Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-07-06T15:37:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigolopes.pdf: 21125321 bytes, checksum: 0fdb278a4cd66809937deac4037493f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T15:37:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigolopes.pdf: 21125321 bytes, checksum: 0fdb278a4cd66809937deac4037493f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-06 / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A indústria da produção de cimento Portland é umas das que mais gera CO2 no mundo. É iminente a procura por alternativas com adição de subprodutos ou coprodutos na fabricação do cimento a fim de minimizar o impacto ambiental negativo da produção do cimento. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar algumas propriedades relacionadas à aderência e a influência da substituição de cimento por cinza de casca de arroz (CCA) em sistemas de revestimento de argamassa, em função da porosidade dos substratos empregados. O emprego de materiais cujas características nos substratos são diversas, seja por sua porosidade ou rugosidade, carece de pesquisas quanto ao preparo desses substratos. Neste trabalho foram produzidos substratos em cerâmica com sinterizações de 750, 900 e 1000 °C, em que o processo proporcionou rugosidades e porosidades distintas. Sobre os blocos foram aplicadas argamassas de chapisco no traço 1:3, com teores de 5% e 10% (em volume) de cinza de casca de arroz proveniente do processo de queima por leito fluidizado. Da mesma forma, foram aplicadas argamassas de revestimento com traço 1:1:6 sobre os blocos chapiscados. As argamassas foram caracterizadas nos estados fresco e endurecido. Os métodos de aplicação das argamassas (chapisco e revestimento) foram realizados buscando a minimização da influência da mão de obra. Para análise das propriedades de aderência dos chapiscos foram empregados métodos diretos e indiretos para estimar a porosidade dos substratos. Paralelamente, investigou-se a relação entre a rugosidade das faces dos substratos e a aderência das argamassas de preparo. Observou-se nesta pesquisa, dada à complexidade do fenômeno de aderência, que as propriedades de porosidade dos substratos sobrepõem-se à rugosidade das faces. O uso da cinza de casca de arroz tende a apresentar benefícios somente quando empregada sobre bases pouco porosas. / The Portland cement manufacturing industry is one of greatest CO2 generators in the world. It is latent the demand for alternatives with added co-products or by-products in cement in order to minimize the negative environmental impact of cement production. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the performance and the influence of the replacement of cement by rice husk ash (RHA) in mortar coating systems, linked with the porosity of the substrates employed. The materials used on substrates have several characteristics, either their porosity or rugosity, lack of research on the preparation of these substrates. In this work were produced masonry bricks with different sintering degrees. The work deals with the performance of mortar coating systems on ceramic substrates and concrete. Therefore, it will produce ceramic plates with different sintering degrees (750, 900 and 1000 °C). This process provides distinct roughness and porosity. Over the bricks were applied roughcast mortar (1:3 blend), with levels of 5% and 10% (by volume) of rice husk ash from the burning fluidized bed process. Similarly, mortar coating (1:1:6 blend) were applied on roughcasting bricks. The mortars were characterized in fresh and hardened states. The mortars (roughcast and mortar coating) application methods were conducted to minimize the labor influence. For analysis of roughcast mortars adhesion properties were tested direct and indirect methods to estimate the bricks porosity. In parallel, it were investigated the relationship between the brick roughness surfaces and the roughcast adhesion. It was observed in this study, as the complexity of the adhesion phenomenon, that the properties of brick porosity overlap the brick roughness. The rice husk ash tends to improve adhesion only when used on slightly porous brick.

The literature indicates that mortar strength has little influence on concrete masonry strength, suggesting that the fresh state properties of the mortar are more relevant than the properties of the hardened mortar, and this point of view is reflected on standards and codes. However, the failure mode of the masonry can be dramatically influenced by the properties of the hardened bedding mortar especially when using a mortar with low compressive strength. In such case, mortar crushing can be the masonry failure mode. This study evaluated the influence of bedding mortar on the failure modes of axially loaded masonry through three distinct approaches. The first approach was a visual analysis that used pictures from a high-definition camera to determine the rupture sequence of masonry prisms. The analysis used pictures from tests of four different prism assemblages. The prisms were two and three blocks high with stack-bond and running-bond configurations and constructed with three types of blocks: concrete blocks and hollow and solid walls ceramic blocks. Two mortar types with different strengths were used to assemble the prisms. The visual analysis indicated that mortar crushing happens and completely changes the masonry failure mode. The second approach evaluated the stress-strain behavior of small thickness axially loaded mortar samples with the objective of capturing changes in the mechanical properties of the mortar. The properties of interest were the Poisson’s ratio, volumetric strain, and strain increments. The evaluation demonstrated that crack propagation near failure results in changes on the mechanical properties of the mortar and that those changes can be used as a measure of the degradation of the mortar. The third approach was the development of a finite element model to represent the axially loaded mortar samples. The model used a phased analysis, which allowed the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the material to be changed during the loading sequence. The nonlinear model was able to capture the strain changes on the confined mortar. / É comum no meio técnico a ideia de que a resistência da argamassa de assentamento tem pouca influência sobre a resistência da alvenaria, devendo-se valorizar mais o desempenho da argamassa no estado fresco do que no endurecido. Essa forma de pensamento reflete-se, ainda, em alguns textos normativos que regem o projeto de edificações em alvenaria estrutural. No entanto, quando analisado também o modo de ruptura da alvenaria, percebe-se que as propriedades da argamassa no estado endurecido podem alterar completamente a dinâmica de propagação de dano na alvenaria, em especial quando a argamassa de assentamento é de baixa resistência e sujeita a sofrer o esmagamento quando carregada. Este estudo buscou avaliar como a argamassa de assentamento influencia o modo de ruptura da alvenaria estrutural através de três diferentes abordagens. A primeira foi a análise visual, através de sequências quadro a quadro, da ruptura de prismas comprimidos axialmente. Foram avaliadas diferentes geometrias de prismas, com duas ou três fiadas de altura, com ou sem juntas verticais; três tipos de blocos, cerâmicos de paredes vazadas, cerâmicos de paredes maciças e blocos de concreto; e argamassas de alta e baixa resistência. Observou-se nessa abordagem que a argamassa de assentamento pode sofrer esmagamento e alterar o modo de ruptura da alvenaria. A segunda abordagem adotada foi a de avaliar o comportamento tensão-deformação de corpos-de-prova de argamassa com pequena altura sujeitos à compressão confinada, buscando identificar alterações em propriedades como coeficiente de Poisson, variação volumétrica específica e incrementos de deformação. A análise desses resultados demonstrou que a propagação de trincas no material próximo a ruptura altera as propriedades mecânicas e pode ser usada como uma medida do avanço da degradação. Por fim, a terceira abordagem buscou viabilizar um modelo numérico em elementos finitos capaz de considerar a propagação de trinca através da variação do módulo de elasticidade e coeficiente de Poisson. O modelo incremental por fases foi capaz de reproduzir de maneira satisfatória o comportamento de corpos-de-prova de argamassa comprimidos.

The present work has as its main objective to analyze the influence of the mortar bedding in the resistance to compression of small structure masonry walls. For this study were used two types of ceramic blocks (bulk wall blocks and hollow wall blocks), three types of mortar (2 Mpa, 4 Mpa and 10 Mpa) and two types of mortar bedding: whole bedding when the blocks are bedded with mortar in all contact surfaces and longitudinal bedding when the blocks are bedded with only two longitudinal lines (external thickness of the block). Two types dos blocks and mortar were individually characterized through various specific norms tests and afterwards 72 small walls were built. The small walls were built with the pattern dimension of 140 mm x 450 mm x 900 mm being 4 rows in height + u low channel length of one and a half blocks and width of one block. The blocks at the extremities of the walls were already mounted bathed in a cement paste. The analyses of the results show that for the 2 Mpa mortar, bulk wall block and whole bedding the average resistance is 4.68 Mpa and for the 10 Mpa mortar considering the same conditions the average resistance increases to 6.57 Mpa (40.4%). For the 2 Mpa mortar, hollow wall blocks and longitudinal mortar bedding the average resistance is 2.9 Mpa and for the 10 Mpa mortar, considering the same conditions the average resistance increased to 3.33 Mpa (14.8%) / O presente trabalho tem com objetivo principal analisar a influência do tipo de argamassamento na resistência à compressão de pequenas paredes de alvenaria estrutural cerâmica. Para o estudo, foram utilizados dois tipos de blocos cerâmicos (paredes maciças e paredes vazadas), três tipos de argamassa (2, 4 e 10 MPa) e dois tipos argamassamento: pleno quando os blocos são assentados com argamassa em todas as suas paredes (superfície de contato) e longitudinal quando o bloco é assentado com argamassa colocada somente em dois filetes longitudinais (paredinhas externas do bloco). Os tipos de blocos e de argamassas foram caracterizados individualmente através de diversos ensaios específicos de norma e posteriormente foram confeccionadas de 72 pequenas paredes. As pequenas paredes tinham dimensões 140 mm x 450 mm x 900 mm sendo: altura de 4 fiadas + 1 canaleta u baixa de 9 cm comprimento de 1 bloco e meio largura de um bloco. Os blocos das extremidades das paredes foram montados já capeados com pasta de cimento. A análise dos resultados mostrou que, para a argamassa de 2 MPa, bloco de paredes maciças e argamassamento pleno, a resistência média é de 4,68 MPa e, para a argamassa de 10 MPa, mantendose as demais condições, a resistência média aumenta para 6,57 MPa (40,4%). Já para a argamassa de 2 MPa , bloco de paredes maciças e argamassamento longitudinal, a resistência média é de 2,90 MPa e, para a argamassa de 10 MPa, mantendose as demais condições, a resistência média aumenta para 3,33 MPa (14,8%)

Buscando evitar as anomalias surgidas nos revestimentos de argamassa, muitos projetistas e construtores têm procurado soluções alternativas, dentre as quais aparece o emprego de argamassas com adição de fibras. Porém, o conhecimento sobre o comportamento deste compósito é empírico, principalmente no Brasil, onde inexistem pesquisas sistêmicas sobre o assunto. A partir deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a influência da adição de fibras de polipropileno em argamassas para revestimento, no que se refere ao seu comportamento reológico e mecânico. Para avaliar o comportamento reológico, foram empregadas as técnicas de ensaio dropping ball e squeeze flow, e a avaliação da aplicabilidade quanto à execução do revestimento, utilizando o conhecimento de um operário experiente. Para avaliar o comportamento mecânico, foram utilizados ensaios relativos a resistência à tração na flexão, resistência à compressão e módulo de elasticidade dinâmico. Os compósitos de argamassa produzidos no trabalho apresentam variação na matriz e no teor de fibras. A variação na matriz compreendeu o tipo de argamassa e a dosagem de água. Foram utilizadas duas argamassas, largamente empregadas no mercado da Construção Civil, uma com baixo teor de ar incorporado (da ordem de 5%) e outra com alto teor (da ordem de 30%) e foram utilizados seis teores de água. Quanto à fibra, empregou-se um único tipo, com 6mm de comprimento, variando-se o seu teor na mistura, com cinco dosagens distintas. Como resultado, constatou-se que a adição de fibras influencia na reologia das argamassas devido (não somente) às suas características físicas e mecânicas, mas também porque ao serem introduzidas, modificam fortemente as características da matriz original, como por exemplo, as alterações do teor de ar incorporado. Assim, constatou-se que a adição de fibras na argamassa com baixo teor de ar elevou este teor; enquanto na com alto teor de ar, a adição de fibras reduziu o teor de ar. Estas alterações conferiram condições de aplicabilidade particulares a cada tipo de argamassa. O comportamento mecânico das argamassas também foi alterado. Dentre os “modificadores reológicos” estudados, o teor de fibras na argamassa com baixo teor de ar incorporado foi o que mais contribuiu com a alteração da propriedade mecânica; enquanto para a argamassa com alto teor de ar, o teor de água é o que mais afeta o comportamento mecânico. / Many designers and constructors have been looking for alternative solutions trying to avoid types of anomalies in the mortar rendering. One of these solutions is the application of mortar with fibres’ addition. However, the knowledge concerning the composite behavior is very empirical, mainly in Brazil where there are no systematic researches about this subject. From this context, the objective of this job is to investigate the influence of the polypropylene fibres’ addition in the rheological and mechanical behavior of the mortar applied in rendering. For the study of the rheological behavior, laboratory evaluations were done using the following methods: dropping ball and squeeze flow. Furthermore, for the applicability evaluation, the knowledge of an expert was taken into account. For the study of the mechanical behavior, laboratory evaluations were done using the following methods: evaluation of the flexural strength, compressive strenght and dynamic elastic modulus. In this job, the mortar composites present variation in the matrice and fibre. The variation in the matrice involves the mortar type and the water dosage. Two mortars widely used in the civil construction market were used in this present work: one with low air voids formation (about 5%) and other with high air voids formation (about 30%). Six water percentages were also used in the matrice variation. Polypropylene fibres with length 6mm were used in the fibre variation. Five different fibre percentages were used in the mixes. As results, the fibres’ addition evidenced alterations in the mortars rheological due (not only) to physicals and mechanicals characteristics, but also because when the fibres were inserted, they modified the characteristics of the original matrice strongly, as for example, the alteration of the incorporated air percentage. So, the fibres’ addition in the mortar with low air voids formation increased the air formation; while in the mortar with high air voids formation, the fibres’ addition decreased the air formation. These alterations evidenced the specifics applicability conditions for each type of mortar. The mortar mechanical behavior also was altered. Inside the “rheological modifications” studied, the fibre percentage in the mortar with low air voids formation was what more contributed with the alteration of the mechanical property; while that the mortar with high air voids formation, the water percentage is what more affected the mechanical behavior.

Since the internet became a new marketplace for buyers and sellers, the modernization of e-commerce brings into question whether online retailing can effectively replace traditional brick-and-mortar stores. Recent trends have highlighted the struggling business of physical retailers, yet many continue to operate while also having introduced an online sales channel along with pages on social media to increase engagement with customers. This study challenges the popular assumption that e-commerce is cannibalizing in-store sales opportunities, where online sales grow increasingly at the expense of the conventional method of shopping in brick-and-mortar stores. In examining financial and internet-related data of 50 major U.S. retailers from 2008 through 2013, I run panel data regressions to identify factors that contribute to the growth of in-store sales revenue and the proportion of online sales. My results indicate that retailers operating a clicks-and-bricks model do not suffer from channel cannibalization but may be forming a synergy across channels, as there are significant increases in measures regarding both physical and online retail operations.

A numerical reservoir model was created to optimize CO₂ Huff-and-Puff operations in the Bakken Shale. Huff-and-Puff is an enhanced oil recovery treatment in which a well alternates between injection, soaking, and production. Injecting CO₂ into the formation and allowing it to “soak” re-pressurizes the reservoir and improves oil mobility, boosting production from the well. A compositional reservoir simulator was used to study the various design components of the Huff-and-Puff process in order to identify the parameters with the largest impact on recovery and understand the reservoir’s response to cyclical CO₂ injection. It was found that starting Huff-and-Puff too early in the life of the well diminishes its effectiveness, and that shorter soaking periods are preferable over longer waiting times. Huff-and-Puff works best in reservoirs with highly-conductive natural fracture networks, which allow CO₂ to migrate deep into the formation and mix with the reservoir fluids. The discretization of the computational domain has a large impact on the simulation results, with coarser gridding corresponding to larger projected recoveries. Doubling the number of hydraulic fractures per stage results in considerably greater CO₂ injection requirements without proportionally larger incremental recovery factors. Incremental recovery from CO₂ Huff-and-Puff appears to be insufficient to make the process commercially feasible under current economic conditions. However, re-injecting mixtures of CO₂ and produced hydrocarbon gases was proven to be technically and economically viable, which could significantly improve profit margins of Huff-and-Puff operations. A substantial portion of this project involved studying alternative numerical methods for modeling hydraulically-fractured reservoir models. A domain decomposition technique known as mortar coupling was used to model the reservoir system as two individually-solved subdomains: fracture and matrix. A mortar-based numerical reservoir simulator was developed and its results compared to a tradition full-domain finite difference model for the Cinco-Ley et al. (1978) finite-conductivity vertical fracture problem. Despite some numerical issues, mortar coupling closely matched Cinco-Ley et al.'s (1978) solution and has potential applications in complex problems where decoupling the fracture-matrix system might be advantageous. / text

With the end of Western Roman rule and the emergence of new polities in the medieval world, it has been assumed that the technology of mortar reverted to a weak and friable building material. However, this period brought about the implementation of large-scale construction projects that still remain as a testament to their high quality construction techniques and materials. In order to meet the needs of its growing populace, the infrastructure of the new capital city of Constantinople was bolstered by these projects, many rivaling the scale and intricacy of Imperial Rome. A prime example of this is the extensive channel networks of the fourth and fifth centuries, built in the hinterland of Constantinople to supply fresh water from springs hundreds of kilometres away. In addition, the sixth century Long Wall of Thrace was built from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara as a first line of defense against increased aggression. This project examines the tradition of monumental construction in the Late Antique and early Byzantine world through laboratory analysis of mortars and valuations of the structural makeup of the Water Supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall. By investigating the material technology, scale, and labour requirements of these systems, a better understanding can be gained of two of the largest building project of the early medieval period.

Since the introduction of Portland cement in the early nineteenth century the number of buildings constructed from concrete or using cement mortars and renders has grown exponentially, and cement is one of the most common building materials in use today. Consequently a significant proportion of the built heritage contains cementitious materials. The relative youth of these buildings means that less research has been undertaken to understand how and why they deteriorate than for traditional buildings, and that the development of appropriate conservation methods and techniques is less advanced. The primary aim of this research was to understand the causes and mechanisms of some of the types of deterioration commonly found in historic concrete and cement buildings and structures, with reference to the Second World War reinforced concrete and cement-rendered buildings at East Fortune airfield in East Lothian, Scotland. Additional aims were to investigate the efficacy of the building repairs and maintenance regimes undertaken to date, and to make recommendations for the future conservation of the buildings. East Fortune airfield contains a number of cement-rendered brick masonry buildings and a reinforced concrete air raid shelter. The initial visual survey identified several types of deterioration, from which the blistering and flaking of the render; the cracking and delamination of the render; and the spalling of the concrete in the air raid shelter were selected for further research. The research included time lapse photography, non-destructive testing, environmental monitoring and the physical, chemical and petrographic characterisation of the building materials. Hypotheses regarding the causes of deterioration were tested in the laboratory, for example with linear variable displacement transducer measurements, and modelled using crack propagation theories and models for water transport through porous media. It is demonstrated that the blistering and flaking of the render is caused by shale aggregate particles, which undergo sufficient expansion during freeze-thaw cycles to crack the surrounding render. This phenomenon is termed ‘pop-outs’ in the concrete literature. The more catastrophic cracking and delamination of the renders is also due to freeze-thaw cycling, which is shown to cause significant damage provided the moisture content of the render is above a certain threshold level. This type of deterioration has occurred at an accelerated rate for some of the modern render repairs, due to an inadequate understanding of the properties of the original and repair materials. In particular, the properties of the bricks are critical to the performance of the cement renders, and it is found that the sorptivity of historic bricks may vary considerably depending upon the orientation of the brick. Finally, the diagnosis for the air raid shelter is that the corrosion of the steel reinforcements is caused by high levels of chlorides present within the raw materials used to make the pre-cast concrete sections. The results of the investigations are used to suggest building conservation solutions for this particular site. Furthermore, since the deterioration mechanisms investigated are common for historic cement and concrete, the findings are relevant to many other sites. The over-arching methodology used to investigate the deterioration at the site and the methodologies developed to test particular hypotheses are also applicable for other investigations of historic building materials. There is much about this research that is innovative and new. The work on render cracking compares the results of dilation tests on cementitious and ceramic materials, which has not been done previously, and the pop-outs diagnosed in the work on render flaking have rarely, if ever, been reported for cement renders. The modelling work undertaken to quantify the stresses produced by the pop-outs and to explain the inclined crack formation patterns is entirely original. The use of petrography to diagnose causes of render failure is described in the literature, but this is one of very few case studies to be written up, and the work on the air raid shelter constitutes the only formal investigation of this type of Stanton shelter.

This research studies the green geopolymer incorporated with phase change material (PCM) for energy saving in buildings. First class F fly ash (FA) based-geopolymer binder was studied. In order to improve the mechanical properties, low calcium slag (SG) was added to the FA to produce geopolymer. The effect of different factors including SG content (at different relative amounts FA/SG = 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0), NaOH solution at different concentrations (7.5, 10 and 15 M), various curing times (1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days) and curing temperatures (25 (ambient), 45, 60, 75 and 90°C) was investigated. The unit weight and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the geopolymer specimens were measured. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also performed to characterize the microstructure and phase composition of the geopolymer specimens. The results show that the incorporation of SG not only improves the strength of the geopolymer specimens but also decreases the initial water content and thus the NaOH consumption at the same NaOH concentration required for geopolymer production. In addition, the inclusion of SG increases the unit weight of the geopolymer specimens, simply because SG has a much greater specific gravity than FA. The results also show that the strength of the FA/SG-based geopolymer develops rapidly within only 2 days and no obvious gain of the strength after 7 days. The optimum curing temperature (the curing temperature at which the maximum UCS is obtained) at a FA/SG ratio of 50/50 is around 75°C. Second, FA-based geopolymer concrete was synthesized and the effect of different factors including sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (SS/SH) ratio, aggregate shape, water to fly ash (W/FA) ratio, curing time, water exposure and PCM inclusion on the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete specimens cured at different ambient temperatures was studied. The results show that the UCS of the specimens increases with higher SS/SH and W/FA ratios up to a certain level and then starts to decrease at higher ratios. The results also indicate that a major portion of the strength of the specimens cured at ambient temperatures develops within the first four weeks. In addition the strength of the FA-based geopolymer concrete is slightly decreased with water exposure and PCM incorporation. Third, the mechanical and thermal properties of geopolymer mortar synthesized with FA and different amount of PCM were studied and the effect of incorporated PCM on the unit weight and UCS of geopolymer mortar was evaluated. SEM imaging was performed to identify the change of micro structure of the geopolymer mortar after incorporation of PCM. The thermal properties of the geopolymer mortar containing different amount of PCM were also characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. In addition model tests were performed using small cubicles built with geopolymer mortar slabs containing different amount of PCM to evaluate the effectiveness of geopolymer mortar wall with incorporated PCM in controlling the heat flow and internal temperature. The results indicate that both the unit weight and UCS of the geopolymer mortar decrease slightly after PCM is incorporated, mainly due to the small unit weight and low strength and stiffness of the PCM, respectively. However, the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar containing up to 20% PCM is still sufficiently high for applications in buildings. The results also show that the incorporation of PCM leads to substantial increase of heat capacity and decrease of thermal conductivity of the geopolymer mortar and is very effective in decreasing the temperature inside the cubicles. Finally, a numerical study on the thermal performance of geopolymer with incorporated PCM was carried out. In order to simulate the heat transfer through geopolymer containing PCM, a simplified method was first presented. The influence of phase transition was linked to the energy balance equation through variable specific heat capacity of the PCM-geopolymer. The thermal properties of the geopolymer containing PCM for the numerical analysis were determined using DSC and guarded heat flow (GHF) tests. The simplified method was validated based on the good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. With the validated model, the effect of various factors including the specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and wall thickness on the thermal performance of PCM-geopolymer walls was studied. Then a modified numerical method was proposed for simulating the whole thermal transfer processes and the simulation results were used to conduct the economic evaluation of PCM-geopolymer walls for energy savings in buildings.

Att det har blivit en ökad digitalisering i handeln de senaste 10 åren är ingen hemlighet. Internet har skapat möjligheter som tidigare inte funnits och att handla elektroniskt har blivit en stor företeelse på marknaden. Elektronisk handel, med andra ord e-handel, har ökat kraftigt de senaste åren och förutspås även att bli ännu större i framtiden. Digitaliseringen har gjort att människor har fått nya beteenden och att konkurrensen på detaljhandelsmarknaden har förändrats. Med både förändrat beteende och en annorlunda konkurrens påstås det att detaljhandeln är inne i ett skifte nu, ett skifte som förändrar branschen och med stor sannolikhet påverkar de fysiska butikerna på marknaden. E-handel har gjort det möjligt för minskade sökkostnader och priser, lägre distributionskostnader och att avstånd blir möjliga att sudda ut. Samtidigt har kunder efterfrågat smidiga och enkla affärer vilket har gjort att e-handel har vunnit allt fler kunder.  Syftet med denna uppsats är att se om det blir någon inverkan på de fysiska butikerna inom detaljhandeln när det gäller försäljning, antal sysselsatta och antal arbetsställen när användningen av e-handel ökar i Sverige. Studien baseras på en kvantitativ metod där tidigare studier samt regressionsanalyser utgör grunden. Regressionsanalysen genomförs på data inhämtad från myndigheter samt organisationer och de tre beroende variablerna är omsättning per person i fysiska butiker, antalet sysselsatta i fysiska butiker samt antalet arbetsställen inom detaljhandeln. Resultaten som skattas tyder på att det finns en trend som visar att när e-handelsanvändning ökar så minskar försäljning per person i de fysiska butikerna, det går dock inte att säga att e-handelsanvändningen är det som påverkar försäljningen. Resultatet tyder även på att det inte med säkerhet går att säga att antalet sysselsatta eller arbetsställen kommer påverkas av en ökad e-handelsanvändning i Sverige. / That a digitization has taken place in the retail industry in the last 10 years isn’t a secret. The internet has created new opportunities and electronic commerce has been a large-sized phenomenon on the retail market. Electronic commerce, in other words the e-commerce, has increased sharply in recent years and is predicted to grow even bigger in the future. Digitization has created new behaviors among consumers and new competitive situations on the retail market. With both new behaviors and new competitive situation, the retail industry is changing and with great probability also the brick-and-mortar stores will be affected by it. E-commerce has made it possible to reduce search costs and prices, to have lower distribution costs and make it possible to overcome distance. At the same time, the consumers demand smooth and simple business, which has made e-commerce use even stronger among the customers.  The purpose of this thesis is to see if the brick-and-mortar stores sales, employment or number of workplaces are affected by an increase in the use of e-commerce in Sweden. The study is based on a quantitative method with previous studies and regression analysis as the foundation of the study. The regression analysis is performed with data from retail organizations and the dependent variables in the regression is revenue per capita in brick-and-mortar stores, employment and number of workplaces. The results of the study indicate a trend in the retail market where the revenue per capita decrease in brick-and-mortar stores while the e-commerce use increase, however it cannot be claimed that e-commerce affects the sale in brick-and-mortar stores. The results also indicate that it is not possible to conclude that e-commerce use will affect the number employed or number of workplaces in Sweden.