Thyronamine (TAM) sind eine neue Molekülklasse, die endokrinologische und metabolische Prozesse miteinander vereinen. Der biologisch aktive Metabolit 3-Iod-L-Thyronamin (3-T1AM) wird durch eine kombinierte Deiodierung und Decarboxylierung von Schilddrüsenhormonen (TH) gebildet. Existierende Methoden zum Nachweis und zur Quantifizierung von 3-T1AM im menschlichen Serum sind immer noch umstritten. Auch die an der Biosynthese vermutlich beteiligte TH-Decarboxylase konnte noch nicht identifiziert werden. Für die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von TH und TAM Profilen wurde die Flüssigchromatographie-Tandem-Massenspektrometrie (LC-MS/MS) verwendet. In der bisherigen präanalytischen Aufarbeitung liefern weder Flüssig-Flüssig- noch Festphasenextraktionen reproduzierbare Ergebnisse des 3-T1AM-Gehalts im Serum. Mit der Entwicklung eines spezifischen Extraktionsverfahrens und nachfolgender Detektion mittels LC-MS/MS gelang der gleichzeitige Nachweis der häufigsten TH im humanen Serum. Parallel dazu wurden monoklonale Antikörper gegen 3-T1AM entwickelt, auf deren Basis ein quantitativer 3-T1AM Chemilumineszenz-Immunoassay entstand. Ergebnisse aus klinischen Kollektiven zeigen, dass 3-T1AM im Serum im nM Konzentrationsbereich vorkommt und dass 3-T1AM bei Patienten außerhalb der Schilddrüse produziert wird. Viele Forscher gehen davon aus, dass die aromatische L-Aminosäure Decarboxylase (AADC) die Synthese von TAM über Decarboxylierung von TH katalysiert. Diese Hypothese wurde durch Inkubation von rekombinanter humaner AADC mit TH getestet. In keinem der Experimente konnte AADC die Decarboxylierung von TH katalysieren. Zusammenfassend ist die Bestimmung von 3-T1AM im Serum mittels LC-MS/MS aufgrund der nicht reproduzierbaren präanalytischen Probenaufbereitung problematisch. In dieser Arbeit wird der erste MAb-basierte 3-T1AM assay vorgestellt, der 3-T1AM zuverlässig in humanem Serum quantifiziert. Die AADC ist wahrscheinlich nicht an der Biosynthese von TAM beteiligt. / Thyronamines (TAM) are a new class of molecules linking endocrinology and metabolism. Combined deiodination and decarboxylation of thyroid hormones (TH) generates a biologically active ‘cooling’ metabolite, 3-iodo-L-thyronamine (3-T1AM).. It remains controversial, which methods are able or not to reliably detect 3-T1AM in human serum, and the presumed TH decarboxylase is still elusive. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for the simultane-ous identification and quantification of TH and TAM profiles in biological samples. Several preanalytical methods were tested for complete extraction of 3-T1AM in human serum. Thus far, neither liquid-liquid nor solid-phase extraction methods allowed reproducible extraction of 3-T1AM from human serum samples in the preanalytical sample workup. Nevertheless, a rapid and sensitive extraction procedure was developed for detection of the major TH by LC-MS/MS in a single human serum sample. In parallel, monoclonal antibodies (MAb) targeting 3-T1AM were developed and characterized, and a highly specific quantitative 3-T1AM MAb-based chemiluminescence immunoassay was developed. Studies in clinical cohorts provide evidence that 3-T1AM is present in human serum in the nM concentration range and that 3-T1AM is produced extrathyroidally. Many researchers have reasoned that the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) mediates TAM synthesis via decarboxylation of TH. This hypothesis was tested by incubating recombinant human AADC with several TH. In all tested conditions, AADC failed to catalyze the decarboxylation of TH. These in vitro observations are supported by the finding that 3-T1AM is also present in plasma samples of patients with AADC deficiency. In summary, 3-T1AM detection in serum using LC-MS/MS encounters preanalytical problems. The first MAb-based 3-T1AM CLIA is presented, which reliably quantifies 3-T1AM in human serum. AADC is likely not involved in TAM biosynthesis.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(2) 課題番号:11306009 研究代表者:大澤 俊彦 研究期間:1999-2000年度

La 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) demeure l’agent anticancéreux principalement utilisé dans le traitement de la leucémie myéloblastique aiguë (LMA), malgré sa dégradation et son élimination rapide après une administration parentérale. Son encapsulation dans des vecteurs pharmaceutiques, majoritairement des liposomes, a permis de surmonter ces inconvénients. L’objectif général de ce projet de doctorat était de développer deux systèmes à libération prolongée, à base de phospholipides, de cholestérol et de poly(éthylène glycol) (PEG) afin d’encapsuler l’ara-C et ultimement, d’améliorer son efficacité dans le traitement de la LMA. Des Sphérulites® (vésicules multilamellaires d’un type particulier) ont d’abord été étudiées pour leur forte capacité d’encapsulation, due à leur mode de préparation. Par la suite, une formulation liposomale capable, d’une part de cibler spécifiquement les cellules leucémiques et, d’autre part, de promouvoir la libération intracellulaire de l’ara-C grâce à sa sensibilité au pH, a été mise au point. Les deux formulations se devaient d’avoir un faible diamètre, une stabilité en présence de fluides biologiques et des temps de circulation prolongés chez l’animal. Une préparation de Sphérulites®, composée de Phospholipon 90G, de Solutol HS15 et de cholestérol, a permis d’obtenir des vésicules de 300 nm de diamètre. Un dérivé lipidique de PEG a pu être fixé à leur surface, sans modifier la disposition concentrique des lamelles, ni changer leur stabilité. Les Sphérulites® PEGylées ont été chargées d’ara-C et injectées chez le rat par la voie intraveineuse. Elles ont démontré des temps de circulation significativement prolongés comparativement aux Sphérulites® sans PEG. Cependant, l’ara-C s’est retrouvée éliminée de la circulation sanguine très rapidement, révélant une libération précoce du principe actif à partir de ces vésicules. Les liposomes sensibles au pH (~150 nm) ont été obtenus suite à l’insertion d’un copolymère à base de dioctadécyle, de N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) et d’acide méthacrylique. L’anticorps anti-CD33, soit complet soit son fragment Fab’, a été fixé à la surface des liposomes afin de cibler les cellules leucémiques. Les essais in vitro ont démontré la spécificité de la formulation pour différentes cellules leucémiques (CD33+), sa stabilité en présence de protéines plasmatiques et la libération intracellulaire d’un marqueur fluorescent et de l’ara-C. Enfin, des études menées chez la souris saine et immunodéprimée inoculée de cellules HL60 ont montré que la formulation exposant le fragment Fab’ possédait un profil pharmacocinétique et une biodistribution semblables à ceux des liposomes contrôles non-ciblés. L’encapsulation de l’ara-C a permis d’améliorer grandement ses temps de circulation après une administration intraveineuse. Cependant, bien que les immunoliposomes ont permis de prolonger la survie des souris leucémiques comparativement à l’ara-C libre, l’addition du polymère sensible au pH n’a pas permis d’apporter de réel avantage à la formulation lorsque administrée in vivo. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail de thèse ont, dans un premier temps, mis en évidence que les Sphérulites® pourraient s’avérer utiles dans la vectorisation d’agents anticancéreux si leur capacité à retenir le principe actif in vivo était améliorée. Dans un second temps, les données présentées avec les immunoliposomes suggèrent qu’ils pourraient apporter un bénéfice notable dans le traitement de la LMA. / Despite its rapid degradation and fast elimination in vivo, 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) is the main anticancer agent used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The encapsulation of this drug into nanocarriers such as liposomes has been shown to improve its stability, pharmacokinetic profile and, consequently, the treatment efficacy. The purpose of this doctoral work was to develop two nanocarriers employing phospholipids, cholesterol and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to encapsulate ara-C, with the ultimate goal of developing more efficient treatments for AML. The first formulation relied on Spherulites®, which are multilamellar vesicles possessing high entrapment yields due to their fabrication method. In a second part, pH-sensitive immunoliposomes were optimized to target specifically the leukemia cells and promote the release of the loaded ara-C at the desired intracellular site. Both formulations required a small diameter, stability in the presence of biological fluids and long circulation time properties when injected intravenously. An optimized formulation of Spherulites® was developed. It was composed of Phospholipon 90G, Solutol HS15 and cholesterol. The vesicles (300 nm) were able to accommodate PEG-lipid derivatives at their surface without altering their concentric lamellar shape and their in vitro stability. The PEGylated Spherulites® were loaded with ara-C and injected intravenously into rats. The surface-modified vesicles exhibited longer circulation times compared to uncoated Spherulites®. However, most of the loaded-drug was cleared from the systemic circulation very rapidly, reflecting rapid leakage of ara-C from the vesicles. The pH-sensitive immunoliposomes (~150 nm) were obtained by including a terminally-alkylated copolymer made of dioctadecyl, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and methacrylic acid in the liposome bilayer. The whole monoclonal antibody anti-CD33 or its Fab’ fragment were grafted on liposomes to target leukemic cells. In vitro assays revealed that this formulation was really specific for the various CD33+ leukemic cell lines, stable in presence of blood proteins, and able to promote the intracellular release of an encapsulated fluorescent probe as well as ara-C. In vivo studies in naïve Balb/c and immunodeprimed (SCID) mice inoculated with HL60 cells confirmed that the anti-CD33 Fab’ targeted formulation possessed pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profiles similar to those of the non-targeted liposomes. The encapsulation of ara-C in this formulation improved substantially its circulation time after intravenous injection. However, although ara-C-loaded immunoliposomes were able to prolong the survival of leukemic mice compared to the free drug, the addition of pH-sensitive polymer did not add any benefit to the formulation. Although these formulations require some optimization, the first part of this work pointed out that Spherulites® could be used to deliver anticancer agents provided that leakage is reduced in vivo. On the other hand, the data obtained with the targeted immunoliposomes suggest that these carriers could be beneficial in the treatment of AML.

Abstract Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) is an adhesion receptor in desmosomes, but relatively little is known about its role in cancer. In this study, the function of Dsg3 was investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines in vitro using locally established human leiomyoma tumor microenvironment (TME) matrices. Since Dsg3 has been identified as a key regulator in cell adhesion, we hypothesized that it may play a role in oral SCC cells adhesion and motility. Thus, one aim of the study was to explore this hypothesis by both gain and loss of function methods in four human buccal mucosa SCC SqCC/Y1 cell lines: transduction of vector control (Ct), full-length (FL) or two different C-terminally truncated Dsg3 mutants (Δ238 and Δ560). Live cell imaging was performed for 2D migration and 3D sandwich, alongside other assays. In 3D sandwich, we tested the effects of the monoclonal antibody, AK23, targeting the extracellular domain of Dsg3 in SqCC/Y1 cells. Our results showed that loss of Dsg3 disrupted cell adhesion and protein expression. In 2D assays, FL and Dsg3 mutants migrated faster with higher accumulated distances than Ct. In contrast with 2D, mutants showed accelerated invasion over the Ct in 3D models. The AK23 antibody inhibited only the invasion of FL cells. The TME in vivo consists of cellular and matrix elements playing a leading role in carcinoma progression. To study carcinoma cells invasion in vitro, mouse Matrigel® and rat type 1 collagen are the most commonly used matrices in 3D models. Since they are non-human in origin, they do not perfectly mimic human TME. To address this, we have developed a solid organotypic myoma disc model derived from human uterus leiomyoma tumor. Here, we introduce a novel Myogel, prepared from leiomyoma similar to Matrigel®. We validated Myogel for cell-TME interactions in 3D models, using SqCC/Y1 and HSC-3 cell lines. Compared with Matrigel® and type I collagen, oral SCC cell lines invaded more efficiently in Myogel containing matrices. This study describes promising 3D models using human TME mimicking Myogel which is suitable to analyze oral SCC cells both in carcinoma monocultures and in co-cultures, such as with TME fibroblasts. We also introduce a possible novel therapeutic target against Dsg3 to suppress cancer cell invasion. / Tiivistelmä Desmogleiini 3 (Dsg3) on desmosomien adheesioreseptori, jonka merkityksestä syövässä tiedetään vähän. Koska Dsg3 on tärkeä epiteelisolujen välisissä liitoksissa, oletimme sillä olevan vaikutusta myös suun karsinoomasolujen tarttumisessa ja niiden liikkuvuudessa. Testasimme hypoteesiamme muuttamalla Dsg3:n toimintaa ihmisen posken karsinoomasolulinjassa SqCC/Y1, josta oli aiemmin valmistettu neljä erilaista muunnosta: tyhjän vektorin sisältävä kontrollisolulinja (Ct), kokopitkää Dsg3 tuottava solulinja (FL), sekä kaksi Dsg3 C-päästä lyhennettyä mutanttisolulinjaa (Δ238 ja Δ560). Immunofluoresenssi-menetelmää käyttäen analysoimme solulinjoissamme solujen välisiä liitoksia. Lisäksi mittasimme solujen liikkeitä 2D-migraatio- ja 3D-sandwich-kokeissa. Testasimme myös Dsg3:n solunulkoista osaa tunnistavan monoklonaalisen vasta-aineen (AK23) vaikutusta solujen invaasioon. Osoitimme, että Dsg3:n rakenteen muuttaminen ja toiminnan estyminen häiritsi solujen tarttumista. 2D-kokeissa sekä FL että mutanttilinjat (Δ238 ja Δ560) migroivat kontrollisoluja nopeammin ja pidemmälle, mutta 3D-kokeissa vain mutanttilinjat invasoituivat kontrollisoluja tehokkaammin. AK23-vasta-aine esti vain FL-solujen invaasiota. Syöpäsolujen 3D-invaasiota mittaavissa kokeissa käytetään yleensä hiiren kasvaimesta valmistettua kaupallista Matrigeeliä® tai rotan kudoksista eristettyä tyypin I kollageenia. Tutkimusryhmämme on jo aiemmin kehittänyt organotyyppisen myoomamallin, jossa valmistamme myoomakudosnapit ihmisen kohdun leiomyoomakasvaimista. Tässä työssä valmistimme leiomyoomasta Myogeelia, vertasimme sitä Matrigeeliin®, sekä tutkimme tarkemmin Myogeeli-valmisteen soveltuvuutta 3D-tutkimuksiin. Totesimme, että kielen (HSC-3) ja posken (SqCC/Y1) karsinoomasolut invasoituivat tehokkaimmin Myogeeli-pitoisissa matrikseissa kuin Matrigeeliä® tai kollageeniä sisältävissä kasvatusalustoissa. Tutkimustulostemme perusteella Myogeeli-pohjaiset 3D-mallit soveltuvat hyvin sekä syöpäsolulinjojen invaasiotutkimuksiin että yhteisviljelmiin, joissa syöpäsoluja viljellään yhdessä syöpäkasvaimen ympärillä olevien solujen, kuten fibroblastien, kanssa.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) which causes gonorrhea has become multidrug-resistant, necessitating the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. mAb 2C7 which targets an epitope within an important virulence factor, the lipooligosaccharide (LOS), is a candidate therapeutic mAb. Ninety-four percent of clinical isolates express the 2C7-epitope which is also a vaccine target. Ng expresses multiple LOS(s) due to phase-variation (pv) of LOS glycosyltransferase (lgt) genes. mAb 2C7 reactivity requires a lactose extension from the LOS core Heptose (Hep) II (i.e. lgtG ‘ON’ [G+]). Pv results in HepI with: two (2-), three (3-), four (4-), or five (5-) hexoses (Hex). How HepI glycans impact Ng infectivity and mAb 2C7 function are unknown and form the bases of this dissertation. Using isogenic mutants, I demonstrate that HepI LOS glycans modulate mAb 2C7 binding. mAb 2C7 causes complement (C’)-dependent bacteriolysis of three (2-Hex/G+, 4-Hex/G+, and 5-Hex/G+) of the HepI mutants in vitro. The 3-Hex/G+ mutant (resistant to C’-dependent bacteriolysis) is killed by neutrophils in the presence of mAb and C’. In mice, 2- and 3-Hex/G+ infections are significantly shorter than 4- and 5-Hex/G+ infections. A chimeric mAb 2C7 that hyperactivates C’, attenuates only 4- and 5-Hex/G+ infections. This study enhances understanding of the role of HepI LOS pv in gonococcal infections and shows that longer HepI glycans are necessary for prolonged infections in vivo. This is the first study that predicts in vitro efficacy of mAb 2C7 against all four targetable HepI glycans thereby strengthening the rationale for development of 2C7-epitope based vaccines and therapeutics.

No description available.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:試験研究(B) 課題番号:05556021 研究代表者:大澤 俊彦 研究期間:1993-1995年度

Le cancer de la vessie est un cancer fréquent et extrêmement onéreux par patient puisque plusieurs patients subissent des récidives de cancer et ont recours parfois à des chirurgies complexes. Il est donc important de diagnostiquer efficacement ces cancers lors de la prise en charge initiale du patient. En effet, la procédure standard d’imagerie pour la détection du cancer est la cystoscopie de la vessie guidée par lumière blanche, toutefois cette méthode ne permet pas de bien distinguer les cellules qui sont propices à l’invasion musculaire des cellules de cancer de la vessie non infiltrant. Ce mémoire propose d’utiliser un nouvel immunoconjugué fluorescent ciblant la sous-unité alpha du récepteur de l’interleukine 5, un nouveau biomarqueur spécifique aux cellules du cancer de la vessie infiltrant, afin d’effectuer la cystoscopie de la vessie guidée par fluorescence. Pour ce faire, un protocole de conjugaison du fluorochrome cyanine-5 (Cy5) à un anticorps monoclonal a été développé. De plus, un protocole de conjugaison d’un peptide Cell Accumulator (ACCUM) sur cet anticorps fluorescent (A14-Cy5-ACCUM) a été optimisé. Ensuite, la capacité de cet immunoconjugué à marquer les cellules humaines de cancer de la vessie infiltrantes du muscle (MIBC), HT1376, a été testée. Par la suite, un nouveau modèle orthotpique murin de MIBC humain permettant la validation préclinique prochaine de l’A14-Cy5-ACCUM a été développé. Une banque de plasma et sérum sanguin, et d’urine de patients sains et atteints de cancer de la vessie a été compilé. Cette biobanque contient 111 échantillons de plasma sanguin et d’urine qui pourront être utilisé afin de tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle le niveau d’interleukine-5 sanguin pourrait être un facteur pronostique pour la progression du cancer de la vessie. Ce projet jette les bases pour l’évaluation potentielle de la cystoscopie guidée par fluorescence lors de la prise en charge initiale des patients atteints de cancer de la vessie afin d’améliorer la survie sans progression et la survie à long terme des patients atteints de MIBC. / Abstract: Bladder cancer is a frequent and extremely costly cancer when evaluated on a per-patient basis because of its high recurrence rate and patients undergoing complex medical procedures. It is of utmost importance to better identify the aggressiveness of this cancer at initial diagnosis. The standard procedure for bladder cancer detection is still white-light guided cystoscopy, which relies mostly on physicians experience in regard to identifying invasive malignancies. This memoir proposes the use of a new fluorescent immunoconjugate, targeting the alpha subunit of interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5R[apha]), a new biomarker specific to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) cells for fluorescence-guided cystoscopy. To do so, a conjugation protocol to fluorescently label a monoclonal antibody with cyanine-5 fluorophores has been developped. Then, a conjugation protocol to attach Cell Accumulator (ACCUM) peptides to this fluorescent immunoconjugate (A14-Cy5-ACCUM) has been optimized. Moreover, the ability of A14-Cy5-ACCUM to stain MIBC cell line HT1376 has been tested. Most importantly, a novel orthotpic rat model of human MIBC for the future preclinical validation of fluorescence-guided cystoscopy in rat bladder has been developped. Finally, a new bladder cancer tissue repository at the CHUS has been established. This repository contains a total of 111 plasma and urine patient samples that will be helpful to evaluate if interleukin-5 blood levels could be used as a prognosis marker for bladder cancer progression. This project laid the basis for the potential evaluation of fluorescence-guided cystoscopy during initial diagnosis of bladder cancer patients to improve their disease-free and long-term survival.

Koffein (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthin) und Coprostanol (5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol) wurden im Berliner Oberflächenwasser nachgewiesen. Ihre Konzentrationen korrelierten mit dem Verunreinigungsgrad der Proben, was nahelegt, dass sie sich als Marker für menschliche Aktivität eignen. Bemerkenswerterweise wurde Koffein in jeder einzelnen Oberflächenwasserprobe oberhalb der Bestimmungsgrenze von 0,025 µg/L gefunden. Um Oberflächenwasserproben in größeren Serien zu untersuchen, war die Entwicklung zweier neuer Methoden erforderlich: ein Immunoassay, basierend auf einem monoklonalen Antikörper für Koffein und eine dispersive flüssig-flüssig Mikroextraktionsmethode (DLLME), gefolgt von Flüssigkeitschromatographie gekoppelt mit Tandem-Massenspektrometrie (LC-MS/MS) für Coprostanol. Der entwickelte Koffein-Immunoassay zeigt die beste je erhaltene Nachweisgrenze für Koffein (0,001 µg/L), erlaubt Hochdurchsatz-Analysen und erfordert keine Probenvorbereitung. Der Assay wurde auch erfolgreich für die Messung von Koffein in Getränken, Haarwaschmitteln, Koffeintabletten und menschlichem Speichel angewendet. Antikörper gegen Coprostanol sind nicht kommerziell erhältlich. Eine neue Strategie Anti-Coprostanol-Antikörper zu generieren wurde erarbeitet, die eine analoge Verbindung – Isolithocholsäure (ILA) – als Hapten verwendet, mit der eine Gruppe von Mäusen immunisiert wurde. Ein polyklonales Anti-ILA-Serum wurde produziert, welches Coprostanol bindet, aber die niedrige Affinität erlaubte nicht den Aufbau eines Immunoassays, der die Messung von Umweltkonzentrationen des Anayten (im Bereich ng/L) zulässt. Spezifische Anti-ILA-Immunglobuline G wurden auch in den Faeces der Mäuse gefunden. Coprostanol wurde in den Wasserproben durch die Verwendung einer neuentwickelten LC-MS/MS-Methode unter APCI-Ionisation (atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation) gemessen. Konzentrationen oberhalb von 0,1 µg/L wurden nach Voranreicherung der Probe mittels DLLME bestimmt. / Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and coprostanol (5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol) were detected in samples of Berlin’s surface water. Their concentrations correlated with the contamination status of the samples, suggesting their usefulness as markers of human activity. Remarkably, caffeine concentrations were always well above the limit of quantitation of 0.025 µg/L. In order to screen surface water samples in larger series, the development of two novel methods was required: a monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for caffeine and a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method, followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for coprostanol. The caffeine immunoassay developed shows the best analytical limit of detection (LOD) obtained so far for caffeine (0.001 µg/L), allows high-throughput analysis, and does not require sample pre-treatment. The assay was also successfully employed to measure caffeine in beverages, shampoos, caffeine tab-lets, and human saliva. Antibodies to coprostanol are not commercially available. A new strategy to generate anti-coprostanol antibodies was elaborated using an analogous com-pound as hapten – isolithocholic acid (ILA) – and immunizing a group of mice. A polyclonal anti-ILA serum was produced, which binds coprostanol but the low affinity did not permit setting up an immunoassay to measure environmental concentrations of the analyte (in the range of ng/L). Specific anti-ILA immunoglobulin G were also found in the faeces of the immunized mice. Coprostanol was quantified in the water samples using a newly developed LC-MS/MS method using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI). Concentrations above 0.1 µg/L were determined after sample preconcentration using DLLME. This extraction method also proved to be successful for enrichment of coprostanol-related compounds such as cholesterol, cholestanol, cholestanone, ergosterol, and stigmasterol.