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This dissertation examines mealtime conversations between parents and children in eight Swedish and eight Italian middle class, dual-earner households, exploring the ways in which children are engaged in the cooperative construction of social order. The study is part of an international project (cf. Aronsson & Pontecorvo, 2002), coordinated with prior work in the US (cf. Ochs & Kremer-Sadlik, 2013). Study I explores how children’s accounts work during family dinner conversations. So called proto-accounts (laments, multiple repeats, want-statements) and varied verbal accounts are analyzed in relation to age class or prior language socialization experiences. Study II focuses on the use of endearment terms in directive sequences between parents and children. The findings show an asymmetrical distribution of endearment terms, in that only parents make use of them when interactional problems – children’s non-compliance with parental requests in particular – arise.   Study III examines the ways in which Italian parents deploy the discourse marker dai (‘come on’) in directive sequences. This is a flexible linguistic resource that is employed by parents as a cajoling token when children fail to comply with parental requests, hindering the advancement of the in-progress activity. This thesis describes family mealtimes as parent-directed activities where sociality, morality and local understandings of the world (Ochs & Shohet, 2006) are collaboratively re-created and enacted. This confirms the crucial role of everyday family meals as rich cultural sites (Ochs & Shohet, 2006) for reasserting moral attitudes of the family: participants learn moment by moment how to be competent actors that are able to choose between alternative courses of action and that can therefore be held accountable for their actions (Bergmann, 1998: 284). From this point of view, a dinner is paradigmatic of the deep moral sense that permeates the making of a family.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This dissertation is an exposition and critique of Paul Tillich's and Erik H. Erikson's conceptualizations of the origin and nature of morality and ethics. After each author's theory of the origin and nature of morality and ethics is summarized, the similarities and differences which exist between their views are presented. Next their positions are evaluated according to the norm of coherence as defined by E.S. Brightman. Finally, a brief comparative criticism of their positions is made according to the same norm. The major similarity between Tillich's and Erikson's positions is their description of the origin of morality. Both men locate it in man's essential nature. On the basis of their descriptions of man's nature, both develop self-fulfillment theories of morality and ethics. However, they envision self-fulfillment within a communal rather than an individualistic context. The individual and society are described as a polar unity by both scholars. [TRUNCATED] / 2031-01-01

A presente tese busca identificar e defender os principais direitos de pessoas transgêneras, particularmente aqueles ligados ao dever do Estado de tratar a todos os indivíduos com igual respeito e consideração. Para tanto, além de se basear nas diferentes acepções da expressão direito apresentadas por Ronald Dworkin e asseverar as distinções entre direitos morais e políticas (policies), é oferecida uma concepção do conceito jurídico de gênero marcada por dois elementos centrais: a expressão de determinado gênero (à luz do espectro masculino/feminino) e o reconhecimento social de que o indivíduo pertence a certa categoria de gênero. Sustenta-se que esta concepção do conceito jurídico de gênero é fundamental para a adequada interpretação e solução de questões jurídicas que levem em consideração o gênero da pessoa, como nas hipóteses da identificação civil (prenome e sexo/gênero), regime previdenciário, aplicação de medidas protetivas e ações afirmativas, dentre outras. Tais argumentos são precedidos de breve explanação sobre o fenômeno da transgeneralidade (que vai muito além do que é tipicamente analisado por juristas), bem como da análise das relações entre Estado e moralidade sexual, o que é feito sobretudo através da crítica à concepção apresentada pelos jusnaturalistas John Finnis e Christopher Tollefsen, a qual, em síntese, entende que o sexo biológico é determinante do gênero pelo qual o indivíduo deverá ser reconhecido socialmente. Em sentido contrário, esta tese defende a separação conceitual entre sexo biológico e gênero, sendo o último o elemento mais relevante para fins jurídicos e sociais. Além disso, a partir da teorização de Ronald Dworkin, argumenta-se que a liberdade de expressão de gênero corresponde a um dos principais direitos morais de pessoas transgêneras, direito este que é fundamental para o exercício da autonomia e independência ética de tais indivíduos. Conclui-se que os conceitos e a teoria defendidos nesta tese correspondem à rationale para se responder aos pleitos jurídicos de pessoas transgêneras, inclusive aqueles que não tenham sido expressamente analisados. / This thesis aims to identify and defend the main rights of transgender people, particularly those related to the states duty to treat all citizens with equal consideration and respect. To do that, this thesis is grounded on the different meanings of right presented by Ronald Dworkin, especially on the distinction between moral rights and policies. It is also based on a conception of the juridical concept of gender, which has two central dimensions: the expression of ones gender (on the masculinity/femininity spectrum) and the social recognition that one belongs to a certain gender category. It is argued that this conception of gender is fundamental for the proper interpretation and solution of legal issues involving gender, such as civil identification (name and sex/gender assignment), retirement scheme, protective laws and affirmative policies etc. These arguments are preceded by a brief explanation of transgenderism, which goes far beyond what is typically analyzed by jurists. An analysis of the state and sexual morality relations is offered as well, which is done mainly through the criticism of John Finnis and Christopher Tollefsens conception of sex and gender. In short, Finnis and Tollefsen argue that ones gender should be determined by ones biological sex. Instead, this thesis defends the conceptual separation between biological sex and gender, considering gender the most relevant category for legal and social purposes. Moreover, based on Ronald Dworkins theorization, it is argued that genders freedom of expression corresponds to one of the leading moral rights of transgender people, ensuring the autonomy and the ethical independence of such individuals. It concludes that the conceptions and theory defended in this thesis correspond to the rationale for answering legal problems of transgender people, even those that are not mentioned.

Este trabalho teve como finalidade investigar a conduta moral presente no trabalho na administração pública a partir da percepção de sujeitos ocupantes de cargos de chefias ou de assessorias em órgãos públicos no Estado de São Paulo. As discussões baseiam-se em reflexões de pensadores da Teoria Critica, em particular em obras de Adorno, Horkheimer e Marcuse. Para o estudo sobre a moralidade foram estabelecidos dois aspectos de investigação que discutem os seus efeitos e suas manifestações na conduta ética no contexto do trabalho no serviço público: a racionalidade e o funcionamento da administração pública; e a moralidade do indivíduo. Os dados e as percepções dos sujeitos foram colhidos por meio de entrevista semidirigida. A discussão dos dados apontou que a forma de funcionamento e a racionalidade presentes na administração pública mantêm um ambiente e uma lógica que favorecem condutas que rompem com a moralidade que considera o indivíduo e o coletivo. A formação do indivíduo na atualidade tem favorecido condutas voltadas para interesses privados. Ambos os aspectos apresentam efeitos na moralidade e na conduta dos indivíduos no trabalho. O estudo identificou sujeitos que mantêm a capacidade para a autorreflexão, fundamental para a resistência à violação da ética. O estudo aponta algumas indicações para contribuir com objetivos educacionais que considerem os aspectos subjetivos e psicológicos e que possam repercutir na moralidade / The objective of this essay was to investigate the moral conduct at work within public administration, from the perception of individuals who hold chief or consulting positions in public institutions of the State of São Paulo. The discussions are based on reflections of theorists of the Critical Theory, particularly on publications of Adorno, Horkheimer and Marcuse. For the study about morality, two aspects of investigation have been established in order to discuss its effects and manifestations on ethical conduct at work within public service: the rationality and functioning of public administration; and the morality of the individual. The data and the perceptions of the individuals have been gathered through semi directed interviews. The discussion of the data has indicated that the organization and the rationality observed in public administration foster an environment and a logic that favor conducts which break up with the morality that takes into consideration the individual and the collectivity. Today, the individuals qualification has been favoring behaviors aimed at private interests. Both aspects influence the individuals morality and the behavior at work. This essay has identified individuals who keep their ability of self-reflection, which is fundamental to withstand ethical violation. The essay points out some recommendations that aim to contribute to educational objectives which take into consideration psychological and subjective aspects and that can also influence morality

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o comparecimento do valor generosidade através do papel de regulação exercido pelos sentimentos morais de culpa e vergonha e pela própria organização/ integração dos valores no sistema moral dos jovens que compuseram a amostra. Partindo de estudos atuais sobre a moralidade humana, sobre valores e sobre sentimentos, escolhemos o referencial da Teoria dos Modelos Organizadores do Pensamento como fonte teórico-metodológica que pudesse abarcar as problematizações propostas e que viesse a quebrar uma visão unilateral que guiou os estudos sobre a moralidade apenas pelo princípio de justiça. Uma situação envolvendo a generosidade foi apresentada aos 160 estudantes, meninos e meninas, de Ensino Médio de escolas pública e particular. Solicitou-se que respondessem a três questões a respeito dessa situação sobre os sentimentos, pensamentos e desejos do protagonista da história e de si mesmos. Extraímos das respostas os modelos organizadores, averiguando a configuração dos valores e sentimentos em cada um deles. Analisamos os modelos organizadores aplicados pelos sujeitos, considerando a integração dos valores, o comparecimento de sentimentos e as variáveis sexo e tipo de escola. Os resultados mostraram que, diante de uma situação de conflito moral, os jovens participantes de nossa pesquisa tenderam a integrar os valores de generosidade e amizade, com a presença de sentimentos morais, priorizando, em seus juízos, ações de ajuda para com o outro. Ressaltaram, também, a complexidade do pensamento moral humano, indicando que o comparecimento de valores está circunscrito a uma série de fatores concernentes não apenas aos aspectos cognitivos, mas também aos sentimentos, desejos, interesses e necessidades dos sujeitos. / This research aimed at investigating the presence of generosity, looking at the regulation exerced by the moral feelings and the organization/ integration of values in the moral system of youngsters that composed our study. Starting at actual researches about values and feelings, we chose the theory of Organizing Models of Thinking that could involve the questions proposed by us and could break a tradicional view that guided morality studies beyond the principle of justice. We presented a situation about generosity to 160 students, boys and girls of High School coming from public and private schools. We asked them to answer three questions about feelings, thoughts and desires in regard to the character of the presented situation and about themselves. We extracted the organizing models from the answers, investigating the configuration of values and feelings, and analysed them, considering the integration of the values, the presence of feelings and the components sex and school of the subjects. The results showed that, in front of a moral conflit, the youngsters of our research had a tendency to integrate the values of generosity and friendship, with the presence of moral feelings, mobilizing judments with a desire to help the other. These results conducted us to perceive the complexity of the human moral thought, indicating that the presence of values occurs not only by cognition aspects, but also by feelings, desires, interests and necessities of the subjects.

Thesis advisor: Liane Young / Research in three parts used behavioral methods and fMRI to shed light on the nature of moral norms and situate them within a broader understanding of how people deploy cognition to navigate the social world. Results revealed that moral norms in two clusters: {1} “universal-rights norms” (i.e., values focused on universal rights to be unharmed and treated as an equal); and {2} “group-elevating norms” (i.e., loyalty, reciprocity, obedience to authority, and concern about purity) predicted prosocial and antisocial moral judgments, interpersonal orientations, and behaviors through cognitive mechanisms including representations of causation and theory of mind (ToM). Five studies reported in Part 1 demonstrated that universal-rights norms were positively associated with prosociality (equal allocations and willingness to help); whereas group-elevating norms were robustly positively associated with antisocial interpersonal orientations (Machiavellianism and Social Dominance Orientation). Three studies in Part 2 showed that group-elevating norms predicted antisocial moral judgments including stigmatization and blame of victims. In contrast, universal-rights values were associated with sensitivity to victims’ suffering and blame of perpetrators. Experimentally manipulating moral focus off of victims and onto perpetrators reduced victim-blaming by reducing perceptions of victims as causal and increasing perceptions of victims as forced. Effects of group-elevating norms on victim-blaming were likewise mediated by perceptions of victim causality and forcedness, suggesting that intervening on focus constitutes one way to modulate effects of moral norms on moral judgments. Four studies in Part 3 examined moral diversity within the domain of fairness and revealed that group-elevating and universal-rights norms are differentially reflected in conceptions of fairness as reciprocity, charity, and impartiality. Reciprocity and charity warranted being clustered together as person-based fairness due to their shared motivational basis in consideration of the unique states of individuals and emotion, and their robust, overlapping recruitment of neural activity indicative of ToM in PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. Impartiality, which favored no particular individual, constituted person-blind fairness, due to its reliance on standard procedures rather than the unique states of individuals or emotion, and its failure to recruit PC, VMPFC and DMPFC. In terms of fairness and moral praiseworthiness, these three allocative processes cleaved along a different line. Person-blind impartiality was rated most fair and highly moral, and person-based fairness broke apart into: charity, deemed highly moral and labeled by the most empathic participants as fair; and reciprocity, which was lowest in fairness and moral praiseworthiness ratings and most esteemed by Machiavellian individuals and those who made a greater number of self-interested allocations. Enhanced activity in LTPJ for unfairness generally, and in judgment of reciprocity in particular, pointed to a role for ToM in moral evaluation of these different conceptions of fairness. Findings across Parts 1-3 have meta-ethical implications. Reduced endorsement of universal-rights norms and increased endorsement of group-elevating norms conferred risk for antisocial judgments, interpersonal orientations and behaviors, suggesting that universal-rights norms and group-elevating norms may differ in their capacity to produce moral outcomes. Results demonstrating a role for ToM and representations of causality in the effects of moral norms on moral judgments deserve focus in future research. It will be important to determine how deeply moral values imbed into individuals’ cognitive architecture, and the extent to which effects of moral values can be modulated via interventions on basic cognition. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology.

Thesis advisor: Kenneth Himes / This thesis responds to two distinct claims about drone (or remotely piloted aircraft) pilots. The first is the general claim that the martial virtues function as a kind of role morality for soldiers; the second, that drone pilots, based on the absence of personal risk and their distance from the battlefield, are unable to meet the demands of such a role morality. Chapter One explains what is meant by role morality, and determines whether the martial virtues do in fact function in a role morality capacity. The second chapter applies this general conception of a role morality for soldiers to military drone pilots in particular. This investigation finds that, insofar as "soldier" is in fact a role that generates a role morality, military drone pilots are as capable of meeting the demands of such a role morality as other military members. The second half of the thesis challenges the premise that drone pilots do not face personal risk. Chapter Three identifies psychological risk among drone pilots and seeks to determine how this kind of non-physical risk may affect the cultivation of the martial virtues. The fourth chapter argues that by placing military drone pilots within domestic territory, drone-capable militaries (such as the US military) have redrawn the battlespace such that it includes the drone operators, wherever they may be, and that as a result, drone pilots do in fact face some physical risk. Finally, in closing, this thesis presents a positive account of the martial virtues that enables military ethicists and strategists to bring centuries of philosophical investigation to bear on contemporary military issues. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

Esta tese busca reconstruir a filosofia da história de Kant a partir de duas perspectivas distintas. A primeira delas é de ordem sistemática e procura mostrar o lugar da filosofia da história no interior do sistema da filosofia crítica kantiana, indicando como Kant justifica (por razões teóricas e práticas) a sua concepção teleológica segundo a qual a história pode ser concebida como um progresso jurídico-político e moral da espécie humana. A segunda perspectiva busca reconstruir como Kant expõe o curso do progresso histórico, indicando que o desenvolvimento cultural, civilizatório e político deve ser entendido como condição preparatória ou facilitadora do progresso moral. / This work intends to reconstruct Kants philosophy of history according to two different perspectives. The first perspective is of systematic order and intends to show the place of Kants philosophy of history inside the system of critical philosophy, showing how Kant justifies (through theoretical and practical reasons) his teleological conception according to which the history can be conceived as a political and moral progress of human species. The second perspective intends to reconstruct how Kant exposes the course of historical progress, suggesting that the cultural, civilizing and political development can be understood as a preparatory condition of the moral progress.

Esta dissertação aborda a questão moral e questões relativas à constituição do sujeito em contos de Machado de Assis. Os contos analisados pertencem às décadas de 1870 e 1880. Os títulos são: Ponto de vista (Quem desdenha...), de Histórias da meia-noite; O sainete; D. Benedita (Um retrato), de Papéis avulsos; Galeria Póstuma, Uma senhora, de Histórias sem data; e O enfermeiro, de Várias Histórias. Em vários dos contos, os protagonistas são confrontados por impasses de identidade, impasses de subjetivação ou ainda por dilemas morais, que acarretam em diferença subjetiva. Em adição, o narrador propõe dilemas estéticos e éticos que indagam o leitor, no gesto de leitura e interpretação. Desde Ressurreição, romance de 1872, Machado de Assis operara um deslocamento do foco da narração de costumes para o enfoque do contraste entre dois caracteres. Também em artigo de 1878 sobre O Primo Basílio Machado havia levantado uma grande polêmica, que fez parte do que Roberto Schwarz nomeou, por exemplo, como militância anti-realista do autor. No artigo a O Primo Basílio, Machado declarou a preferência pelos caracteres, pelas paixões e pela verdade moral na composição do drama. Já no século 20, uma corrente crítica inaugurada na década de 1930, em especial, por Augusto Meyer e Lúcia Miguel Pereira, interpretou Machado de Assis pelo viés do subterrâneo. Eles abriram caminho para uma crítica machadiana que considerasse, por exemplo, a psicanálise como interface na recepção literária. Lembremos, contudo, que Augusto Meyer era também tributário de Alcides Maya e responsável pelo esclarecimento de vínculos entre a ficção machadiana e a tradição de escritores moralistas. Nesse sentido, no século 20, não apenas a crítica machadiana psicológica ganhou espaço, como também a crítica que enfocou a questão moral. Entre os críticos machadianos que investigaram a questão moral, encontramos, por exemplo, o próprio Augusto Meyer, Alfredo Bosi, Ivan Teixeira, José Luiz Passos e Pedro Meira Monteiro. / This dissertation approaches morality and subject constitution in Machado de Assiss short stories. The analyzed short stories go back to the period of the 1870s and 1880s. The titles are the following: Ponto de vista (Quem desdenha...) in Histórias da meia-noite; O sainete; D. Benedita (Um retrato) in Papéis avulsos; Galeria Póstuma and Uma senhora in Histórias sem data; and O enfermeiro in Várias histórias. In these short stories, the main characters are usually confronted with impasses concerning either identity, subjectivity or moral dilemmas that imply in subjective difference. In addition, the narrators propose esthetic and ethic dilemmas that question the reader in the act of reading and interpreting. In Ressurreição, novel of 1872, Machado had already dislocated the focus on narrating customs and had given priority to a plot centered on the contrast between two characters. In the article of 1878 on O primo Basílio, Machado started a huge controversy as well. This text takes part in what Roberto Schwarz names as Machados anti-Realism militancy. In the article about O primo Basílio Machado states the preference for the art of the characters, passions and morality as main components in the drama. In the 20th century, a new area of Machados criticism emerged by approaching his works according to an underground tone (the word refers to Dostoevskys book). This type of criticism was founded by Augusto Meyer and Lucia Miguel Pereira. They have opened the way for a criticism of Machados works that can take into account a psychoanalytic interface in literature reception. Still, we should remember that Augusto Meyer referred to Alcides Maya and was responsible for pointing out the connections between Machado de Assis and the moralist writers. Thus, there has been an overture not only to psychological criticism but also to the criticism concerned with morality in Machados works. Among exponent critics who have investigated morality in Machado, we can mention Augusto Meyer, Alfredo Bosi, Ivan Teixeira, José Luiz Passos and Pedro Meira Monteiro.