Les théories sous-tendant le leadership transformationnel suggèrent que la congruence des valeurs personnelles et organisationnelles est au cœur du fonctionnement du leadership transformationnel. Or, l’examen de cette proposition soulève certaines questions. Par exemple, il y a lieu de s’interroger quant à l’importance du type (subjective ou objective) et de la cible (équipe, organisation) de congruence considérés, du contenu des valeurs utilisées pour juger de la congruence, des contingences situationnelles modulant l’importance de la congruence, et du rôle de la congruence des valeurs des leaders eux-mêmes. Ainsi, afin d’enrichir les connaissances sur le rôle des valeurs en regard du leadership transformationnel, cette thèse propose trois articles dans lesquels ce rôle des valeurs et de leur congruence est abordé sous trois angles. Les données utilisées dans cette thèse proviennent d’une grande organisation canadienne, et des sous-ensembles de données sont créés pour répondre aux objectifs de chaque article. Le premier article s’intéresse aux liens qu’ont a) les valeurs personnelles des gestionnaires, b) les valeurs qu’ils perçoivent dans leur organisation et c) la congruence de ces deux ensemble de valeurs avec l’émission de comportements de leadership transformationnel tel que perçus par leurs subordonnés. Les résultats suggèrent que la congruence des valeurs n’a pas de lien avec le leadership transformationnel, mais que c’est le cas pour certaines valeurs au niveau personnel et organisationnel qui présentent effectivement un lien. Le deuxième article porte sur le potentiel rôle modérateur de la congruence des valeurs personne-organisation des subordonnés dans la relation entre le leadership transformationnel et les comportements d’habilitation. Les résultats montrent que la congruence des valeurs peut effectivement modérer cette relation, et que la forme de la modération peut dépendre de l’ancienneté des employés. Le troisième article traite du rôle modérateur de la présence de valeurs et de leur congruence au niveau de l’équipe dans la relation entre le leadership transformationnel et les comportements d’habilitation. Les résultats suggèrent que les valeurs et leur congruence dans les équipes peuvent modérer l’efficacité du leadership transformationnel en regard des comportements d’habilitation. De façon générale, la présence et la congruence de cinq valeurs, parmi les sept testées, semblent rehausser la relation entre le leadership transformationnel et les comportements d’habilitation. Ainsi, la présente thèse, en ajoutant des considérations quant aux questions qui avaient été soulevées par l’examen de la proposition théorique du rôle des valeurs et de leur congruence dans le leadership transformationnel, permet d’améliorer la compréhension de ce rôle. Spécifiquement, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que globalement, la congruence des valeurs peut être plus importante pour l’efficacité du leadership transformationnel lorsque les valeurs considérées sont plus importantes dans l’équipe de l’individu, et lorsque l’individu a peu d’ancienneté dans son organisation. De plus, en ce qui a trait aux leaders, il semble que la présence de valeurs de bien-être collectif et d’ouverture au changement ait un lien avec l’émission de comportements de leadership transformationnel. Une discussion traite de ces résultats et indique les limites de la thèse ainsi que des pistes de recherche future. / Theories underlying transformational leadership suggest that value congruence is at the heart of transformational leadership’s effectiveness. However, the examination of this proposition evokes certain questions. For example, it is pertinent to question the importance of the type (subjective or objective) and target (team, organization) of congruence considered, of the contents of values used to judge congruence, of the situational contingencies for the importance of congruence, and the role of leaders’ value congruence As such, to extend knowledge on the role of values with regards to transformational leadership, this thesis proposes three articles in which this role of values and their congruence is considered from three point of views. The data used in this thesis comes from a large Canadian organisation, and subsets of data are created to match each article’s objectives. The first article concerns the link that a) managers’ values, b) the values they perceive in their organization, and c) the congruence of these values have with subordinates’ perception of managers’ transformational leadership behaviours. Results suggest that congruence has no link with transformational leadership, but that certain values at the personal and organizational level do present a link. In the second article, the potential moderating role of subordinates’ person-organization value congruence in the relationship between transformational leadership and empowered behaviours is examined. Results show that value congruence can effectively moderate this relationship, and that the shape of this moderation can depend on employee tenure. The third article presents the moderating role of values and their congruence in the relationship between transformational leadership and empowered behaviours at the team level. Results suggest that values and their congruence can moderate the impact of transformational leadership in teams. In general, the presence and congruence of five values, of seven tested, seems to enhance the relationship between transformational leadership and empowered behaviours. As such, this thesis, by adding considerations as to the questions that had been evoked by the examination of the theoretical proposition of the role of values and of their congruence in transformational leadership, permits an amelioration of the comprehension of this role. Specifically, this thesis’ results suggest that, globally, value congruence can be more important for the efficiency of transformational leadership when values considered are more important in one’s team, and when one has little experience in one’s organisation. Furthermore, as to leaders themselves, it appears that the presence of collective well-being and openness to change values is linked with the emission of transformational leadership behaviours.

Introdução O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) está associado a um significativo impacto negativo em diferentes esferas da vida dos pacientes e de seus familiares. O tratamento medicamentoso com metilfenidato (MFD), embora reduza os prejuízos associados ao transtorno, não é universalmente eficaz. Existem poucos estudos sobre fatores preditores de resposta ao MFD e a maior parte das informações origina-se de uma única amostra. Objetivos O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar fatores preditores de resposta ao tratamento com MFD em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. Especificamente, foram estudados fatores clínicos, demográficos, funcionamento familiar, psicopatologia parental e fatores ambientais adversos. Métodos Este é um estudo longitudinal com um design de quase-experimento. Crianças e adolescentes com TDAH e indicação primária de MFD foram tratadas e acompanhadas por 6 meses por psiquiatras da infância e adolescência. Foi utilizado MFD em doses otimizadas até o máximo de efeito ou o surgimento de efeitos colaterais limitantes. A eficácia foi avaliada pelas escalas SNAP-IV e CGI-G, preenchidas pelos pais e pelo médico, respectivamente. Os fatores preditores avaliados pertencem a três dimensões: clínica e demográfica, características familiares (psicopatologia parental e funcionamento familiar) e fatores de adversidade psicossocial. O funcionamento familiar foi avaliado através da escala FES; a avaliação de psicopatologia parental foi realizada através da entrevista diagnóstica SCID-IV, da escala ASRS e de avaliação de sintomas de psicopatia. Os fatores de adversidade psicossocial foram derivados dos Indicadores de Adversidade de Rutter. A análise estatística foi realizada através dos testes do 2 ou teste exato de Fisher (para variáveis categóricas) e teste t de Student (para variáveis contínuas). Foram desenvolvidos modelos multivariados para avaliação dos fatores preditores de resposta através de modelos de efeitos mistos. Resultados Foram incluídos 125 pacientes nas análises. Nas análises univariadas, menor idade (p=0,01), subtipo combinado de TDAH (TDAH-C) (p<0,001), comorbidade com Transtorno de Conduta (TC) (p=0,03) e Transtorno de Oposição e Desafio (TOD) (p<0,001) foram associados a pior desfecho. No funcionamento familiar, as dimensões de organização (p=<0,001) e coesão (p=0,01) foram preditores de melhor resposta. A dimensão de conflito (p=<0,001) esteve associada à pior resposta. Em relação à psicopatologia materna, a presença de sintomas antisociais (p=0,002), o número de diagnósticos psiquiátricos de Eixo I (p=0,03) e a gravidade de sintomas de TDAH (p=<0,001) também foram preditores de pior resposta. A psicopatologia paterna não esteve associada à resposta ao tratamento. Em termos de adversidade psicossocial, apenas gestação indesejada (p=0,002) esteve associada à pior desfecho. Nas análises multivariadas, TDAH-C, comorbidade com TOD e maior gravidade de sintomas basais (CGAS) foram preditores de pior resposta. Da mesma forma, conflito familiar e sintomas maternos de TDAH predisseram um pior resultado. O efeito de gestação indesejada manteve-se estatisticamente significativo no modelo multivariado. Em um modelo que abrangeu todas as dimensões estudadas, os seguintes fatores foram preditores de pior resposta ao tratamento: TDAH-C, comorbidade com TOD, sintomas maternos de TDAH e gestação indesejada. CONCLUSÃO Este é o primeiro estudo realizado em população de país em desenvolvimento a avaliar o impacto de diferentes fatores adversos psicossociais na resposta a metilfenidato em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. Demonstramos que o subtipo combinado de TDAH, a comorbidade com TOD, sintomas maternos de TDAH e gestação indesejada foram preditores de pior resposta ao MFD. Tais achados ressaltam a importância de ter-se uma visão ampla no atendimento destas crianças, levando em consideração o ambiente no qual elas estão inseridas e possíveis fatores preditores de piores desfechos. Além disso, os nossos resultados enfatizam a importância de se avaliar os pais no atendimento de crianças e adolescentes, especialmente investigando sintomas maternos de TDAH. Pesquisas futuras devem expandir o conhecimento acerca de interações entre fatores genéticos e ambientais, possibilitando que sejam desenvolvidas abordagens mais eficazes e que contribuam para a redução do impacto negativo deste transtorno. / Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with a negative impact in different aspects of patients and their relatives’ lives. Although pharmacological treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) may reduce the impairment associated with the disorder, it is not universally effective. There are few studies of the predictive factors of MPH treatment response and most of available data come from a single sample. Objectives The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, familial (parental psychopathology and family functioning), and psychosocial adversity factors on the response to methylphenidate in a naturalistic sample of children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods This is a longitudinal study with a quasi-experiment design. Children and adolescents with ADHD and a primary indication for MPH treatment were treated and followed for 6 months by child and adolescent psychiatrists. Medication doses were augmented until no further clinical improvement was detected or there were limiting side effects. Treatment response was evaluated according to SNAP-IV and CGI-S scales, completed by parents and researchers, respectively. Predictive factors were divided into three dimensions: clinical and demographic, family characteristics (parental psychopathology and family functioning) and psychosocial adversity. Family functioning was evaluated by the FES scale; parental evaluation consisted of a diagnostic interview (SCID-IV), self-reported ASRS scale and psychopathic symptoms investigation. Psychosocial adversity factors were derived from Rutter’s indicators of adversity. Statistical analysis were performed using 2 test or Fisher’s Exact Test (categorical variables), and Student t test (continuous variables with normal distribution). Multivariable models were constructed with a Mixed-Effects Model (MEM) approach for analysis of predictive factors of treatment response. Results One hundred and twenty-five patients were included. In the univariate analysis, younger age (p=.01), the presence of ADHD combined subtype (p<.001), CD (p=.03) and ODD (p<.001) were associated with a worse response to treatment. Higher scores on the organization (p=<.001) and cohesion (p=.01) dimensions of FES were associated with better response to treatment, while more conflicted families had a worse response (p=<.001). In terms of maternal psychopathology, antisocial symptoms (p=.002) and number of Axis I diagnosis (p=.03) were associated with a worse response to methylphenidate. Also, maternal ADHD symptoms predicted a worse response to treatment (p=<.001). Paternal psychopathology did not predict treatment response. In terms of psychosocial adversity, only undesirable pregnancy (p=.002) predicted a worse response to treatment. In the multivariate analysis, ADHD combined subtype, ODD comorbidity and lower baseline CGAS scores were significant predictors of a reduced response to treatment. Family conflict and maternal ADHD symptoms were also significant predictors of poor response. Undesirable pregnancy also remained significant in the multivariate analysis. A final multivariate mixed-effect model was created including significant predictors of response in each individual multivariate model. Results indicated that ADHD combined subtype, ODD diagnosis, maternal ADHD symptoms, and undesirable pregnancy were significant predictors of a reduced response to methylphenidate during 6 months of treatment. Conclusion This is the first study in a developing country to evaluate the impact of different adversity factors on ADHD treatment response in children and adolescents. We were able to demonstrate that ADHD combined subtype, ODD comorbidity, ADHD maternal symptoms and undesirable pregnancy were predictors of a worse response to MPH. These findings highlight the need to have a global perspective on children’s environment and be aware of the presence of negative predictors of treatment response. In addiction, our results stress the role of parental evaluation, especially maternal ADHD symptoms. Future research should expand our knowledge on how genetic factors interact with environmental factors, which might pave the road to the development of alternative clinical strategies that might reduce the burden associated with ADHD.

Introdução O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) está associado a um significativo impacto negativo em diferentes esferas da vida dos pacientes e de seus familiares. O tratamento medicamentoso com metilfenidato (MFD), embora reduza os prejuízos associados ao transtorno, não é universalmente eficaz. Existem poucos estudos sobre fatores preditores de resposta ao MFD e a maior parte das informações origina-se de uma única amostra. Objetivos O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar fatores preditores de resposta ao tratamento com MFD em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. Especificamente, foram estudados fatores clínicos, demográficos, funcionamento familiar, psicopatologia parental e fatores ambientais adversos. Métodos Este é um estudo longitudinal com um design de quase-experimento. Crianças e adolescentes com TDAH e indicação primária de MFD foram tratadas e acompanhadas por 6 meses por psiquiatras da infância e adolescência. Foi utilizado MFD em doses otimizadas até o máximo de efeito ou o surgimento de efeitos colaterais limitantes. A eficácia foi avaliada pelas escalas SNAP-IV e CGI-G, preenchidas pelos pais e pelo médico, respectivamente. Os fatores preditores avaliados pertencem a três dimensões: clínica e demográfica, características familiares (psicopatologia parental e funcionamento familiar) e fatores de adversidade psicossocial. O funcionamento familiar foi avaliado através da escala FES; a avaliação de psicopatologia parental foi realizada através da entrevista diagnóstica SCID-IV, da escala ASRS e de avaliação de sintomas de psicopatia. Os fatores de adversidade psicossocial foram derivados dos Indicadores de Adversidade de Rutter. A análise estatística foi realizada através dos testes do 2 ou teste exato de Fisher (para variáveis categóricas) e teste t de Student (para variáveis contínuas). Foram desenvolvidos modelos multivariados para avaliação dos fatores preditores de resposta através de modelos de efeitos mistos. Resultados Foram incluídos 125 pacientes nas análises. Nas análises univariadas, menor idade (p=0,01), subtipo combinado de TDAH (TDAH-C) (p<0,001), comorbidade com Transtorno de Conduta (TC) (p=0,03) e Transtorno de Oposição e Desafio (TOD) (p<0,001) foram associados a pior desfecho. No funcionamento familiar, as dimensões de organização (p=<0,001) e coesão (p=0,01) foram preditores de melhor resposta. A dimensão de conflito (p=<0,001) esteve associada à pior resposta. Em relação à psicopatologia materna, a presença de sintomas antisociais (p=0,002), o número de diagnósticos psiquiátricos de Eixo I (p=0,03) e a gravidade de sintomas de TDAH (p=<0,001) também foram preditores de pior resposta. A psicopatologia paterna não esteve associada à resposta ao tratamento. Em termos de adversidade psicossocial, apenas gestação indesejada (p=0,002) esteve associada à pior desfecho. Nas análises multivariadas, TDAH-C, comorbidade com TOD e maior gravidade de sintomas basais (CGAS) foram preditores de pior resposta. Da mesma forma, conflito familiar e sintomas maternos de TDAH predisseram um pior resultado. O efeito de gestação indesejada manteve-se estatisticamente significativo no modelo multivariado. Em um modelo que abrangeu todas as dimensões estudadas, os seguintes fatores foram preditores de pior resposta ao tratamento: TDAH-C, comorbidade com TOD, sintomas maternos de TDAH e gestação indesejada. CONCLUSÃO Este é o primeiro estudo realizado em população de país em desenvolvimento a avaliar o impacto de diferentes fatores adversos psicossociais na resposta a metilfenidato em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. Demonstramos que o subtipo combinado de TDAH, a comorbidade com TOD, sintomas maternos de TDAH e gestação indesejada foram preditores de pior resposta ao MFD. Tais achados ressaltam a importância de ter-se uma visão ampla no atendimento destas crianças, levando em consideração o ambiente no qual elas estão inseridas e possíveis fatores preditores de piores desfechos. Além disso, os nossos resultados enfatizam a importância de se avaliar os pais no atendimento de crianças e adolescentes, especialmente investigando sintomas maternos de TDAH. Pesquisas futuras devem expandir o conhecimento acerca de interações entre fatores genéticos e ambientais, possibilitando que sejam desenvolvidas abordagens mais eficazes e que contribuam para a redução do impacto negativo deste transtorno. / Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with a negative impact in different aspects of patients and their relatives’ lives. Although pharmacological treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) may reduce the impairment associated with the disorder, it is not universally effective. There are few studies of the predictive factors of MPH treatment response and most of available data come from a single sample. Objectives The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, familial (parental psychopathology and family functioning), and psychosocial adversity factors on the response to methylphenidate in a naturalistic sample of children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods This is a longitudinal study with a quasi-experiment design. Children and adolescents with ADHD and a primary indication for MPH treatment were treated and followed for 6 months by child and adolescent psychiatrists. Medication doses were augmented until no further clinical improvement was detected or there were limiting side effects. Treatment response was evaluated according to SNAP-IV and CGI-S scales, completed by parents and researchers, respectively. Predictive factors were divided into three dimensions: clinical and demographic, family characteristics (parental psychopathology and family functioning) and psychosocial adversity. Family functioning was evaluated by the FES scale; parental evaluation consisted of a diagnostic interview (SCID-IV), self-reported ASRS scale and psychopathic symptoms investigation. Psychosocial adversity factors were derived from Rutter’s indicators of adversity. Statistical analysis were performed using 2 test or Fisher’s Exact Test (categorical variables), and Student t test (continuous variables with normal distribution). Multivariable models were constructed with a Mixed-Effects Model (MEM) approach for analysis of predictive factors of treatment response. Results One hundred and twenty-five patients were included. In the univariate analysis, younger age (p=.01), the presence of ADHD combined subtype (p<.001), CD (p=.03) and ODD (p<.001) were associated with a worse response to treatment. Higher scores on the organization (p=<.001) and cohesion (p=.01) dimensions of FES were associated with better response to treatment, while more conflicted families had a worse response (p=<.001). In terms of maternal psychopathology, antisocial symptoms (p=.002) and number of Axis I diagnosis (p=.03) were associated with a worse response to methylphenidate. Also, maternal ADHD symptoms predicted a worse response to treatment (p=<.001). Paternal psychopathology did not predict treatment response. In terms of psychosocial adversity, only undesirable pregnancy (p=.002) predicted a worse response to treatment. In the multivariate analysis, ADHD combined subtype, ODD comorbidity and lower baseline CGAS scores were significant predictors of a reduced response to treatment. Family conflict and maternal ADHD symptoms were also significant predictors of poor response. Undesirable pregnancy also remained significant in the multivariate analysis. A final multivariate mixed-effect model was created including significant predictors of response in each individual multivariate model. Results indicated that ADHD combined subtype, ODD diagnosis, maternal ADHD symptoms, and undesirable pregnancy were significant predictors of a reduced response to methylphenidate during 6 months of treatment. Conclusion This is the first study in a developing country to evaluate the impact of different adversity factors on ADHD treatment response in children and adolescents. We were able to demonstrate that ADHD combined subtype, ODD comorbidity, ADHD maternal symptoms and undesirable pregnancy were predictors of a worse response to MPH. These findings highlight the need to have a global perspective on children’s environment and be aware of the presence of negative predictors of treatment response. In addiction, our results stress the role of parental evaluation, especially maternal ADHD symptoms. Future research should expand our knowledge on how genetic factors interact with environmental factors, which might pave the road to the development of alternative clinical strategies that might reduce the burden associated with ADHD.

Introdução O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) está associado a um significativo impacto negativo em diferentes esferas da vida dos pacientes e de seus familiares. O tratamento medicamentoso com metilfenidato (MFD), embora reduza os prejuízos associados ao transtorno, não é universalmente eficaz. Existem poucos estudos sobre fatores preditores de resposta ao MFD e a maior parte das informações origina-se de uma única amostra. Objetivos O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar fatores preditores de resposta ao tratamento com MFD em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. Especificamente, foram estudados fatores clínicos, demográficos, funcionamento familiar, psicopatologia parental e fatores ambientais adversos. Métodos Este é um estudo longitudinal com um design de quase-experimento. Crianças e adolescentes com TDAH e indicação primária de MFD foram tratadas e acompanhadas por 6 meses por psiquiatras da infância e adolescência. Foi utilizado MFD em doses otimizadas até o máximo de efeito ou o surgimento de efeitos colaterais limitantes. A eficácia foi avaliada pelas escalas SNAP-IV e CGI-G, preenchidas pelos pais e pelo médico, respectivamente. Os fatores preditores avaliados pertencem a três dimensões: clínica e demográfica, características familiares (psicopatologia parental e funcionamento familiar) e fatores de adversidade psicossocial. O funcionamento familiar foi avaliado através da escala FES; a avaliação de psicopatologia parental foi realizada através da entrevista diagnóstica SCID-IV, da escala ASRS e de avaliação de sintomas de psicopatia. Os fatores de adversidade psicossocial foram derivados dos Indicadores de Adversidade de Rutter. A análise estatística foi realizada através dos testes do 2 ou teste exato de Fisher (para variáveis categóricas) e teste t de Student (para variáveis contínuas). Foram desenvolvidos modelos multivariados para avaliação dos fatores preditores de resposta através de modelos de efeitos mistos. Resultados Foram incluídos 125 pacientes nas análises. Nas análises univariadas, menor idade (p=0,01), subtipo combinado de TDAH (TDAH-C) (p<0,001), comorbidade com Transtorno de Conduta (TC) (p=0,03) e Transtorno de Oposição e Desafio (TOD) (p<0,001) foram associados a pior desfecho. No funcionamento familiar, as dimensões de organização (p=<0,001) e coesão (p=0,01) foram preditores de melhor resposta. A dimensão de conflito (p=<0,001) esteve associada à pior resposta. Em relação à psicopatologia materna, a presença de sintomas antisociais (p=0,002), o número de diagnósticos psiquiátricos de Eixo I (p=0,03) e a gravidade de sintomas de TDAH (p=<0,001) também foram preditores de pior resposta. A psicopatologia paterna não esteve associada à resposta ao tratamento. Em termos de adversidade psicossocial, apenas gestação indesejada (p=0,002) esteve associada à pior desfecho. Nas análises multivariadas, TDAH-C, comorbidade com TOD e maior gravidade de sintomas basais (CGAS) foram preditores de pior resposta. Da mesma forma, conflito familiar e sintomas maternos de TDAH predisseram um pior resultado. O efeito de gestação indesejada manteve-se estatisticamente significativo no modelo multivariado. Em um modelo que abrangeu todas as dimensões estudadas, os seguintes fatores foram preditores de pior resposta ao tratamento: TDAH-C, comorbidade com TOD, sintomas maternos de TDAH e gestação indesejada. CONCLUSÃO Este é o primeiro estudo realizado em população de país em desenvolvimento a avaliar o impacto de diferentes fatores adversos psicossociais na resposta a metilfenidato em crianças e adolescentes com TDAH. Demonstramos que o subtipo combinado de TDAH, a comorbidade com TOD, sintomas maternos de TDAH e gestação indesejada foram preditores de pior resposta ao MFD. Tais achados ressaltam a importância de ter-se uma visão ampla no atendimento destas crianças, levando em consideração o ambiente no qual elas estão inseridas e possíveis fatores preditores de piores desfechos. Além disso, os nossos resultados enfatizam a importância de se avaliar os pais no atendimento de crianças e adolescentes, especialmente investigando sintomas maternos de TDAH. Pesquisas futuras devem expandir o conhecimento acerca de interações entre fatores genéticos e ambientais, possibilitando que sejam desenvolvidas abordagens mais eficazes e que contribuam para a redução do impacto negativo deste transtorno. / Introduction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with a negative impact in different aspects of patients and their relatives’ lives. Although pharmacological treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) may reduce the impairment associated with the disorder, it is not universally effective. There are few studies of the predictive factors of MPH treatment response and most of available data come from a single sample. Objectives The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of demographic, clinical, familial (parental psychopathology and family functioning), and psychosocial adversity factors on the response to methylphenidate in a naturalistic sample of children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods This is a longitudinal study with a quasi-experiment design. Children and adolescents with ADHD and a primary indication for MPH treatment were treated and followed for 6 months by child and adolescent psychiatrists. Medication doses were augmented until no further clinical improvement was detected or there were limiting side effects. Treatment response was evaluated according to SNAP-IV and CGI-S scales, completed by parents and researchers, respectively. Predictive factors were divided into three dimensions: clinical and demographic, family characteristics (parental psychopathology and family functioning) and psychosocial adversity. Family functioning was evaluated by the FES scale; parental evaluation consisted of a diagnostic interview (SCID-IV), self-reported ASRS scale and psychopathic symptoms investigation. Psychosocial adversity factors were derived from Rutter’s indicators of adversity. Statistical analysis were performed using 2 test or Fisher’s Exact Test (categorical variables), and Student t test (continuous variables with normal distribution). Multivariable models were constructed with a Mixed-Effects Model (MEM) approach for analysis of predictive factors of treatment response. Results One hundred and twenty-five patients were included. In the univariate analysis, younger age (p=.01), the presence of ADHD combined subtype (p<.001), CD (p=.03) and ODD (p<.001) were associated with a worse response to treatment. Higher scores on the organization (p=<.001) and cohesion (p=.01) dimensions of FES were associated with better response to treatment, while more conflicted families had a worse response (p=<.001). In terms of maternal psychopathology, antisocial symptoms (p=.002) and number of Axis I diagnosis (p=.03) were associated with a worse response to methylphenidate. Also, maternal ADHD symptoms predicted a worse response to treatment (p=<.001). Paternal psychopathology did not predict treatment response. In terms of psychosocial adversity, only undesirable pregnancy (p=.002) predicted a worse response to treatment. In the multivariate analysis, ADHD combined subtype, ODD comorbidity and lower baseline CGAS scores were significant predictors of a reduced response to treatment. Family conflict and maternal ADHD symptoms were also significant predictors of poor response. Undesirable pregnancy also remained significant in the multivariate analysis. A final multivariate mixed-effect model was created including significant predictors of response in each individual multivariate model. Results indicated that ADHD combined subtype, ODD diagnosis, maternal ADHD symptoms, and undesirable pregnancy were significant predictors of a reduced response to methylphenidate during 6 months of treatment. Conclusion This is the first study in a developing country to evaluate the impact of different adversity factors on ADHD treatment response in children and adolescents. We were able to demonstrate that ADHD combined subtype, ODD comorbidity, ADHD maternal symptoms and undesirable pregnancy were predictors of a worse response to MPH. These findings highlight the need to have a global perspective on children’s environment and be aware of the presence of negative predictors of treatment response. In addiction, our results stress the role of parental evaluation, especially maternal ADHD symptoms. Future research should expand our knowledge on how genetic factors interact with environmental factors, which might pave the road to the development of alternative clinical strategies that might reduce the burden associated with ADHD.

The sociocultural model of eating pathology is an empirically-supported model explaining eating disorder etiology. The model poses that body dissatisfaction and subsequent eating pathology stems from the unrealistic standards formulated by Westernized society. Although the model has strong empirical support, variables within the model do not account for 100% of the variance in disordered eating. Thus, the current researcher attempted to explore potential moderating factors in the sociocultural model of eating disorders that may help to explain variance currently unaccounted for. In particular, the researcher focused on the relationship between sociocultural internalization and body dissatisfaction, given that this relationship has not been previously explored within the literature. Based on theoretical support, the researcher chose several potential variables to test, including perfectionism, neuroticism, body surveillance, and shame. Primary analyses tested each variable for moderating effects using hierarchical moderated regression, but no significant findings were shown. Results of post hoc analyses showed all variables had significant mediating effects, with the exception of self-oriented perfectionism. The discussion section addresses consistency with previous research, limitations of the present study, treatment implications and guidelines for future research.

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Thèse de doctorat présentée en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie du travail et des organisations (Ph.D) / Les expériences psychologiques associées à la récupération entre les épisodes de travail—telles que le détachement psychologique du travail, la relaxation, la maîtrise et le contrôle sur le temps hors travail—sont reconnues pour leur capacité à protéger et favoriser la santé psychologique des travailleurs, tandis que d’autres expériences telles que la rumination sont perçues comme préjudiciables. Cependant, leurs effets sont plus complexes et moins compris qu’il n’y paraît. Une voie peu explorée pour comprendre et prédire la portée de leurs effets sont les interactions que ces expériences pourraient entretenir avec d’autres variables. Le présent ouvrage explore si et comment ces effets sont modérés par des facteurs liés au travail ou au contexte de vie des travailleurs. Il examine, sur le plan théorique et empirique, les possibilités que les effets salutaires des expériences de récupération varient selon des conditions (thèse de la contingence) ou soient indépendants de facteurs individuels ou contextuels (thèse de l’universalité). Puisant largement dans la théorie effort-récupération (Meijman et Mulder, 1998) et la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1998), cet ouvrage cherche avant tout à clarifier la force des liens existant entre neuf expériences de récupération (ou de non récupération) et diverses catégories d’indicateurs de santé psychologique contextualisés ou non au travail. À cet égard, le premier article dresse une synthèse empirique de ces relations par une méta-analyse (k = 191). Les résultats montrent que la vaste majorité des tailles d’effet entre les expériences de (non) récupération et la santé psychologique sont à la fois significatives et de magnitude modérée à forte, ce qui milite en faveur de la thèse de l’universalité. En revanche, l’importante hétérogénéité inter-étude inexpliquée offre un terrain d’exploration propice à la thèse de la contingence. Le second objectif de cet ouvrage est d’identifier des modérateurs influençant les relations entre les expériences de (non) récupération et divers corrélats de santé psychologique. L’étude des facteurs contingents pourrait aider à optimiser les ressources individuelles et organisationnelles dédiées aux expériences de récupération. Les deux articles contribuent à cet objectif par des méthodologies différentes. Dans le premier article, des analyses de méta-régression soutiennent modestement cinq des six modérateurs étudiés comme pouvant influencer les liens entre des expériences de (non) récupération et la santé psychologique, soit l’âge, le genre, le nombre d’heures travaillées, le niveau de scolarité ainsi que deux dimensions de la culture nationale, à savoir l’individualisme vs le collectivisme et l’indulgence vs la sévérité. Dans le second article, des analyses de régression hiérarchique sont menées sur des données colligées auprès de 2346 travailleurs du milieu de l’éducation québécois. Un seul effet modérateur sur la santé psychologique a été détecté parmi les 24 interactions étudiées entre des expériences de récupération et deux caractéristiques du travail (la quantité de travail et l’autonomie). En conclusion, cet ouvrage apporte un soutien plus marqué à la thèse de l’universalité, tout en identifiant certains effets modérateurs, d’envergure limitée, qui s’alignent avec la thèse de la contingence. Des perspectives de recherche futures sont discutées pour ces deux thèses. / The psychological experiences associated with recovery between work episodes—such as psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery, and control over non-work time—are known for their ability to protect and promote worker’s psychological health, while other experiences such as rumination are perceived as harmful. However, their effects are more complex than they appear and are still not well understood. An underexplored area for understanding and predicting the extent of their effects is the interactions that these experiences may have with other variables. The current work explores whether and how these effects are moderated by factors related to work or the workers' life context. It examines both theoretically and empirically the idea that the beneficial effects of recovery experiences may vary depending on conditions (contingency thesis) or be independent of individual or contextual factors (universality thesis). Drawing extensively from the Effort-Recovery theory (Meijman & Mulder, 1998) and the Conservation of Resources theory (Hobfoll, 1998), this work aims first to clarify the strength of the relationships between nine recovery (or non-recovery) experiences and various indicators of psychological health that are either contextualized or non-contextualized to work. In this regard, the first article offers an empirical synthesis of these relationships through a meta-analysis (k = 191). The results show that most effect sizes between the (non-) recovery experiences and PH are both significant and of moderate to strong magnitude, supporting the universality thesis. However, the large unexplained between-study heterogeneity provides a fertile ground for exploration in support of the contingency thesis. The second objective of this work is to identify moderators influencing the relationships between (non-) recovery experiences and various correlates of psychological health. The study of contingent factors could help optimize individual and organizational resources dedicated to recovery experiences. The two articles contribute to this objective with different methodologies. In the first article, meta-regression analyses partially support five out of the six studied moderators as potentially influencing the relationships between (non-) recovery experiences and psychological health, namely age, gender, number of work hours, level of education, as well as two dimensions of national culture, namely individualism vs collectivism and indulgence vs restraint. In the second article, hierarchical regression analyses are conducted on data collected from 2,346 workers in the Quebec education sector. Only one moderating effect on psychological health was detected among the 24 interactions studied between recovery experiences and two work characteristics (workload and autonomy). In conclusion, this work provides stronger support for the universality thesis, while also identifying certain moderating effects, of limited scope, that align with the contingency thesis. Future research perspectives are discussed for each of these theses.

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Le but de cette étude est d’examiner les liens prédictifs entre les comportements d’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, ainsi que le rôle potentiellement modérateur des normes prosociales du groupe-classe et du rejet par le groupe de pairs. Spécifiquement, les liens suivants seront examinés : 1) le lien principal positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, 2) l’effet modérateur (i.e., protecteur) des normes prosociales au sein du groupe-classe sur le lien entre l’agressivité proactive et la délinquance et 3) l’effet modérateur de second niveau du rejet par les pairs eu égard à l’effet modérateur de premier niveau des normes prosociales du groupe-classe. Deux modèles théoriques seront utilisés afin d’appuyer le choix des hypothèses et offrir un cadre conceptuel en vue de l’interprétation des résultats: Le modèle du groupe de référence et le modèle de la similarité personne-groupe. Les données proviennent d’un échantillon composé de 327 enfants ayant été évalués à 6 reprises, de l’âge de 10 ans (4e année primaire) à 15 ans (3e secondaire). La délinquance fut mesurée à l’aide de données auto-rapportées par les participants. Les normes prosociales du groupe-classe furent basées sur les évaluations moyennes faites par les enseignants des comportements prosociaux des élèves de leur classe. Le rejet par les pairs fut mesuré à l’aide d’évaluations sociométriques au sein des groupes-classes. Des modèles de régression linéaire hiérarchique ont été utilisés. Les résultats montrent un lien positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence. Malgré l’obtention d’un coefficient d’interaction marginal, les résultats indiquent que les normes prosociales modèrent, mais à la hausse, le lien entre l’agressivité et la délinquance. L’effet modérateur du rejet par les pairs n’apparaît pas comme étant significatif. Ces résultats seront discutés afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l’agressivité et les éléments du contexte social dans lequel l’enfant évolue, ainsi que leur implication au niveau de la prévention des problèmes d’agressivité et de la délinquance en milieu scolaire. / The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive relationships between the behavior of proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, and possibly the effect of moderating standards prosocial class group and the rejection by the peer group. Specifically, linkages will be examined: 1) the main positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, 2) the moderating effect (ie, guard) first-level standards in prosocial class group on the link between proactive aggression and delinquency and 3) the moderating effect of the second level of peer rejection, given the dampening effect of the first level of prosocial norms of their class group. Two theoretical models are used to support the choice of assumptions and provide a framework in interpreting the results: The model group and model group similarity person. The data come from a sample of 327 children were assessed at six times the age of 10 years (ie, grade 4) and 15 (third year of secondary). Delinquency was measured using self-reported data by participants. Standards prosocial class group are based on average ratings made by teachers of prosocial behavior in their class. The rejection by peers was measured using sociometric assessments in group classes. The hierarchical linear regression models were used. The results show a positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency. Despite obtaining a marginal interaction coefficient, the results indicate that moderate pro-social norms, but increasing, the link between aggression and delinquency. The moderating effect of peer rejection is not as significant. These results will be discussed to better understand the link between aggression and elements of social context in which the child grows, and their involvement in the prevention of problems with aggression and delinquency in schools.

Most children exposed to interpersonal violence experience multiple forms of victimizations that are more predictive of trauma symptomatology than single traumatic incidents. This exploratory study seeks to extend research that suggests a child’s intrinsic strengths may help mitigate the development of serious psychiatric symptoms for children experiencing multiple interfamilial victimizations. Utilizing a diverse clinical sample (N= 106) of children 7 to 18 years of age who were exposed to multiple family traumas or to non-interpersonal traumas, path analysis models (moderation, mediational, and moderated mediational) were employed across potential explanatory or attenuating demographic factors (age, ethnicity, and gender) to ascertain the associations between multiple interpersonal maltreatment types experienced, childs’ behavioral and emotional strengths, and their posttraumatic stress symptomatology and/or behavioral and emotional difficulty symptoms. / text