Trots att avloppsreningsverkens primära syfte är att minska människans påverkan på miljön genom att bland annat reducera halten näringsämnen i vattnet bidrar de samtidigt till den ökande växthuseffekten. FN:s klimatpanel pekar ut avloppsreningsverk som en signifikant källa till direkt emission av lustgas och metan och det sker även indirekta emissioner uppströms och nedströms reningsverket. Samtidigt som diskussionen om klimatpåverkan från avloppsreningsverk växer är många recipienter hårt belastade och nu väntas en skärpning av utsläppsvillkoren för att minska tillförseln av näringsämnen till de naturliga vattensystemen. Studier har visat att skärpta utsläppsvillkor ökar klimatpåverkan från avloppsreningsverk. Två miljöproblem, övergödning och klimatförändringar, står mot varandra och måste värderas för att framtidens avloppsrening ska kunna planeras. Syftet var att undersöka hur klimatpåverkan från avloppsreningsverk påverkas av teknikval och utsläppsvillkor. Simuleringsverktyget BioWin användes för att beräkna koldioxidavtryck från Enköpings framtida avloppsreningsverk. Tre olika processtekniker (aktivslamprocessen, membranbioreaktor och aktivslamprocessen med biologisk fosforreduktion) och sju olika utsläppsvillkor studerades. I beräkningarna togs hänsyn till både direkta och indirekta emissioner genom bland annat lustgasproduktion, kemikalieförbrukning och användning av el. Den konventionella aktivslamprocessen orsakade minst koldioxidavtryck medan avtrycket från den moderna membranbioreaktorn var överlägset störst. En skärpning av utsläppsvillkoren för kväve och fosfor gav en ökning av koldioxidavtrycket med upp till 55 % och det var speciellt kvävekravet som styrde ökningen. Då utsläppsvillkoren skärptes ökade avtrycket mest från membranbioreaktorn vilket indikerar att den ur klimatsynpunkt lämpar sig sämre vid skärpta utsläppsvillkor. Lustgasemission stod för den största delen av koldioxidavtrycket. Lustgasemissionen ökade vid skärpta utsläppsvillkor samt då kvävereningen stördes, exempelvis vid låga vattentemperaturer. Fler komponenter bör tas i åtanke vid utvärdering av miljöpåverkan från ett avloppsreningsverk, exempelvis övergödning. Detta skulle göra det möjligt att bedöma den totala miljövinsten, eller förlusten, med att skärpa villkoren. / Although the primary aim for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is to minimize the environmental impact by reducing the content of nutrients in the wastewater, they also contribute to the increasing greenhouse effect. The International Panel on Climate Change refer to WWTP:s as a significant source of direct emission of nitrous oxide and methane and indirect emission also occurs upstream and downstream the WWTP. As the discussion about climate impact from WWTP is growing, many recipients are congested and a tightening of the discharge limits is expected in order to reduce the load of nutrients on the natural water systems. Studies have shown that more stringent discharge limits increases the climate impact from WWTP. Two environmental problems, eutrophication and climate change, are facing each other and they must be valued in order for future WWTP to be planned. The aim was to investigate how the climate impact of wastewater treatment plants is affected by choice of technology and discharge limits. The simulation tool BioWin was used to calculate the carbon footprint (CF) from the future WWTP in the town of Enköping. Three different process technologies (activated sludge process, membrane bioreactor and activated sludge process with biological phosphorus removal) and seven different discharge limits were examined. The calculations took into account both direct and indirect emissions from e.g. production of nitrous oxide and use of electricity. The conventional activated sludge process caused the smallest CF, while the modern membrane bioreactor by far caused the largest CF. Tightening of the discharge limits gave an increase of the CF with up to 55 %, and especially the demands on nitrogen governed the increase. More stringent limits increased the CF from the membrane bioreactor the most, which indicates that from an environmental point of view, this technique is less suitable when limits are tightened. Emission of nitrous oxide accounted for the largest part of the CF and this emission increased as the discharge limits were tightened and when the nitrogen treatment was disturbed by, for instance, low water temperatures. More components should be accounted for when environmental impact from WWTP is investigated, e.g. eutrophication. This would make it possible to assess the overall environmental gain, or loss, from tightening of the discharge limits.

Det är allt vanligare inom tredjepartslogistik att kunder hyr en yta för lagring. För den uthyrande parten, i detta fall Delta Terminal, är arean den begränsande faktorn för hur stor yta som kan hyras ut. Idag använ-der sig Delta Terminal av beslutsunderlag i form av lokalernas area och erfarenhet vart gods ska placeras och har inget hjälpmedel för att beräkna vart och hur mycket gods som kan allokeras för att använda så liten yta som möjligt. Studiens syfte har därför varit att ta fram ett faktabaserat hjälpmedel som kan användas som beslutsunderlag. För att uppnå syftet har en matematisk modell utvecklats för att optimera hur gods kan placeras till olika lokaler för att använda så liten area som möjligt och även kunna simulera förändringar. Modellen testades genom att jämföra den maximala godsvolym som lagrades 2012 mot optimeringsmodellens lösning baserat på samma gods- och lokaldata. De vanligaste godstyperna hos Delta terminal var bulk, storsäck och pall och användes i modellen. För dessa så approximerades den förväntade area- och volymåtgång vilket också gav beslutsfattaren en förväntad volymkapacitet för respektive lokal och gods. Resultatet i den optime-rade lösningen visade att ett av godsen skulle kunna flyttas till en annan lokal vilket skulle innebära att ungefär 25 procent mindre area används jämfört med den area som godsets placering upptar idag. Dessutom innebar den optimerade lösningen att tre lokaler frigjordes. Resultatet från simulering av volymkapaciteten för respektive gods och lokal kan hjälpa till vid en beslutssituation om en viss godsvolym får plats i lokalen eller inte och kan därmed hjälpa till att anpassa lokalens kapaci-tet mot godsets volym. Modellen fungerar teoretiskt och skulle kunna implementeras som ett användbart verktyg för beslutsfattaren i frågor som rör optimering eller simulering av ytorna. Vid en implementering gäller det emellertid att modellen valideras och jämförs mot verkliga utfall. / An increasingly common part in third party logistics is that customers rent an area for storage. For the party that leases out the area, in this case Delta Terminal, the area is the limiting factor for the amount of how much can be let out to lease. Today Delta Terminal uses decision sup-port in the form of premises area and experience where goods should be placed and have no means to calculate where and how much goods that can be allocated to use as small space as possible. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop a data based tool that can be used as support in the decision process. To achieve the objective a mathematical model was developed to optimize how freight can be placed at different locations to use as small an area as possible and also be able to simulate changes. The model was tested by comparing the maximum amount of cargo during 2012 against optimization model solution based on the same freight and local data. The most common goods handled at Delta Terminal were bulk, big bags and EUR-pallets and were used in the optimization model. For those goods an approximation of the expected area and volume was made that gave the decision maker an expected volume capacity for each local and goods. The result showed with the optimized solution that one of the goods could be moved to another storage place which would release approximate 25 percent reduction in area compared to where the goods are placed today and also three of the local spaces were released. The result from simulation of the volume capacity of each goods and local can help in a decision situation if a given volume of goods will fit in the local space and thus help to adapt the local capacity against the goods volume. Theoretically the model works and could be implemented as a useful tool for decision-makers on issues related to optimization or simulation of surfaces. However, when implementing the optimization model it is important to validate and compare the model’s result against actual outcomes.

The thesis examines the fatigue life of weld ends, where very little usable research previously has been conducted, and often the weld ends are the critical parts of the weld. It is essential knowing the fatigue life of welds to be able to use them most efficiently.The report is divided into two parts; in the first the different calculation methods used today at Toyota Material Handling are examined and compared. Based on the results from the analysis and what is used mostly today, the effective notch approach is the method used in part two.To validate the calculation methods and models used, fatigue testing of the welded test specimens was conducted together with a stress test. New modelling methods of the weld ends that coincide with the test results were made in the finite element software Abaqus. A new way of modelling the weld ends for the effective notch method is also proposed. By using a notch radius of 0.2 mm and rounded weld ends the calculated fatigue life better matches the life of the real weld ends.

A fundamental understanding of the process of devolatilization requires extensive knowledge of not only the intrinsic properties of the parent coal and its subsequent formed products (tars, gases and chars), but also its characteristic reaction rate behaviour. Devolatilization behaviour has been extensively addressed in literature with the use of powdered coal samples, which normally do not adhere to particle size constraints of coal conversion processes utilizing lump coal. The aim of this investigation was therefore to assess the devolatilization behaviour (with respect to product yield and -quality; and reaction rate modelling) of four typical South African coals (UMZ, INY, G#5 and TSH) confined to the large particle regime. All four coals were found to be bituminous in rank, with vitrinite contents ranging between 24.4 vol.% and 69.2 vol.% (mineral matter free basis). Two were inertinite-rich coals (UMZ and INY) and the other two were vitrinite-rich coals (G#5 and TSH). From thermoplasticity measurements it was evident that only coal TSH displayed extensive thermoplastic behaviour, while a comparison between molecular properties confirmed the higher abundance of poly-condensed aromatic structures (aromaticity of 81%) present in this coal. Product evolution was evaluated under atmospheric conditions in a self-constructed, large particle, fixed-bed reactor, on two particle sizes (5 mm and 20 mm) at two isothermal reactor temperatures (450°C and 750°C) using a combination of both GC and MS techniques for gas species measurement, while standard gravimetric methods were used to quantify tar- and char yield respectively. Elucidation of tar- and char structural features involved the use of both conventional- and advanced analytical techniques. From the results it could be concluded that temperature was the dominating factor controlling product yield- and quality, with significant increases in both volatile- and gas yield observed for an increase in temperature. Tar yields ranged between 3.6 wt.% and 10.1 wt.% and increased in the order UMZ < INY < TSH < G#5, with higher tar yields obtained for coal G#5, being ascribed to larger abundances of vitrinite and liptinite present in this coal. For coal TSH, lower tar yields could mainly be attributed to the higher aromaticity and extensive swelling nature of this coal. Evolved gases were found to be mainly composed of H2, CH4, CO and CO2, low molecular weight olefins and paraffins; and some C4 homologues. Advanced analytical techniques (NMR, SEC, GC-MS, XRD, etc.) revealed the progressive increase of the aromatic nature of both tars and chars with increasing temperature; as well as subsequent differences in tar composition between the different parent coals. In all cases, an increase in devolatilization temperature led to the evolution of larger amounts of aromatic compounds such as alkyl-naphthalenes and PAHs, while significant decreases in the amount of aliphatics and mixed compounds could be observed. From 13C NMR, HRTEM and XRD carbon crystallite results it was clear that an increase in temperature led to the formation of progressively larger, more aromatic and structurally orientated polycondensed carbon structures. Reaction rate studies involved the use of non-isothermal (5-40 K/min) and isothermal (350- 900°C) thermogravimetry of both powdered (-200 μm) and large particle samples (20 mm) in order to assess intrinsic kinetics and large particle rate behaviour, respectively. Evaluation of the intrinsic kinetic parameters of each coal involved the numerical regression of non-isothermal rate data in MATLAB® 7.1.1 according to a pseudo-component modelling philosophy. Modelling results indicated that the intrinsic devolatilization behaviour of each coal could be adequately described by using a total number of eight pseudo-components, while reported activation energies were found to range between 22.3 kJ/mol and 244.3 kJ/mol. Description of the rate of large particle devolatilization involved the evaluation of a novel, comprehensive rate model accounting for derived kinetics, heat and mass transport effects, as well as physical changes due to particle swelling/shrinkage. Evaluation of the proposed model with the aid of the COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3 simulation software provided a suitable fit to the experimental data of all four coals, while simulation studies highlighted the relevant importance of not only the effect of particle size, but also the importance of including terms affecting for heat losses due to particle swelling/shrinkage, transport of volatile products through the porous char structure, heat of reaction and heat of vaporization of water. / Thesis (PhD (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

A fundamental understanding of the process of devolatilization requires extensive knowledge of not only the intrinsic properties of the parent coal and its subsequent formed products (tars, gases and chars), but also its characteristic reaction rate behaviour. Devolatilization behaviour has been extensively addressed in literature with the use of powdered coal samples, which normally do not adhere to particle size constraints of coal conversion processes utilizing lump coal. The aim of this investigation was therefore to assess the devolatilization behaviour (with respect to product yield and -quality; and reaction rate modelling) of four typical South African coals (UMZ, INY, G#5 and TSH) confined to the large particle regime. All four coals were found to be bituminous in rank, with vitrinite contents ranging between 24.4 vol.% and 69.2 vol.% (mineral matter free basis). Two were inertinite-rich coals (UMZ and INY) and the other two were vitrinite-rich coals (G#5 and TSH). From thermoplasticity measurements it was evident that only coal TSH displayed extensive thermoplastic behaviour, while a comparison between molecular properties confirmed the higher abundance of poly-condensed aromatic structures (aromaticity of 81%) present in this coal. Product evolution was evaluated under atmospheric conditions in a self-constructed, large particle, fixed-bed reactor, on two particle sizes (5 mm and 20 mm) at two isothermal reactor temperatures (450°C and 750°C) using a combination of both GC and MS techniques for gas species measurement, while standard gravimetric methods were used to quantify tar- and char yield respectively. Elucidation of tar- and char structural features involved the use of both conventional- and advanced analytical techniques. From the results it could be concluded that temperature was the dominating factor controlling product yield- and quality, with significant increases in both volatile- and gas yield observed for an increase in temperature. Tar yields ranged between 3.6 wt.% and 10.1 wt.% and increased in the order UMZ < INY < TSH < G#5, with higher tar yields obtained for coal G#5, being ascribed to larger abundances of vitrinite and liptinite present in this coal. For coal TSH, lower tar yields could mainly be attributed to the higher aromaticity and extensive swelling nature of this coal. Evolved gases were found to be mainly composed of H2, CH4, CO and CO2, low molecular weight olefins and paraffins; and some C4 homologues. Advanced analytical techniques (NMR, SEC, GC-MS, XRD, etc.) revealed the progressive increase of the aromatic nature of both tars and chars with increasing temperature; as well as subsequent differences in tar composition between the different parent coals. In all cases, an increase in devolatilization temperature led to the evolution of larger amounts of aromatic compounds such as alkyl-naphthalenes and PAHs, while significant decreases in the amount of aliphatics and mixed compounds could be observed. From 13C NMR, HRTEM and XRD carbon crystallite results it was clear that an increase in temperature led to the formation of progressively larger, more aromatic and structurally orientated polycondensed carbon structures. Reaction rate studies involved the use of non-isothermal (5-40 K/min) and isothermal (350- 900°C) thermogravimetry of both powdered (-200 μm) and large particle samples (20 mm) in order to assess intrinsic kinetics and large particle rate behaviour, respectively. Evaluation of the intrinsic kinetic parameters of each coal involved the numerical regression of non-isothermal rate data in MATLAB® 7.1.1 according to a pseudo-component modelling philosophy. Modelling results indicated that the intrinsic devolatilization behaviour of each coal could be adequately described by using a total number of eight pseudo-components, while reported activation energies were found to range between 22.3 kJ/mol and 244.3 kJ/mol. Description of the rate of large particle devolatilization involved the evaluation of a novel, comprehensive rate model accounting for derived kinetics, heat and mass transport effects, as well as physical changes due to particle swelling/shrinkage. Evaluation of the proposed model with the aid of the COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3 simulation software provided a suitable fit to the experimental data of all four coals, while simulation studies highlighted the relevant importance of not only the effect of particle size, but also the importance of including terms affecting for heat losses due to particle swelling/shrinkage, transport of volatile products through the porous char structure, heat of reaction and heat of vaporization of water. / Thesis (PhD (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The island of Rum in the Inner Hebrides, NW-Scotland, hosts a central volcanic complex that is part of the British-Irish Palaeogene Igneous Province situated in NE- Ireland and NW- Scotland. On Rum, rocks from several stages of Palaeogene magmatic activity have been exposed by millions of years of erosion. Rum is best known amongst geologists because of the famous layered ultrabasic intrusion that covers the SSE part of the island, which is amongst the world’s most studied non-active (fossil) volcanoes. The Long Loch Fault traverses Rum with an N-S direction and has been proposed to represent the feeder zone to the layered ultrabasic intrusion. The area close to the Long Loch Fault has been named the Central Intrusion, and was formed by interaction of the plutonic rocks with the Long Loch Fault. There are two end-member theories for the origin of the Central Intrusion: (i) formation by wholesale subsidence (graben formation) of layered ultrabasic units or (ii) by intrusion of new material in-between the Western and Eastern Layered Intrusions (brecciating and fracturing blocks of material from the layered suite) and so causing pulses of uplift and subsequent collapse. To test how the Long Loch Fault influenced magma emplacement on Rum, field work was conducted including structural mapping, and rock-sampling. The data collected in the field were processed by structural 3D modelling (Move Software suite) and complemented by petrography, FTIR, Electron Microprobe analysis and thermobarometry modelling. The results reveal that several fault splays cut the Central Intrusion, which furthermore provide evidence of a transtensional graben situated above the fault zone and into which the layered units collapsed. This collapse was associated with the intrusion of Ca-rich feldspathic peridotite at zones of weakness in the layered rocks (e.g. bedding planes, unit contacts and fractures), producing smaller fault blocks and acting as a lubricant in-between blocks. FTIR and barometry results show that the intruding feldspathic peridotite magma was water-rich and that the clinopyroxenes in the magma crystallised at approximately 15 km of depth. Consequently, a combination of both theories for the creation of the Central Intrusion appears most reasonable. The combination of data gathered allows to formulate a model in which the tectonic activity of the Long Loch fault repetitively opened and closed the magma conduit, causing pressure build-up in the underlying magma reservoir(s) when the conduit was shut. When the pressure was released, e.g. during fault movement, dense (phyric) and wet ultrabasic magma ascended rapidly and spread out into the shallow crustal magma chamber, thus supplying the growing ultrabasic pluton with pulses of magma from depth. / Ön Rum är en del av ö-gruppen Inre Hebridéerna i Nordvästra Skottland och består till stor del av magmatiska bergarter som härrör från en vulkan som var aktiv för cirka 60 miljoner år sedan. Vulkanen tillhör den Britiska Paleogena Magmatiska Provinsen och är skapad av mantelplymen som för nuvarande befinner sig under Island. Den nu eroderade vulkanen har en ikonisk status bland geologer världen över på grund av att den minerallagrade magmakammaren som utgör stora delar av ön, alltså själva hjärtat av vulkanen. Long Loch förkastingen delar Rum i två delar och har föreslagits vara huvudledaren av magma in i magmakammaren. Området på ön i anknytning till förkastningen har påverkats mycket av dess rörelser och har namngets den Centrala Intrusionen. Det finns två vitt skilda teorier om hur den Centrala Intrusionen har skapats: (i) den Centrala Intrusionen har skapats genom sättningar i magmakammaren och bildat en gravsänka, eller (ii) nytt material tränger i magmakammaren, vilket leder till upplyftning av magmakammar golvet som följs av sättning och bildar en gravsänka. I denna masteravhandling testades hypotesen ’Long Loch förkastningen var den primära magmaledaren till magmakammaren idag exponerad på Rum’ genom fältarbete, 3D modellering, petrografi, och geokemiska analyser (FTIR, Mikrosond och barometri). Resulatet visar att den Centrala Intrusionen genomskärs av flera förskastningsgrenar till Long Loch förkastningen vilka tillsammans formar ett tulpan mönster (en typ av gravsänka) som indikerar att en zon av flytande magma (magmaledare) låg under den Centrala Intrusionen när vulkanen var aktiv. Magman från zonen underlättade gravsänka bildandet genom att dela minerallagren i stora block och att intrudera mellan lager och fungera som glidmedel, vilket betyder att båda teorierna kan appliceras på bildandet av den Centrala intrusionen. FTIR och barometri analyserna visar att den intruderade magma var mycket vattenrik och och kom från en  magmakammere på 15 km djup. Long Loch förkastningens rörelser stängde och öppnade magmakanalen, vilket orsakade att kristallrik magma intruderade i pulser.

En bergslänts stabilitet styrs av berggrundens egenskaper, så som sprickegenskaper och bergkvalité. För att uppnå önskad stabilitet i en bergslänt behöver de bergmekaniska parametrarna kartläggas och analyseras för att fastställa risker och stabilitetsåtgärder. Syftet med studien är att utvärdera kvalitén på bergteknisk data från digitalfotogrammetriska 3D-modeller genom att jämföra resultatet med manuella mätningar från konventionell kartläggning. Målet är även att utforska potentialen för användning av fotogrammetrisk 3D-modellering vid stabilitetsanalyser i bergslänter genom att utvärdera den bergtekniska analys som kan göras utifrån fotogrammetrisk data. Sprickmätningar framtagna från 3D-modellen visade sig ha samma kvalité som manuella mätningar tagna enligt konventionell metod. Den UAS-baserade fotogrammetrin kan dock inte ersätta den konventionella analysen helt vid stabilitetsanalyser men kan användas som ett kompletterande verktyg i bergtekniska undersökningar. Fotogrammetrin möjliggör datainsamling från ett säkrare avstånd vilket minskar riskmomenten som den konventionella metoden medför vid arbete i fält. Den digitala metoden visade sig även ha fler fördelar såsom möjligheten av kartläggning och analysering framför datorn för mindre tids- och kostnadskrävande moment, digital datalagring samt att slänter med begränsad åtkomst kan karteras. / The stability of a rock slope is controlled by the rock’s mechanical properties, such as rock quality and facets. To achieve the desired stability in a rock slope, the mechanical parameters need to be mapped and analysed to determine possible failures and decide necessary stability measures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of rock technical data from digital photogrammetry 3D models by comparing the result with manual measurements from conventional mapping. The goal is also to explore the potential uses of photogrammetric 3D models for rock slope stability analyses by evaluate the photogrammetric data. Facets extracted from 3D models were found to have the same quality as manual measurements. However, the UAS-based method cannot completely replace the conventional method but can be useful as a complementary tool. Photogrammetry enables the collection of data from a safer distance, which reduces workplace hazards that the conventional method entails. The digital method also proved to have more advantages, such as the possibility of digital mapping and analysing which is less costly and time-consuming, digital data storage and the possibility to access outcrops that can’t be mapped with manually measurements due to inaccessibility.

The main cause of failure in embankment dams - which represent 75% of all dams in the world (ICOLD, 2018) - is the internal erosion produced by excessive seepage not accounted for in their designs. This erosion can cause that a small anomalous structure, not likely to be considered as risky, turns rapidly into a significant structural damage if not recognized on time. This creates a necessity for methods that can detect these anomalies in a non-intrusive, cost-effective and sensitive way. The purpose of this work is to analyse the strength of three geophysical methods (ERT and Seismic Refraction and Reflection) in detecting and accurately localizing anomalous structures inside an embankment dam. This study has been successfully approached in two different ways: by synthetic modelling and by an experimental field work at an embankment dam in northern Sweden. The results show that these methods are capable of detecting different structures in the interior of the dam in an accurate and rapid manner. / Den främsta orsaken till brister i jordfyllningsdammar, som utgör 75% av alla dammar i världen (ICOLD, 2018) och är föremål för detta arbete, är inre erosion som orsakas av extrem läckage som togs inte med i beräkningar i deras konstruktioner. Denna erosion kan resultera i att en liten anomal struktur, som sannolikt inte anses vara riskabel, snabbt blir en betydande strukturell skada om den inte är uppmärksammas i tid. Därför krävs metoder som kan upptäcka dessa anomalier på ett icke-påträngande, kostnadseffektivt och känsligt sätt. Syftet med detta arbete är att analysera möjligheterna med tre geofysiska metoder (ERT, Seismisk Refraktion och Seismisk Reflektion) för att upptäcka och exakt lokalisera anomala strukturer inuti en jordfyllningsdamm. Denna studie har utförts på två fronter: genom (i) syntetisk modellering och (ii) ett experimentellt fältarbete vid en damm i norra Sverige. Resultaten visar att dessa metoder kan detektera olika strukturer inuti dammen på ett pålitligt och snabbt sätt.

De senaste åren har implementeringen av building information modeling(BIM) i anläggningsbranschen trappats upp efter att den svenska regeringen under 2015 beslutat att Trafikverket i större utsträckning ska nyttja de digitala möjligheterna med BIM. Trafikverket i form av både beställare och förvaltare av det statliga vägnätet, är en stor aktör i den svenska anläggningsbranschen och konstaterar att kravställningen mot övriga branschen är centralt för att driva utvecklingen och användandet av konceptet BIM. En sådan övergång från ett ritningsbaserat till ett objektbaserat arbetssätt kommer att påverka hela den svenska anläggningsbranschen. Målbilden är att ur ett livscykelperspektiv kunna hantera all information om anläggningen med hjälp av 3D-data. Ska de uppnå det målet krävs det i något skede att den befintliga anläggningen modelleras upp i konceptet BIM En metod som används världen över för 3D-dokumentation av komplexa objekt och miljöer är tekniken terrester laserskanning. Resultatet av en skanning är omfattande med låg mätosäkerhet, vilket lämpar sig väl med framställandet av 3D-modeller. Studien primära syfte är att utifrån resultatet från en skanning undersöka vilka skillnader det finns mellan 3D-modeller beroende på val av mätmetod. Först gjordes en nulägesanalys i form av en litteraturstudie för att kunna erhålla ett aktuellt resultat och placera studien i rätt kontext. Därefter framställdes två 3D-modeller av samma objekt, med hjälp av två olika mätmetoder som sedan jämfördes för att kunna identifiera vilka skillnader mellan modellerna. Resultatet visar att valet av mätmetod påverkade resultatet på 3D-modellen där terrester laserskanning som mätmetod kunde bidra med att förbättra kvalitén på 3D-modellen. Däremot fanns det även områden där mätmetoderna kunde komplettera varandra för ett ännu bättre resultat. / In recent years, the implementation of building information modeling (BIM) in the Swedish civil engineering industry has increased. This is due to directives from the government stating that the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), in greater occurrence, will benefit from the digital possibilities with the BIM concept. Trafikverket is the government agency responsible for the long-term planning and management of public roads, construction in the infrastructure such as tunnels and bridges, and has great influence in the Swedish civil engineering industry. They claim that the key to enhance the use and development of BIM is to raise their demands towards the rest of the industry. Transitioning from a drawing-based to an object-based approach will affect the entire industry. The idea is to be able to handle all the information in 3D-data and the BIM concept throughout the entire life cycle of the construction. To reach that ambition, the already-built constructions need to be represented as 3D-models in terms of being a part of the BIM concept. Terrestrial laser scanning is a method of measurement that is being used worldwide for 3D-documentation of complex objects and environments. The result of a scan is comprehensive with low uncertainty of measurement; therefore the method is well suited to assist in the creation of 3D-models. The primary aim of the study is to examine the differences between 3D-models, depending on the measurement method that was used to create them. An analysis of the current situation in these fields-of-study was made by a literature study to place this thesis in its proper context. Although the two 3D-models were the same exact object, they were created using two different methods of measurement. The models were compared to identify the differences between them. The study unveils that the choice of measurement method influences the results of the 3D-model, where the terrestrial laser scanning method could help to improve the quality of the final product. On the other hand, there were areas where the two methods of measurement could complement each other for even better results.

Independet silent reading - Out of old habit or a lesson with purpose?  The aim of this study was to examine whether teachers use the method of independent silent reading purposefully or if they do it out of old habit. The research focuses on what purpose the teachers have and which working methods they use when working with silent reading. I investigated who it is that chooses the books to be read and what factors are determining this choise. Finally, I wanted to find out how the silent reading time is used by the pupils and the teachers. In order to investigate this, observations were made in classes during silent reading time and semistructured interviews were conducted with teachers and students. The results show that most teachers have a clear purpose with silent reading and that they work with different reading strategies to teach the children to become independent silent readers. However, an important part of succeeding in silent reading is that it happens on a regular basis, preferably every day.     Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor Yvonne Knospe, university lecturer at the Department of Language Studies, Umeå University for all the feedback and guidence during the work process. It has been a pleasure to have you as a supervisor. Thank you!