La presente Tesis consiste en brindar una propuesta técnica para la migración del core de la red NGN de una operadora implementada en IP hacia IP/MPLS. Durante el desarrollo de este proyecto se presenta el marco teórico de las redes NGN y se realiza la comparación entre las tecnologías IP y MPLS con el objetivo de observar las ventajas que presenta MPLS al brindar QoS. Luego, se presenta la Propuesta de migración en la cual se presenta el escenario inicial así como los aspectos técnicos, plan de trabajo y el escenario final de la migración. Por último, se detallan las conclusiones obtenidas al final de este proyecto, recomendaciones y trabajos futuros.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Cristina Pereira de P Assolari.pdf: 1062992 bytes, checksum: 86b8f894fb835cd2496911a4689155b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11 / IT and Telecommunication Managers need to be on top of rnarket trends so they rnay proceed to necessary changes and improvement on their network in order to keep up with business challenges and ensure the future of the cornpany, The decision making related to network migration should not be rnade without a consistent and reliable method that would support the decision taken, protecting the managers and companies from risks and losses. This paper has the objective to propose the usage of multicriteria decision making methodology, with focus on the MACBETH method in arder to support the network migration, based on information extracted from the financiai reports published on the public internet. This paper will show the study of two companies that have m igrated to MPLS in the last five years, buildlng the MACBETH Model from information present on the Financiai Report at the time of contract was signed and validating the information extracted with executives from the commercial and technical departments who lived through that period in the company. Within this scenario it can be verified that MACBETH Method once provided with the correct information that reflects the period the cornpany is living rnay help executives to decide if they should migrate ar not migrate their network / Gestores de telecomunica??es e TI precisam estar sempre atentos aos rumos da organiza??o e com isso procederem a mudan?as necess?rias nas estruturas e redes de comunica??o que subsidiam os neg?cios da empresa. A tomada de decis?o a respeito da migra??o de tecnologias n?o dever ser efetuada sem um m?todo consistente que as subsidie, livrando o gestor de riscos e preju?zos empresariais que podem ser minjmizados quando uma abordagem estruturada elencando os principais crit?rios a serem considerados ? utilizada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor o uso de metodologia para tomada de decis?o multicrit?rio, com foco no m?todo MACBETH, para subsidiar a migra??o de plataformas de redes de telecomunica??es. Com base em informa??es oriundas de boletins financeiros disponibilizados publicamente na Internet. O trabalho analisa duas empresas que migraram para plataforma MPLS, construindo a estrutura do m?todo MACBETH a partir das informa??es obtidas nos boletins financeiros dessas organiza??es e validando a an?lise com dados obtidos de gerentes das ?reas comerciais e de tecnologias que vivenciaram esse per?odo. Dentro desse quadro, considerou-se que o m?todo MACBETH, uma vez alimentado com informa??es corretas que reflitam o momento da empresa, pode orientar gestores a decidirem se devem ou n?o proceder ? migra??o de suas bases tecnol?gicas

This thesis aims to improve a satellite communication network which carries both data streams and Voice over IP (VoIP) communication sessions with resource reservation. The resource reservations are made using the standard protocols for Traffic Engineering: MPLS-TE and RSVP-TE. The goal of this thesis project is to optimize the number of concurrent VoIP calls that can be made, in order to use the available bandwidth while maintaining a guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) level, which is not possible in the existing system. This thesis proposes and evaluates a solution to this optimization problem in the specific context of a satellite modem system that was developed by Thales Communications. This optimization improves the system's ability to carry VoIP communications through better use of the available transmission resources. A solution to this problem would also increase the  exibility in bandwidth allocation within the modem system, and could provide a framework for future development. The proposed solution allows all of the reservable bandwidth to be used.  The amount of reservable bandwidth must be at least a little lower than the channel's available bandwidth in order to avoid congestion. Some areas of future work are proposed. / Detta projekt har försökt förbättra ett datornätverk bestående av satelliter som används till både data och Voice over IP (VoIP) kommunikation. VoIP använder sig av resursreservation som bestäms av standardprotokollen för Traffic Engineering, MPLS-TE och RSVP-TE.  Målet är att optimera antalet samtidiga VoIP samtal så att det mesta av den befintliga bandbredden kan utnyttjas samtidigt som Quality of Service (QoS) kan garanteras. Detta är omöjligt i det befintliga systemet. Projektet föreslår en lösning för problemet med modemet som utvecklas av Thales Communications och utvärderar därefter lösningen. Dessa optimeringar förbättrar systemets förmåga att driva VoIP kommunikationer genom att bättre använda de befintliga resurserna. En lösning för det här problemet skulle höja systemets flexibilitet och kunna användas som underlag för kommande utvecklingar. Tack vare lösningen kan hela utsedda bandbredden reserveras. Antalet bandbredd som kan reserveras måsta vara minst lite lågre än total befintling bandbredd för att undvika överbelastning. även några möjliga ideer för vidare undersökning föreslås. / Ce projet a pour but d'améliorer un réseau de communication par satellite utilisé pour transporter des flux de données ainsi que des sessions de communication Voix sur IP (VoIP) avec réservation de ressources. Les réservations sont prises en charge par les protocoles standard de Traffic Engineering que sont MPLS-TE et RSVP-TE. L'objectif de ce projet est d'optimiser le nombre d'appels VoIP pouvant être passés en parallèle afin d'utiliser autant de bande passante que possible tout en offrant un niveau de Qualité de Service (QoS) garanti, chose impossible dans le système actuel. Ce rapport propose et évalue une solution à ce problème d'optimisation dans le contexte spécifique du modem satellite développé par Thales Communications. Ces optimisations amélioreraient la capacité du système à transporter des communications VoIP grâce à une meilleure utilisation des ressources disponibles pour la transmission. Une solution à ce problème rendrait aussi l'allocation de ressources plus flexible au sein du système, et pourrait fournir une base à de futurs développements. La solution proposée permet l'utilisation de toute la bande passante réservable. La quantité réservable doit être un peu inférieure à la bande passante totale disponible afin d'éviter la congestion. Les résultats de ces évaluations sont exposés. Enfin, ce rapport propose de futurs développements possibles.

En les xarxes IP/MPLS sobre WDM on es transporta gran quantitat d'informacio, la capacitat de garantir que el trafic arriba al node de desti ha esdevingut un problema important, ja que la fallada d'un element de la xarxa pot resultar en una gran quantitat d'informacio perduda. Per garantir que el trafic afectat per una fallada arribi al node desti, s'han definit nous algoritmes d'encaminament que incorporen el coneixement de la proteccio en els dues capes: l'optica (WDM) i la basada en paquets (IP/MPLS). D'aquesta manera s'evita reservar recursos per protegir el trafic a les dues capes. Els nous algoritmes resulten en millor us dels recursos de la xarxa, ofereixen rapid temps de recuperacio, eviten la duplicacio de recursos i disminueixen el numero de conversions del trafic de senyal optica a electrica. / The use of optical technology in core networks combined with IP/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) solution has been presented as a suitable choice for the next generation Internet architecture. The integration of both layers is facilitated by the development of Generalized MPLS (GMPLS). In this network architecture, a single fibre failure can result in potentially huge data losses as the effects propagate up and through the network causing disruptions in the service of many applications. This research provides and evaluates new QoSP routing schemes that consider both IP/MPLS and optical network layers to compute the paths and backup paths subject to the QoS requirements of the traffic. Although effort has been devoted in developing multi-layer routing algorithms that consider all switching layers, protection is not considered amongst them. This is considered in this thesis. Where electrical to optical signal conversions have been reduded as well as the avoidance of traffic duplications resulting in better use of the network resources.

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) fuses the intelligence of routing with the performance of switching and provides significant benefits to networks with a pure IP architecture as well as those with IP and ATM or a mix of ther Layer 2 technologies. MPLS technology is key to scalable virtual private networks (VPNs) and end-to-end quality of service (QoS), enabling efficient utilization of existing networks to meet future growth. The technology also helps to deliver highly scalable, differentiated end-to-end IP services with simpler configuration, management, and provisioning for both Internet providers and end-users. However, MPLS is a connection-oriented architecture. In case of failure MPLS first has to establish a new label switched path (LSP) and then forward the packets to the newly established LSP. For this reason MPLS has a slow restoration response to a link or node failure on the LSP.The thesis provides a description of MPLS-based architecture as a preferred technology for integrating ATM and IP technologies, followed by a discussion of the motivation for the fast and reliable restoration mechanism in an MPLS network. In this thesis first we address the fast rerouting mechanisms for MPLS networks and then we focus on the problem of packet loss, packet reordering and packet delay for protected LSP in MPLS-based network for a single node/link failure. In order to deliver true service assurance for guaranteed traffic on a protected LSP we use the fast rerouting mechanism with a preplanned alternative LSP. We propose enhancements to current proposals described in extant literature. Our fast rerouting mechanism avoids packet disorder and significantly reduces packet delay during the restoration period.An extension of the Fast Rerouting proposal, called Reliable and Fast Rerouting (RFR), provides some preventive actions for the protected LSP against packet loss during a failure. RFR maintains the same advantages of Fast Rerouting while eliminating packet losses, including those packet losses due to link or node failure (circulating on the failed links), which were considered to be "inevitable" up to now.For the purpose of validating and evaluating the behavior of these proposals a simulation tool was developed. It is based on the NS, a well-known network simulator that is being used extensively in research work. An extension featuring the basic functionality of MPLS (MNS) is also available for the NS, and this is the basis of the developed simulation tool.Simulation results allow the comparison of Fast Rerouting and RFR with previous rerouting proposals.In addition to this we propose a mechanism for multiple failure recovery in an LSP. This proposal combines the path protection, segment protection and local repair methods. In addition to the multiple link/node failure protection, the multiple fault tolerance proposal provides a significant reduction of delay that the rerouted traffic can experience after a link failure, because the repair action is taken close to the point of failure.Then we proceed to address an inherent problem of the preplanned alternative LSP. As alternative LSPs are established together with the protected LSP it may happen that the alternative is not the optimal LSP at the time the failure occurs. To overcome this undesired behavior, we propose the Optimal and Guaranteed Alternative Path (OGAP). The proposal uses a hybrid of fast-rerouting and a dynamic approach to establish the optimal alternative LSP while rerouting the affected traffic using the preplanned alternative LSP. This hybrid approach provides the best of the fast rerouting and the dynamic approaches.At the same time we observed that the protection path becomes in fact unprotected from additional failures after the traffic is rerouted onto it.To address this we propose a guarantee mechanism for protection of the new protected LSP carrying the affected traffic, by establishing an alternative LSP for the rerouted traffic after a failure, avoiding the vulnerability problem for the protected traffic.Finally, we present a further optimization mechanism, adaptive LSP, to enhance the existing traffic engineering for Quality of Services (QoS)provision and improve network resource utilization. The adaptive LSP proposal allows more flexibility in network resource allocation and utilization by adapting the LSP to variations in all network loads,resulting in an enhancement of existing MPLS traffic engineering.

Les noves tecnologies a la xarxa ens permeten transportar, cada cop més, grans volums d' informació i trànsit de xarxa amb diferents nivells de prioritat. En aquest escenari, on s'ofereix una millor qualitat de servei, les conseqüències d'una fallada en un enllaç o en un node esdevenen més importants. Multiprotocol Lavel Switching (MPLS), juntament amb l'extensió a MPLS generalitzat (GMPLS), proporcionen mecanismes ràpids de recuperació de fallada establint camins, Label Switch Path (LSPs), redundants per ser utilitzats com a camins alternatius. En cas de fallada podrem utilitzar aquests camins per redireccionar el trànsit. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi ha estat millorar alguns dels actuals mecanismes de recuperació de fallades MPLS/GMPLS, amb l'objectiu de suportar els requeriments de protecció dels serveis proporcionats per la nova Internet. Per tal de fer aquesta avaluació s'han tingut en compte alguns paràmetres de qualitat de protecció com els temps de recuperació de fallada, les pèrdues de paquets o el consum de recursos.En aquesta tesi presentem una completa revisió i comparació dels principals mètodes de recuperació de fallada basats en MPLS. Aquest anàlisi inclou els mètodes de protecció del camí (backups globals, backups inversos i protecció 1+1), els mètodes de protecció locals i els mètodes de protecció de segments. També s'ha tingut en compte l'extensió d'aquests mecanismes a les xarxes òptiques mitjançant el pla de control proporcionat per GMPLS.En una primera fase d'aquest treball, cada mètode de recuperació de fallades és analitzat sense tenir en compte restriccions de recursos o de topologia. Aquest anàlisi ens dóna una primera classificació dels millors mecanismes de protecció en termes de pèrdues de paquets i temps de recuperació. Aquest primer anàlisi no és aplicable a xarxes reals. Per tal de tenir en compte aquest nou escenari, en una segona fase, s'analitzen els algorismes d'encaminament on sí tindrem en compte aquestes limitacions i restriccions de la xarxa. Es presenten alguns dels principals algorismes d'encaminament amb qualitat de servei i alguna de les principals propostes d'encaminament per xarxes MPLS. La majoria dels actual algorismes d'encaminament no tenen en compte l'establiment de rutes alternatives o utilitzen els mateixos objectius per seleccionar els camins de treball i els de protecció. Per millorar el nivell de protecció introduïm i formalitzem dos nous conceptes: la Probabilitat de fallada de la xarxa i l'Impacte de fallada. Un anàlisi de la xarxa a nivell físic proporciona un primer element per avaluar el nivell de protecció en termes de fiabilitat i disponibilitat de la xarxa. Formalitzem l'impacte d'una fallada, quant a la degradació de la qualitat de servei (en termes de retard i pèrdues de paquets). Expliquem la nostra proposta per reduir la probabilitat de fallada i l'impacte de fallada. Per últim fem una nova definició i classificació dels serveis de xarxa segons els valors requerits de probabilitat de fallada i impacte.Un dels aspectes que destaquem dels resultats d'aquesta tesi és que els mecanismes de protecció global del camí maximitzen la fiabilitat de la xarxa, mentre que les tècniques de protecció local o de segments de xarxa minimitzen l'impacte de fallada. Per tant podem assolir mínim impacte i màxima fiabilitat aplicant protecció local a tota la xarxa, però no és una proposta escalable en termes de consum de recursos. Nosaltres proposem un mecanisme intermig, aplicant protecció de segments combinat amb el nostre model d'avaluació de la probabilitat de fallada. Resumint, aquesta tesi presenta diversos mecanismes per l'anàlisi del nivell de protecció de la xarxa. Els resultats dels models i mecanismes proposats milloren la fiabilitat i minimitzen l'impacte d'una fallada en la xarxa. / New network technology enables increasingly higher volumes of information to be carried. Various types of mission-critical, higher-priority traffic are now transported over these networks. In this scenario, when offering better quality of service, the consequences of a fault in a link or node become more pronounced. Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and the extended Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) provide fast mechanisms for recovery from failures by establishing redundant Label Switch Paths as backup paths. With these backups, traffic can always be redirected in case of failure. The main objective of this thesis is to improve some of the current MPLS/GMPLS fault recovery methods, in order to support the protection requirements of the new Internet services. Some parameters, such as fault recovery time, packet loss or resource consumption, all within the scope of this quality of protection, are considered. In this thesis a review and detailed comparison of the MPLS fault recovery methods are presented. Path protection methods (global backups, reverse backups and 1+1 methods), as well as segment protection and local methods are included in this analysis. The extension of these mechanisms to optical networks using GMPLS control plane is also taken into account.In the first phase MPLS fault recovery methods are analyzed without taking into account resource or network topology constraints. This analysis reported a first classification of the best protection methods in terms of packet loss and recovery time. This first analysis cannot be applied to real networks. In real networks, bandwidth or network topology constraints can force a change in the a priori optimal protection choice. In this new scenario, current routing algorithms must be analyzed. The main aspects of the QoS routing methods are introduced, and some of these mechanisms are described and compared. QoS routing algorithms do not include protection as a main objective and, moreover, the same QoS objectives for selecting the working path are used for selecting the backup path. In order to evaluate the quality of protection, two novel concepts are introduced and analyzed: the network failure probability and the failure impact. The physical network provides an initial value of the network protection level in terms of network reliability and availability. A proposal to evaluate network reliability is introduced, and a formulation to calculate the failure impact (the QoS degradation in terms of packet loss and delay) is presented. A proposal to reduce the failure probability and failure impact as well as the enhancement of some current routing algorithms in order to achieve better protection are explained. A review of the traffic services protection requirements and a new classification, based on the failure probability and failure impact values, is also provided in this work.Results show that path protection schemes improve network reliability. Segment/local protection schemes reduce the network failure impact. Minimum impact with maximum reliability can be achieved using local protection throughout the entire network. However, it is not scalable in terms of resource consumption. In this case our failure probability evaluation model can be used to minimize the required resources. Results demonstrate the reduction of the failure impact combining segment protection and our network reliability evaluation model in different network scenarios.In summary, an in-depth analysis is carried out and a formulation to evaluate the network protection level is presented. This evaluation is based on network reliability maximization and failure impact reduction in terms of QoS degradation. A scalable proposal in terms of resource consumption, detailed and experimentally analyzed, offers the required level of protection in different network scenarios for different traffic services.

In the modern era there exist applications that require very high resources and generate a tremendous amount of traffic so they require considerable amount of bandwidth and QOS to operate and perform correctly. MPLS is a new and a fast technology that offers much remuneration both in terms of providing trouble-free and efficient security together with the high speed of switching. MPLS not only guarantees quality of service of IP networks but in addition to provides scope for traffic engineering it offers many enhanced features of IP networks as it does not replace IP routing, but works along with existing and future routing technologies to provide high-speed data forwarding between label-switched routers (LSRs) together with QOS. Many network carriers are facing the problem of how to accommodate such ever-growing demands for bandwidth. And the static nature of current routing algorithms, such as OSPF or IS-IS, the situation is going even worse since the traffic is concentrated on the "least cost" paths which causes the congestion for some links while leaving other links lightly loaded. Therefore, MPLS traffic engineering is proposed and by taking advantage of MPLS, traffic engineering can route the packets through explicit paths to optimize network resource utilization and traffic performance. MPLS provides a robust quality of service control feature in the internet. MPLS class of service feature can work in accordance with other quality of service architectures for IP networks.

Orientador: Michel Daoud Yacoub / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:49:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_LorenoMenezesda_M.pdf: 2626161 bytes, checksum: b80454b10dc90baf554cb0f37c6ba67e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta uma visão da evolução das redes de telecomunicações objetivando o atendimento dos parâmetros da Qualidade de Serviço de redes IP aos requisitos de qualidade de voz das redes telefônicas de circuitos comutados. Gera também uma série de resultados úteis para planejar a introdução de novas tecnologias e de Redes de Nova Geração (NGN) para serviços de voz. Entre os resultados, introduz uma metodologia de planejamento de rede com base na experiência do autor na área. A aplicação desta metodologia é descrita em um caso de estudo sobre a introdução do serviço de voz através de uma rede IP existente. Analisa parâmetros de qualidade de serviço, requisitos de qualidade de voz e, finalmente, calcula a taxa de transferência de fluxo de dados adicional devido ao tráfego de voz. Os cálculos são baseados em um modelo de dimensionamento implementado em uma planilha do Excel. Apesar de não mostrado neste trabalho, os resultados provaram sua efetividade e consistência com a implantação de uma prestadora específica e com o comportamento subsequente da rede em cidades relevantes, como São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Belo Horizontes. A dissertação também apresenta modelos de dimensionamento para o tráfego de sinalização: Sistema de Sinalização Nº 7 (ISUP - Rede Digital de Serviços Integrados e BICC - Portador de Controle de chamada Independent) para uso em redes TDM (Time Division Multiplex), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) ou NGN, explorando estes modelos de aplicação para o protocolo H.248 com possível extensão a SIP, ambos usados no contexto NGN / Abstract: This dissertation provides an overview of telecommunication networks evolution in the light of compliance of IP networks Quality of Service¿s parameters with Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN) voice quality requirements. It also delivers a number of new results useful for planning and designing the introduction of new technologies as well as Next Generation Networks (NGN), to provide voice services. Among the results, it introduces a network planning methodology based on the author's experience in this area. The application of such methodology is depicted in a study case concerning the introduction of the voice service over an existing IP network. It analyzes Quality of Service parameters, voice quality requirements and, finally, it calculates the additional data flow throughput due to the voice traffic. The calculations are based on a dimensioning model implemented in an excel spreadsheet. Although not being shown here, the results have been proved effective and consistent with a specific carrier deployment and subsequent network behavior in relevant cities like São, Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte. This work also presents a dimensioning model for signaling traffic: Signalling System Nº 7 (ISUP ¿ Integrated Services Digital Networks and BICC - Bearer Independent Call Control) for use in TDM (Time Division Multiplex), ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) or NGN networks. Furthermore, it exploits the application of the dimensioning model to H.248 protocol, suggesting how to extend it to SIP, both used in the NGN context / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) makes use of traffic engineering (TE) techniques and a variety of protocols to establish pre-determined highly efficient routes in Wide Area Network (WAN). Unlike IP networks in which routing decision has to be made through header analysis on a hop-by-hop basis, MPLS makes use of a short bit sequence that indicates the forwarding equivalence class (FEC) of a packet and utilises a predefined routing table to handle packets of a specific FEC type. Thus header analysis of packets is not required, resulting in lower latency. In addition, packets of similar characteristics can be routed in a consistent manner. For example, packets carrying real-time information can be routed to low latency paths across the networks. Thus the key success to MPLS is to efficiently control and distribute the bandwidth available between applications across the networks. A lot of research effort on bandwidth management in MPLS networks has already been devoted in the past. However, with the imminent roll out of 5G, MPLS is seen as a key technology for mobile backhaul. To cope with the 5G demands of rich, context aware and multimedia-based user applications, more efficient bandwidth management solutions need to be derived. This thesis focuses on the design of bandwidth management algorithms, more specifically QoS scheduling, in MPLS network for 5G mobile backhaul. The aim is to ensure the reliability and the speed of packet transfer across the network. As 5G is expected to greatly improve the user experience with innovative and high quality services, users’ perceived quality of service (QoS) needs to be taken into account when deriving such bandwidth management solutions. QoS expectation from users are often subjective and vague. Thus this thesis proposes the use of fuzzy logic based solution to provide service aware and user-centric bandwidth management in order to satisfy requirements imposed by the network and users. Unfortunately, the disadvantage of fuzzy logic is scalability since dependable fuzzy rules and membership functions increase when the complexity of being modelled increases. To resolve this issue, this thesis proposes the use of neuro-fuzzy to solicit interpretable IF-THEN rules.The algorithms are implemented and tested through NS2 and Matlab simulations. The performance of the algorithms are evaluated and compared with other conventional algorithms in terms of average throughput, delay, reliability, cost, packet loss ratio, and utilization rate. Simulation results show that the neuro-fuzzy based algorithm perform better than fuzzy and other conventional packet scheduling algorithms using IP and IP over MPLS technologies. / Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND)

Datormoln, även kallat molnet, är teknik baserad på användande av applikationer och data över Internet. Molnet erbjuder olika typer av tjänster och resurser som t.ex. applikationer och datorkraft. Molntjänster kan underlätta för företag då de kan sänka den annars höga kostnaden för saker som personal, hårdvara, mjukvara och det utrymme detta kräver. Denna rapport kommer svara på frågan ”Vad är moln?” och grundläggande beskriva molnets struktur och funktion, samt olika typer av moln. Rapporten kommer även beskriva ett par olika molntjänster.