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Le 5 février 2004, le nouveau code marocain de la famille est entré en vigueur après avoir été voté à l'unanimité par le parlement. Cette réforme constitue un évènement majeur dans l'histoire du Maroc et une expérience pionnière qui commence à servir de modèle au niveau du monde arabe et musulman ; elle a suscité au sein de la société marocaine un véritable bouleversement car il était impensable de toucher à la Moudawana. Les discriminations et les inégalités envers les femmes et les filles dans l'ancien texte ont été justifiées par un renvoi aux prescriptions du fiqh classique souvent incompatibles avec la réalité sociale. Pour consacrer le choix moderniste et démocratique d'une société en mouvement, le législateur marocain a du désacraliser cette matière pour répondre aux exigences de la modernité et sauvegarder la stabilité de la cellule familiale. La réforme à une base musulmane mais elle s'ouvre à des changements de société en renonçant à tous les concepts qui portent atteinte à la dignité et à l'humanisme de la femme et en apportant des garanties fondamentales pour renforcer la protection juridique, judiciaire et administrative de l'institution familiale. Le nouveau code de la famille apporte également un changement pour les marocains résidant à l'étranger qui, sous l'ancienne Moudawana, se trouvaient dans des situations juridiques boiteuses. La réforme diminuera les occasions de conflits dans les relations maroco-européennes sans les évincer totalement car l'attachement à certaines règles de droit musulman risque de paraître comme un facteur d'opposition entre un système religieux et un système laïc. / On 5 February 2004, the new Moroccan Family Code came into force after being unanimously voted by the Parliament. This reform is a major event in the history of Morocco and a pioneering experience which begins to serve as a model in the Arab and Muslim worlds. It caused within Moroccan society a radical change because it was unthinkable to touch the Moudawana. Discrimination and inequality against women and girls in the former text have been justified by reference to the rules and laws of classical fiqh which often incompatible with social reality. To establish the modernist and democratic choice in a changing society, the Moroccan legislator desacrilizes this subject to meet the demands of modernity and safeguard the stability of the family unit. The reform has a Muslim base, but it opens itself to changes in society by renouncing all concepts that undermine the dignity and humanity of women and by providing basic guarantees to strengthen the legal, judicial and administrative protection of the family institution. The new Family Code also brings a change for Moroccans living abroad who were, under the old Moudawana, found in weak legal situations. The reform will reduce opportunities for conflicts in the Moroccan-European relations but without completely removing them because the attachment to certain rules of Islamic law may seem like an opposition factor between a religious system and a secular one.

This thesis compares French educational policy in Morocco and Tunisia during the French protectorate. It concetrates on the evolution of educational systems of both countries before the French colonial era and French reforms of the system. It is based on an analysis of the key figures of the protectorates, the residents-general Cambon and Lyautey and their heads of the education departments Machuel and Hardy. That is achieved through an analysis of their opinions on the educational and colonial policy and their application. The thesis deals with the beginninigs of the protectorate era when the foundations of the French system were laid.

Le sport, objet de la modernité, existe sous une forme communautaire chez les populations immigrées installées dans la Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB) depuis les années 30. Dans cette même région, au sein de la population marocaine, la pratique sportive associative s’observe dès la fin des années 70, avec la création d’équipes de football liées à la volonté politique de la part du gouvernement marocain de surveiller ses migrants pensés comme pendulaires. On assiste alors à l’émergence d’un conglomérat d’équipes de football très fermées qui ne survivent que quelques années. Au début des années 90, les premières associations étudiantes culturelles marocaines voient dans la pratique sportive un outil pour attirer et souder la communauté étudiante marocaine. En même temps, dans la commune de Pessac, le club de l’USSAP Boxe est créé par des Marocains, responsables d’une association culturelle dédiée aux musiques du Maghreb. Le club de boxe devient alors un espace où les logiques sociétaires prennent le pas sur les logiques communautaires et où l’excellence sportive semble être le moteur principal. Les tissus associatifs marocains se constituent donc sous forme de constellations dans la CUB et illustrent le rôle parfois complexe joué par les cultures sportives pour les populations immigrées. Par le biais de la frontière comme objet heuristique, une comparaison entre les associationnismes portugais et marocains met en avant la disparition progressive des logiques communautaires dans les associations sportives au profit de la modernité sportive qui recherche l’excellence et qui oblige ces clubs à s’ouvrir et perdre leur valence communautaire. Du côté des pratiques plus traditionnelles, on constate l’absence de culture physique chez les Marocains là où les danses traditionnelles portugaises contribuent à construire des espaces d’entre-soi fermés. / Sport, object of modernity, exists in a communal form in immigrant populations settled in the Bordeaux Urban Community (Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux - CUB) since the 1930s. Within the Moroccan population in the same region, associative sport was observed in the late 1970s with the creation of football teams related to political will on the part of the Moroccan government to monitor its emigrants who might return to Morocco. This resulted in the emergence of a conglomerate of ‘closed’ football teams that survived only a few years. In the early 1990s, the first Moroccan student cultural associations saw in sport a tool to attract and unite the Moroccan student community. Meanwhile, in the commune of Pessac, the USSAP Boxing Club was created by Moroccans responsible for a cultural association dedicated to the music of the Maghreb. The boxing club became a space where the vision of its members was overriding the opinion of the community and where sporting excellence seemed to be the driving force. Therefore the Moroccan associative networks were formed as constellations within the Bordeaux Urban Community and illustrated the sometimes complex role that sports cultures played amongst the immigrant populations. Through boundary as a heuristic object, a comparison between the Portuguese and Moroccan associate activity highlights the gradual disappearance of communal visions in sports associations for the benefit of modernity of sport, seeking excellence and at the same time forcing the clubs to open up and therefore reduce their alterity.

La plaine du Sous, au cœur de laquelle est implantée la ville de Taroudant, est une grande plaine alluviale du Sud-ouest marocain. Les sources historiques témoignent de la richesse agricole de cette région, dont le contrôle a représenté un enjeu stratégique pour les pouvoirs centraux successifs tout au long des périodes médiévale et moderne. Elle offre ainsi l’opportunité d’examiner l’occupation d’un territoire entre centres de pouvoir, grands programmes d’aménagement, fortifications et établissements ruraux. Encadrée par les chaînes montagneuses du Haut Atlas et de l’Anti-Atlas, elle constitue également un espace privilégié pour analyser les liens entre zones de plaine et secteurs de piémont. Cette thèse propose ainsi d’examiner l’évolution du peuplement de la plaine et des piémonts adjacents, autour de la capitale Taroudant, du début de l’époque médiévale au début de l’époque moderne (VIIIe-début du XVIIe siècle). Fondée sur une enquête de terrain, cette étude s’appuie sur un corpus de sites archéologiques en grande partie inédit. L’analyse des modes de construction, des structures, et du mobilier de surface a permis de préciser les caractéristiques de la culture matérielle de la région. L’organisation et l’implantation des sites ont également été examinées afin de comprendre les modalités d’installation des populations et leur évolution sur l’ensemble de la période concernée. La ville de Taroudant a par ailleurs fait l’objet d’une analyse spécifique pour cerner l’évolution du centre urbain et son insertion dans un territoire à forte dominante agricole. Enfin, l’ensemble de ces données a été mis en perspective afin de proposer une analyse diachronique du peuplement de la région. / The Sous plain, in the heart of which the city of Taroudant is settled, is a large alluvial plain in south-west Morocco. Historical sources attest to the agricultural wealth of this region, whose control has been a strategic issue for successive central governments throughout the medieval and modern periods. It thus offers the opportunity to consider the occupation of territory between power centers, major development programs, fortifications and rural settlements. Surrounded by the mountain ranges of the High Atlas and Anti-Atlas, it is also a privileged space to analyze the connections between lowlands and foothills areas. This thesis proposes to examine the evolution of settlement in the plain and adjacent foothills, around the capital Taroudant, from early medieval times to early modern period (VIIIth-early XVIIth century). This study is based on fieldworks, and on a corpus of archaeological sites, which are new for the most of them. The analysis of modes of construction, structures, and surface material allowed to specify the characteristics of the material culture of the region. The organization and location of these sites were examined as well in order to highlight settlement forms and their evolution throughout the period. A specific analysis has also been carried out on the capital city, Taroudant, for identifying changes in the urban center and its insertion in an area dominated by agriculture. Finally, all of these data have been put in perspective to offer a diachronic analysis of the settlement in this region.

The emergence of the mule's role as a beast of burden working in mountain tourism is founded on our appreciation of this species' great attributes as a means of transport in the mountain environment. Our appreciation of mules does not always extend to their care and welfare. This is particularly true of the mountain tourism industry in Morocco, where this study is situated. Why has there been a collective absencing of the mule from the consciences of those involved in this industry? In seeking to answer this question and in moving towards the question of how the mountain tourism industry can be more present to the mule and to mule welfare, this thesis explores the multiple ways in which we know the mule. Drawing on a ten-year engagement with the industry, extensive ethnographic fieldwork in the High Atlas and an Action Research initiative supporting tour operators as they develop and implement welfare policy and practice, this thesis explores how mule welfare can be viewed as emerging from a multiplicity of practices that, in failing to cohere, become subject to negotiation and ontological politics. An alternative community approach based on dialogue is evoked that might allow a consensus to emerge over how welfare should be practised. The thesis focuses on the quality of the relationship between mules and humans. It emphasises the importance of genuine meeting and dialogue and the need for spaces and places in which mules and humans can come together to identify how they can establish relationships based on mutual trust and understanding rather than on control and domination. In prototyping better relationships between mules, muleteers and their employers, this thesis offers the mountain tourism industry transformative pathways toward a more equitable and sustainable co-creative project.

The conditions under which social upgrading, i.e., the process of improvements in the rights and entitlements of workers as social actors by enhancing the quality of their employment, takes place in global production networks [GPNs] have not been sufficiently explored. This research addresses the following research questions: how is social upgrading defined? Under which conditions does social upgrading occur? How does economic upgrading influence social upgrading? How does the local and global social and institutional context influence social upgrading opportunities? First, the thesis establishes a definition and categorisation of social upgrading. Then, it answers these questions by analysing the empirical case study of the garment industry in Morocco. The analysis of key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews with factory managers and focus group discussions with workers shows that participation in GPNs can deliver opportunities as well as challenges for developing country workers. The main argument and contribution of the thesis to the existing literature is that the attainment of social upgrading is hindered by the tension existing between commercial embeddedness and social embeddedness of GPNs. All actors in GPNs find themselves caught in between commercial dynamics and the subsequent need for competitiveness, and the need of considering workers as social agents with rights. In particular, supplier firms in developing countries have to respond to international buyers' pressures to lower costs, increase quality and productivity, as well as deliver products on short notice and with great flexibility. At the same time, they have to comply to labour standards set by national and international regulations and by private buyers' codes of conduct. These pressures are contradictory and create a critical dilemma for suppliers. Struggling to reconcile buyers' requirements and faced with this tension, they attempt to mitigate it by employing two types of workers: regular workers who guarantee high quality and continuity, and are the recipient of social upgrading; and irregular workers, who ensure low costs and a high degree of flexibility, and are largely excluded from social upgrading opportunities and are often socially downgraded. Therefore, participation in GPNs delivers a mix of social upgrading and downgrading depending on the type of worker under consideration.

L’enseignement supérieur marocain a connu, depuis longtemps, un grand nombre de réformes. Les échecs successifs de ces réformes suscitent toujours l’interrogation des acteurs universitaires sur les causes de tels résultats. Cette recherche propose une des premières tentatives d’explication organisationnelle : le mimétisme. A partir de nos entretiens avec les gestionnaires des universités, notre recherche a montré l’existence du phénomène du mimétisme dans le choix des réformes. Leur inadaptation au contexte marocain en compromet l’efficacité.Aussi, pour être efficaces, les réformes universitaires devraient favoriser l’implication et la motivation des étudiants. Cette thèse permet, à partir d’un questionnaire auquel 668 étudiants ont répondu, de montrer que le niveau d’implication et de motivation est très faible par rapport aux objectifs assignés aux réformes. Ce niveau est d’autant plus faible que les étudiants appartiennent à des établissements universitaires à accès libre. / The Moroccan higher education knew for a long time a large number of reforms. The successive failures of these reforms always arouse the university actors interrogation of the causes of such results. This research proposes one of the first attempts of organizational explanation : mimicry. Based one interviews with university administrators, our research showed the existence of mimicry phenomenon in the reforms choice. Their inappropriateness in the Moroccan context compromises the efficiency.Also, to be effective, university reforms should promote involvement and motivation of students. This thesis allows, from a questionnaire to which 668 students responded, to show that the involvement and motivation level is very low compared to the objectives assigned to the reforms. This level is much lower than students belonging to university establishments with free access.

“Migration diplomacy” has emerged as a concept to theorize the increasingly important role of international migration and migration governance in states’ foreign policy and international relations, in an effort to bridge the gap between migration studies and international relations/foreign policy analysis. The concept has recently been more formally defined and introduced by Adamson and Tsourapas (2018), who suggest a future research agenda by proposing a structuralist, bargaining framework for analyzing states’ migration diplomacy, where states are either migrant receiving, sending, or transit states. This thesis argues that this theoretical approach risks overlooking key aspects and challenges that characterize international migration as a foreign policy issue and contemporary developments in the field. It investigates the shortcomings of establishing migration diplomacy as a chiefly rationalist bargaining concept, and suggests introducing role theory as an alternative approach for migration diplomacy analysis. It argues that role theory’s understanding of structural positions as partly interpreted and socially enacted, and its view of the international system as a more deeply social and normative setting can be particularly suited for understanding migration diplomacy aspects that a rationalist bargaining perspective overlooks. While not developing a fully formed role typology for migration diplomacy analysis, this thesis tentatively exemplifies this general approach through the case of Morocco’s migration diplomacy inrecent years.

Jobs are available for university graduates with entrepreneurship skills, but unemployment in Morocco persists because of the dissociation between university entrepreneurship graduate skills and professional market demand. While university graduates have achieved academic standards, they have lacked the entrepreneurial attributes to be employable. The purpose of this case study was to explore the use of entrepreneurship learning initiatives at Université Internationale de Casablanca (UIC), a private for-profit university, to promote students' employability. The constructivism and learning paradigm frameworks served as the theoretical foundations of this project study. The research questions addressed the effectiveness of entrepreneurship learning strategies in the promotion of students' employment and self-employment and what challenged their implementation at UIC. Data were collected from 11 individual interviews with students, academic leaders, and business professionals and from accreditation application documents. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and hand analyzed for the discovery of thematic codes. Results indicated that the implementation of a capstone project model could cultivate entrepreneurial student experience. It was recommended that comprehensive business plan capstone projects presented the opportunity of integrating experiential learning activities and assessment tools to develop the entrepreneurial mindset of undergraduate students and increase their affective attachment to the course and the university. Implications for social positive change included the use of entrepreneurship learning to foster internal collaboration among faculty, promote university external partnerships, and create an experiential learning environment that motivates students to learn and achieve professional immersion.