advocate for the needs of refugees, protection and integration into society. Measures through policies have been arranged to facilitate integration, but there are problems with the implementation of a successful integration policy for refugees. There are various laws and guidelines that support refugees and their living conditions and rights. Problem: Refugee families consisting of children, young adults and adults may face difficulties in integration into a new country. It is important to know how that group is to be received and managed in order to meet the needs of the refugees. Aim: The purpose of this study is to highlight the problems that may appear for refugees and refugee families’ social integration in Europe. This will be accomplished through a systematic literature study. Method: Systematic literature study based on 12 scientific articles. Selected articles were: 7 qualitative articles, three quantitative and two with mix method. Result: The language, the school, the residence permit, good treatment of a refugee and a social network proved to be significant in promoting the integration process for the refugees. Conclusion: In social work, it is important to know how refugees should be treated in order to not impede their integration into the new society. It is important that refugees do not feel excluded or discriminated against. It is valuable to have sympathy for the refugees and to understand that no individual would want to leave their country voluntarily. Further research is needed to be able to find new approaches that can promote the refugee family’s integration process and a sustainable future. / Bakgrund: Integrationspolitiken och invandringspolitiken redogör för flyktingarnas behov, skydd och integration i samhället. Integration -och invandringspolitiken har anordnat ett flertal åtgärder för att underlätta integrationen. Trots detta kvarstår mycket problematik kring implementeringen av en lyckad integrationspolitik för flyktingar. I Europa har det inrättats specifika lagar och riktlinjer som ska stötta flyktingarnas livsvillkor och rättigheter i det nya samhället. Problem: Flyktingfamiljer som består av barn, unga vuxna och vuxna kan bemöta svårigheter vid integrationen i ett nytt land. Det är viktigt att veta hur denna grupp ska bemötas och introduceras till samhället för att därmed kunna tillgodose flyktingarnas behov. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att genom en systematisk litteraturstudie belysa vilka problem som kan uppstå för flyktingar och flyktingfamiljer vid den sociala integrationen i Europa. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie som är baserad på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar. Valda artiklar var: 7 kvalitativa artiklar, tre kvantitativa och två med mix-metod. Resultat: Språk, skola, uppehållstillstånd, ett bra bemötande av flyktingar och ett socialt nätverk visade sig vara betydande faktorer för främjandet av integrationsprocessen för flyktingarna. Slutsats: I det sociala arbetet är det viktigt att veta hur flyktingar ska bemötas för att inte försvåra deras integration i det nya samhället. Det är viktigt att flyktingarna inte känner sig exkluderade eller diskriminerade. Det är värdefullt att ha sympati för flyktingarna och förstå att ingen individ skulle frivilligt vilja lämna sitt hemland. Vidare forskning behövs för att kunna hitta nya förhållningssätt som kan främja flyktingfamiljernas integrationsprocess och en hållbar framtid.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Migration is an important topic, not only for researchers in South Africa, but also for policymakers and the media. It is an issue at the top of the national and international agenda. In the debate on migration and the literature, voices of migrants themselves remain mostly unheard. The public perceptions and policy-making are often based on fear, stereotypes and common myths rather than reality. In this study, the researcher aimed to examine the socio-economic integration challenges of highly-skilled Nigerian migrants and how they may help contribute their skills towards the socioeconomic development of South Africa to potentially inform the national migration policy, as well as future research. Methodologically, the researcher conducted a mixed-method study using an interpretive paradigm. Data were derived from 22 semi-structured interviews and six in-depth interviews. The study used a combination of purposive and snowballing sampling techniques, where semi-structured and in-depth interviews, as well as observations, were also carried out. Data gathered were analysed using thematic analysis.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka hur olika yrkesgrupper inom socialt arbete jobbade kring migrantkvinnors integration på arbetsmarknaden. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex kvinnor som kommer i kontakt med migrantkvinnor och jobbar med integration. Inför denna studie användes genusteorin med ett intersektionellt perspektiv. Studiens resultat visade att enligt intervjupersonerna var bland annat tillgänglighet, kommunikation och förståelse för varandras roller några faktorer för att samverkan med andra aktörer skulle kunna fungera. Resultatet visade även att arbetet kring migrantkvinnornas integration på arbetsmarknaden inte enbart omfattade insatser inom utbildning och arbetsträning, utan även insatser inom exempelvis vård, barnomsorg och försörjningsstöd. Vidare visade resultatet att arbetet med att integrera migrantkvinnorna på arbetsmarknaden kunde påverkas av olika faktorer, exempelvis hur samverkan såg ut med andra aktörer, vilka resurser verksamheterna hade tillgång till, samt den aktuella svenska migrationspolitiken och lagstiftning. Utifrån detta kunde slutsatsen dras att arbetet med att integrera migrantkvinnor på arbetsmarknaden var mycket komplext, och att samverkan med andra aktörer spelade en viktig roll i arbetet. / The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how different social work professions worked with different agencies to integrate migrant women into the labor market. The study was conducted using a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews with six women who work with integration and come in contact with migrant women. Gender theory with an intersectional perspective was implemented in this study. The results of this study showed that, according to the interviewees, factors such as accessibility, communication, and an understanding of each other’s professional roles were some important factors for collaboration with other agencies to work. The results also showed that integration of migrant women into the labor market not only involved interventions in education and vocational training, but also interventions in areas such as health care, childcare and welfare. Furthermore, the results showed that work to integrate migrant women into the labor market could be influenced by various factors, such as how a collaboration with other agencies was organized, what resources the organizations had access to, as well as the current Swedish migration policy and legislation. Based on this, the conclusion was drawn that integrating migrant women into the labor market was very complex, and that collaboration with other agencies played an important role in this work.

The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the Globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programs; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programs for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programs. / Series: WWWforEurope

This thesis is focused on social work with foreigners. Firstly were introduced the topic of migration, the history of migration in the Czech Republic and the basic concepts related to this topic, usefulness of integration and migration policy of the Czech Republic. Then was introduced the Biblical view and view of Catholical social teaching. Then were introduced social work with foreigners, theories and methods, also the values of social work and possible obstacles that await social workers ort he interdependence of the field with other experts. The aim of the thesis was with using literature and other available sources, to introduce concept of migration and introduce how social work works with foreigners, point out and than reflect on whether social workers encounter ethical problems or dilemmas and how they work with them. To achieve the aim of the thesis were used not only gained knowledge of the studied material but also results from qualitative research. Two research questions have been set for the purposes of the thesis, which complement the research objective. This thesis is intended for readers who want to gain basic knowledge about the global phenomenon of migration and than this thesis may be useful for social work students or graduated social workers who are working with this group.

This thesis deals with the topic of migration. In the theoretical level the work defines the term migration, further it discusses its reasons, forms, types and consequences. In the practical level the work examines the impact of migration on the socio-economic indicators. It is focused to characteristics of the migration impacts on social and economic indicators of the Czech Republic. The aim of the work is to assess the situation, which could arise in the future as a direct consequence of migration. The work further also brings information about the current situation and migration development in the Czech Republic, it also informs what kind of migration policy was chosen by the Czech Government and discusses the topic of national minorities living in our country. Selected goal of the work is processed in a third part, which discuss economic, social and demographic aspect of migration.

This thesis examines how the parliamentary debate in Sweden saw the consequences of Swedenas a nation were to join the European Union. The nation is defined as a state based on nationalself-determination. The EU is regarded as a supra-state organisation and one of the moreextensive efforts of its kind. I specifically examine two themes in Swedish foreign policy. Theseare the nonalignment policy and migration policy. Through a discourse analysis I show that allpolitical parties perceive consequences for the self-determination and all argue selfdeterminationwill be lost in the event of membership. However, they are divided in what theybelieved this would lead to. Some parties support EU whereas others are sceptical of EU. Partiesthat support an EU-membership argue that it is inevitable to join and Sweden will lose selfdeterminationanyway. A membership opens the possibility to influence and participate, but anabstaining will lead forced acceptance of policies. Many of the supporters are even positive ofbeing a member in EU. Sceptics, on the other hand believe Sweden will lack influence and loseall self-determination. The organisation itself is against Sweden as it is a supra-stateorganisation, which may reduce the role of single member-states. For the nonalignment policy,the government initially use it as an argument against EU, but later support membership if thenonalignment policy can be kept. The other supporters acknowledge the nonalignment policy,but nevertheless assert that EU is compatible with the nonalignment policy. This is because ofthe changes in the geopolitical situation. Sceptics believe the nonalignment policy rejectmembership, mostly due to the still uncertain geopolitical situation and the suspicion EU willdeprive Sweden of its decision-making. Sometimes they suggest the self-determination andnonalignment policy are prerequisites for each other. In the migration policy, all parties supportgenerous migration policy, but

Researchers from both academia and industry agree that future CMPs will accommodate large shared on-chip last-level caches. However, the exponential increase in multicore processor cache sizes accompanied by growing on-chip wire delays make it difficult to implement traditional caches with a single, uniform access latency. Non-Uniform Cache Access (NUCA) designs have been proposed to address this situation. A NUCA cache divides the whole cache memory into smaller banks that are distributed along the chip and can be accessed independently. Response time in NUCA caches does not only depend on the latency of the actual bank, but also on the time required to reach the bank that has the requested data and to send it to the core. So, the NUCA cache allows those banks that are located next to the cores to have lower access latencies than the banks that are further away, thus mitigating the effects of the cache’s internal wires. These cache architectures have been traditionally classified based on their placement decisions as static (S-NUCA) or dynamic (DNUCA). In this thesis, we have focused on D-NUCA as it exploits the dynamic features that NUCA caches offer, like data migration. The flexibility that D-NUCA provides, however, raises new challenges that hardens the management of this kind of cache architectures in CMP systems. We have identified these new challenges and tackled them from the point of view of the four NUCA policies: replacement, access, placement and migration. First, we focus on the challenges introduced by the replacement policy in D-NUCA. Data migration makes most frequently accessed data blocks to be concentrated on the banks that are closer to the processors. This creates big differences in the average usage rate of the NUCA banks, being the banks that are close to the processors the most accessed banks, while the banks that are further away are not accessed so often. Upon a replacement in a particular bank of the NUCA cache, the probabilities of the evicted data block to be reused by the program will differ if its last location in the NUCA cache was a bank that are close to the processors, or not. The decentralized nature of NUCA, however, prevents a NUCA bank from knowing that other bank is constantly evicting data blocks that are later being reused. We propose three different techniques to dealwith the replacement policy, being The Auction the most successful one. Then, we deal with the challenges in the access policy. As data blocks can be mapped in multiple banks within the NUCA cache. Finding the requesting data in a D-NUCA cache is a difficult task. In addition, data can freely move between these banks, thus the search scheme must look up all banks where the requesting data block can be mapped to ascertain if it is in the NUCA cache, or not. We have proposed HK-NUCA. This is a search scheme that uses home knowledge to effectively reduce the average number of messages introduced to the on-chip network to satisfy a memory request. With regard to the placement policy, this thesis shows the implementation of a hybrid NUCA cache. We have proposed a novel placement policy that accomodates both memory technologies, SRAM and eDRAM, in a single NUCA cache. Finally, in order to deal with the migration policy in D-NUCA caches, we propose The Migration Prefetcher. This is a technique that anticipates data migrations. Summarizing, in this thesis we propose different techniques to efficiently manage future D-NUCA cache architectures on CMPs. We demonstrate the effectivity of our techniques to deal with the challenges introduced by D-NUCA caches. Our techniques outperform existing solutions in the literature, and are in most cases more energy efficient. / CMPs actuales integran memorias cache de último nivel cada vez más grandes dentro del chip. Roadmaps en la industria y trabajos en ámbito académico muestran que esta tendencia seguirá en los próximos años. Sin embargo, los altos retrasos en la red de interconexión y el cableado hace que sea cada vez más difícil de implementar memorias cachés tradicionales con una única y uniforme latencia de acceso. Para solventar esta situación aparecieron los diseños NUCA (Non-Uniform Cache Access). Una caché de tipo NUCA divide una memoria grande en bloques más pequeños que se distribuyen a lo largo del chip y pueden ser accedidos de manera independiente. De esta manera el tiempo de respuesta en una caché NUCA no depende sólo de la latencia de un banco, sino que también se tiene en cuenta el tiempo de enrutamiento de la petición hasta y desde el banco de la NUCA que responde. La posición física de un banco en el chip es clave para determinar la latencia de acceso a NUCA, entonces bancos que se encuentren más cerca de los cores tendrán menores latencias de acceso que otros que estén más alejados. Las cachés NUCA se pueden clasificar como estáticas (S-NUCA) o dinámicas (D-NUCA), basándonos en sus decisiones de emplazamiento. Esta tesis se centra en D-NUCA. Este diseño permite a un dato migrar de banco en banco a fín de reducir la latencia de futuros accesos a ese dato, pero también ofrece otros retos que deben ser investigados para gestionar estas cachés de manera eficiente. Hemos identificado y explorado estos retos desde el punto de vista de las cuatro políticas NUCA: reemplazo, acceso, emplazamiento y migración. En primer lugar nos hemos centrado en la política de reemplazo. La migración de datos permite que los datos que se utilizan más frequentemente se concentren en aquellos bancos que estan más cerca de los cores. Ésto crea grandes diferencias en el uso medio de los bancos en NUCA, siendo los bancos cercanos a los cores los más accedidos, mientras que los bancos lejanos no se acceden tan a menudo. Debido a las diferencias en la frequencia de reemplazos entre bancos, las probabilidades de que el dato expulsado sea reusado en un futuro crecerán o disminuirán dependiendo del banco donde se efectuó el reemplazo. Por otro lado, los trabajos previos en la política de reemplazo no son efectivos en este tipo de cachés ya que los bancos trabajan de manera independiente. Nosotros proponemos tres técnicas de reemplazo para NUCA, siendo The Auction la técnica con mayor beneficio. En cuanto a los retos con la política de acceso, como los datos se pueden mapear en diversos bancos dentro de la caché NUCA, encontrarlos se convierte en una tarea complicada y costosa. Aquí, nosotros proponemos HK-NUCA. Es un algoritmo de acceso que usa el conocimiento integrado en los bancos "home" para reducir de manera eficiente el número medio de accesos necesarios para resolver una petición de memoria. Para analizar la política de emplazamiento, esta tesis muestra la implementación de una caché NUCA híbrida. Nuestra política de emplazamiento permite integrar ambas tecnologías, SRAM y eDRAM, en un único nivel de cache NUCA. Finalmente, en cuanto a la migración en D-NUCA, hemos propuesto The Migration Prefetcher. Es una técnica que permite anticipar migraciones de datos usando el conocimiento adquirido por el historial de accesos. En resumen, esta tesis propone diferentes técnicas para gestionar de manera eficiente las futuras arquitecturas de memoria caché D-NUCA en un entorno CMP. A lo largo de la tesis, demostramos la efectividad de las técnicas propuestas para paliar los efectos inducidos por el hecho de utilizar cachés D-NUCA. Estas técnicas, además de obtener mayor rendimiento que otros mecanismos existentes en la literatura, son en muchos casos más eficientes en términos de energía.

L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è di analizzare l’origine ed evoluzione della dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell’Unione Europea. Attraverso un framework teorico che coniuga la letteratura sui ‘new modes of governance’ con quella riguardante il ‘rational-choice institutionalism’, questa tesi si propone di analizzare il sistema di governance in tre settori politici che rientrano nell’ambito della dimensione esterna: politica di riammissione, controlli esterni alle frontiere, e cooperazione con Paesi terzi concernente la gestione della migrazione legale. Sulla base delle premesse teoriche sopra indicate, questa tesi avanza due conclusioni principali. In primo luogo, si sostiene che l’evoluzione del sistema di governance nei tre casi presi in considerazione, lungi dal seguire un percorso lineare verso una sempre maggiore comunitarizzazione, ha al contrario dato luogo a sistemi di governance ‘ibridi’, che combinano cioè elementi vincolanti tipici del metodo comunitario con elementi caratteristici dei “new modes of governance”, incentrati sull’uso di soft law. In secondo luogo, si evidenzia il ruolo centrale rivestito dagli Stati Membri nello sviluppare tali sistemi di governance in accordo con due obiettivi prioritari: limitare l’autonomia delle istituzioni sovranazionali all’interno del processo decisionale e plasmare i risultati di tali politiche in accordo con le preferenze degli stessi Stati Membri. / The central aim of this thesis is to provide an account of the origin and evolution of the external dimension of EU migration policy. By means of a theoretical framework that combines new modes of governance and rational-choice institutionalism, this thesis analyses the systems of governance of three policy areas falling within the external dimension: readmission policy, external border controls and cooperation with third countries in the field of legal migration. On the basis of such theoretical premises, two central arguments are advanced. First of all, it is argued that the evolution of the system of governance in the three cases, far from following a linear path towards communitarization, has resulted in the adoption of mixed systems featuring both 'old' modes of governance in line with the traditional Community Method and 'new’ modes based on soft-law and non-binding commitments. Secondly, this thesis underlines the central role played by the Member States in devising those governance mechanisms in order to fulfil two main objectives: limiting the discretion of EU supranational institutions in the decision-making process and shaping policy outcomes according to their preferred policy options.

Magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali tiriant Lietuvos gyventojų migracijos procesus. Lietuvos gyventojų migracijos srautai, mastai bei problemos turi įtakos ne tik sociodemografiniams gyventojų pokyčiams, tačiau ir valstybės vykdomai ekonominei, socialinei ir kitų sričių politikai. Grįžtamosios migracijos tema yra nauja, kadangi iki šiol nebuvo atlikti tyrimai, nustatantys grįžtamosios migracijos priežastis bei grįžusiųjų migrantų integracijos problemas. Grįžtamosios migracijos veiksnių ir problemų identifikavimas yra svarbus, siekiant sukurti ir įgyvendinti priemones, skatinančias Lietuvos gyventojų grįžtamąją migraciją. Tad baigiamojo darbo objektas yra pastarosios Lietuvos gyventojų migracijos tendencijos bei grįžtamoji migracija. Baigiamojo darbo objektas nagrinėjamas, siekiant įvertinti Lietuvos gyventojų migracijos srautus, apimtį, priežastis, nustatyti grįžtamąją migraciją skatinančius veiksnius, grįžusių migrantų integracijos problemas, o taip pat siekiant pateikti pasiūlymų grįžtamosios migracijos problemoms spręsti. Įgyvendinant baigiamojo darbo uždavinius buvo atlikta migracijos teorijų, Lietuvos migracijos istorijos bei grįžtamosios migracijos mokslinės literatūros bei grįžtamosios migracijos tyrimų analizė, teisinės ir statistinės literatūros analizė, nustatyti ir įvertinti grįžtamosios migracijos veiksniai, problemos bei numatytos priemonės, skatinančios grįžtamąją migraciją. Baigiamajame darbe buvo iškeltos hipotezės: intensyvūs migracijos srautai sudaro... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of the master work is urgent reseach of the migration processes of Lithuania population. The streams, scales, and problems of Lithuania population migration have influence not only on sociodemographical changes of population but also on the economic, social and other policies of the government. Return migration is a new subject, as until recent the reseach on return migration reasons and the problems of migrants integration has not been done. The identification of its factors and problems is important. It is essencial in creating measures and putting them into practice, because it stimulates return migration of Lithuania population. The object of the study is the recent return migration of Lithuania population and its tendencies. The object is investigated trying to evaluate the streams, scales and reasons of Lithuania migration and the problems of return migrants integration. Moreover, the study presents some suggestions how to solve the problems of return migration. Fulfilling the assigments of the work some analysis on migration theories, Lithuania migration history, scientific as well as juridical and statistical literature, return migration reseach have been done. The factors and problems of return migration are determined and evaluated here. Also, the measures stimulating return migration are provided in the study. The hypotheses made in the work are that intensive migration streams allow the factor of return migration to form and social and family relations... [to full text]