För många av dagens kommersiella hyresgäster och fastighetsägare är det viktigt med organisatorisk skalbarhet för att kunna anpassa sin verksamhet eller fastighet efter ändrade omständigheter. Detta har flera orsaker. Bland annat det snabbt föränderliga samhälle vi lever i, delvis sprunget ut den senaste tidens digitalisering och globalisering. Många företag kämpar dessutom för sin överlevnad på en hyresmarknad som favoriserar långa och fasta hyresstrukturer. Samtidigt har vår strävan efter hållbarhet konkretiseras allt mer på fastighetsmarknaden och tar sig bland annat uttryck i form av olika delningsekonomiska lösningar som har förändrat synen på traditionella kontor och avtal samt enformiga fastighetsanvändningar. Det finns en ny efterfrågan på hyresmarknaden som kräver en ökad nivå av fastighetsstrategisk flexibilitet. Denna uppsats ämnar definiera olika sätt att öka flexibiliteten i kommersiella kontor, fastigheter och hyreskontrakt och framförallt ta fasta på de möjligheter som skapas såväl som potentiella risker. Genom coworking tillåts kontorshyresgäster att hyra kontorsyta under flexibla former samtidigt som de kan åtnjuta ett ökat nätverkande och andra sociala förmåner. Multi- och mixed-use är benämningen på sådana flexibla fastigheter som byggs för att långsiktigt kunna inrymma olika funktioner vid olika tidpunkter eller simultant. De flexibla kontrakten avser i denna uppsats traditionella kontrakt som tillfogats realoptioner vilka tillåter en ändring av det avtalade innehållet, eller kontrakt som digitaliserats i en blockkedja. Studien visar att flexibilitet som produkt har stor potential att låsa upp den kommersiella hyresmarknaden och underlätta för en delningsekonomisk utveckling där resurser nyttjas bättre och många företags chanser att överleva i framtiden ökar. Flexibiliteten skapar inte bara värden för hyresgäster utan även hyresvärdar och fastighetsägare kan profitera på flexibiliteten. Detta kräver emellertid att aktörerna har de rätta förutsättningarna för att riskerna inte ska bli för stora och flexibiliteten ett vågspel. Sammanfattningsvis har det flexibla kontoret, den flexibla fastigheten och det flexibla hyreskontraktet potential att bidra till en socialt och ekonomiskt hållbar marknad, och skapa mervärden för de som gör allt rätt. / To many of today’s commercial tenants and real estate owners it is crucial with an ability to adjust their business or property to new circumstances. This is due to several reasons. For instance, the rapidly changing society caused by digitalisation and globalisation and the fact that many companies are struggling to survive on a market that favors long and rigid rental structures. Furthermore, the trend of sustainability is partly expressing itself through the growing sharing economy. All together the attitude towards traditional offices and leases as well as a uniform use of buildings has changed and a new demand for strategic flexibility has formed on the market. This study aims to define different ways to increase the flexibility in commercial offices, properties and leases and foremost to find out the possibilities and risks that follows and thereby to whom and when it would be beneficial. Coworking allows tenants to rent office space with flexible conditions while being able to appreciate the social benefits. Multi- and mixed-use are adaptable properties designed to accommodate various functions at different times or simultaneously. The flexible leases in this study refers to leases including real options as well as smart contracts made possible by the blockchain technology. The study shows that flexibility as a product has a great potential to unlock the commercial rental market and facilitate a development of the sharing economy where resources are used more efficiently, and businesses are increasing their chances to survive. Flexibility incorporated in real estate is not only valuable to tenants but also to landlords and property owners. This however requires the right circumstances to limit the risk and ensure that the flexibility does not become a venture. In conclusion, the flexible office, the flexible property and the flexible lease can contribute to a socially and economically sustainable market and create additional value for those applying it right.

變電所是電力的轉換站，其功能在於降低電壓並分配電力，如變電所裝置容量不足以供應地區用電需求，則會有限電、停電的風險，但由於變電所影響周遭環境景觀與房地產價值的負面外部性，以及民眾對於公共安全與電磁場危害健康的疑慮，以致民眾多不願意變電所設置在自家附近，甚至群起抗爭反對興建變電所。而變電所用地多目標使用規劃正是為了減低傳統屋外式變電所帶來的負面外部性，改善民眾對於變電所為鄰避設施的刻板印象，以期順利推動變電所興建工程，因應日益增加的用電需求，然而民眾面對興建多目標變電所的態度與立場，仍取決於其對變電所用地多目標使用的認知。 本研究關注於民眾面對台電公司興建多目標變電所的認知與行動，以社會資本理論及社會認知理論為立論基礎，選取台電公司興建中「大安超高壓變電所多目標使用大樓」為研究案例，擇其周遭一定鄰里範圍，透過問卷調查及因素分析，萃取出民眾對於多目標變電所開發案採取行動意願的影響因素為：社會網絡、信任關係、多目標使用社會認知及反對行動等四個潛在變數，後續再利用結構方程模式驗證潛在變數之間的影響關係模式，實證結果發現社會網絡對於信任關係有正向影響，信任關係對於多目標使用社會認知亦為正向影響，而多目標使用社會認知對於反對行動則為反向的影響關係。 / The substation is the switching station of electric power, the function of which is to reduce the voltage and distribute power. If the substation capacity is insufficient for the regional power demand, there is a risk of limitation of the power supply or even power failure. However, due to the fact that a substation affects the surrounding environmental landscape and has a negative effect on real estate value, added to the fact that the public has doubts over the use of electromagnetic fields as they are harmful to public safety and health, the public are generally unwilling to agree to a substation being built near their house or even actively protest it. While the planning of multi-use for substation land is designed to reduce the negative impact of a traditional outdoor substation, improve the stereotype of the substation as a NIMBY facility to the public, and expect to smoothly promote substation construction work, to respond to the increasing demand for electric power, the attitude and standpoint of the public to the multi-use substation construction still depends on the cognition of multi-use for substation land. This study focuses on the cognition and action of the public facing the multi-use substation construction of Taipower, social capital theory and social cognitive theory as the theoretical foundation. It also uses “Da'an Extra High Voltage Multi-use Substation” of Taipower under construction as the study case, and through the adoption of a questionnaire survey within a certain neighborhood range and factor analysis, extracts the action-willing influence factors of the public to the multi-use substation development case. The four latent variables of the social network, trust relationship, social cognition of multi-use for substation land, and opposing action, and then uses the structural equation model to verify the influence relation mode of latent variables. The empirical result shows social networks have a positive influence on the trust relationship, and the trust relationship also has a positive influence on the social cognition of multi-use for substation land. However, social cognition of multi-use for substation land has a negative influence on opposing action.

NDLTD Innovative ETD Award 2005. The design of a multi-functional building entails the synthesis of multiple systems and networks. The needs of multiple clients must be effectively overlaid to create a build able, contextually suitable and aesthetically pleasing architectural solution. The proposed building is a public, urban building. City buildings consist of spaces that are essentially part of the city, simultaneously dependant on the whole and separated by building lines and security systems. The gradation of space from public to private exists everywhere. The focus of the design is on the creation of place in the Pretoria CBD. The scheme is integrated into its surroundings, and functions as a system in itself. The proposed multi-use building will be set on a currently built up site in the Pretoria CBD, on the c/o Paul Kruger and Schoeman Streets, one city block from Church Square. Building functions include retail, residential, a satellite gallery for the Tshwane Art Museum, and new offices and facilities for Talking Beads, a producer Arts and Crafts. / Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Architecture / unrestricted

No description available.

台灣曾創造出軒轅劍、大富翁、仙劍奇俠傳等膾炙人口的經典國產遊戲，而隨著線上遊戲的興起，台灣的遊戲市場開始充斥著來自日本、韓國等海外作品，遊戲公司也多以代理為主要業務，國產遊戲便漸漸地消失在市場上。時至今日，隨著手機遊戲平台的興起，台灣的自製遊戲公司又有如雨後春筍般冒出，而其中，雷亞遊戲是相當具有代表性的一間公司。 　　雷亞遊戲成立於2011年9月，至今不過五年左右的時間，就已創造出數款深受全世界玩家喜愛的遊戲，甚至在許多國家的付費排行榜上名列前茅。雷亞不僅僅是一間遊戲公司，更將其IP（Intellectual Property；智慧財產權）做跨領域應用，不斷地學習成長，拓展自己的營運範疇，持續朝泛娛樂產業的方向發展。 　　本研究以雷亞遊戲公司為個案，透過商業模式圖及策略鑽石的架構，分析其在商業模式與策略上的創新。研究的資料來源包括訪談、實地觀察與次級資料，透過其與文獻之間的互動，漸漸描繪出個案公司的模樣，並試著去找出其創新之處。 　　最後，本研究將雷亞遊戲之創新歸納為三點：原創內容及一源多用、平台與共創價值、有機式粉絲經營。然而，這樣的商業模式及策略創新並不一定適用於其他組織，本研究期許的是透過個案研究的方式，對於雷亞遊戲有完整且深入的了解，提供台灣遊戲業者一些不同的觀點與做法做為參考。 / Taiwanese companies had produced several prestigious and successful games such as The Legend of Sword and Fairy, Xuan-Yuan Sword and Richman. However, since the age of online-game came, the game market in Taiwan had been filled with games coming from Japan, Korea or any other country overseas. Accordingly, the game companies became the agency of foreign games, Taiwanese-produced games had disappeared. Today, along with the rise of mobile games, Taiwanese-produced game companies sprung up. This research will mainly focus on the discussion about Rayark. 　　Established in September, 2011, Rayark has produced plenty of games which are hit around the world. Rayark is not only a game company, they also applied their intellectual property in different areas and keep growing. Trying to extend their business scope, in order to develop themselves in pan-entertainment industry. 　　This research is the case study of Rayark, to analyze the innovation on business model and strategy through Business Canvas and Strategy Diamond. The material came from interview, participant observations and secondary datas. Through the interaction with the literatures, depicts the appearance of the company then discover the innovation inside. 　　At last, this research concludes the innovation of Rayark into the following 3 points: original contents and one-source-multi-use; platform and value co-production; organic fans business. Yet, the intention of this research is not to apply the innovation to other organizations. This research aims to provide complete and in-depth introduction of Rayark, hoping that it could give some insights to Taiwanese game companies.

A practicum report for the degree of Master of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Miami University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-73).

L’émergence des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) au début des années 1990, notamment internet, a permis de produire facilement des données et de les diffuser au reste du monde. L’essor des bases de données, le développement des outils applicatifs et la réduction des coûts de stockage ont conduit à l’augmentation quasi exponentielle des quantités de données au sein de l’entreprise. Plus les données sont volumineuses, plus la quantité d’interrelations entre données augmente. Le grand nombre de corrélations (visibles ou cachées) entre données rend les données plus entrelacées et complexes. Les données sont aussi plus hétérogènes, car elles peuvent venir de plusieurs sources et exister dans de nombreux formats (texte, image, audio, vidéo, etc.) ou à différents degrés de structuration (structurées, semi-structurées, non-structurées). Les systèmes d’information des entreprises actuelles contiennent des données qui sont plus massives, complexes et hétérogènes. L’augmentation de la complexité, la globalisation et le travail collaboratif font qu’un projet industriel (conception de produit) demande la participation et la collaboration d’acteurs qui viennent de plusieurs domaines et de lieux de travail. Afin d’assurer la qualité des données, d’éviter les redondances et les dysfonctionnements des flux de données, tous les acteurs doivent travailler sur un référentiel commun partagé. Dans cet environnement de multi-utilisation de données, chaque utilisateur introduit son propre point de vue quand il ajoute de nouvelles données et informations techniques. Les données peuvent soit avoir des dénominations différentes, soit ne pas avoir des provenances vérifiables. Par conséquent, ces données sont difficilement interprétées et accessibles aux autres acteurs. Elles restent inexploitées ou non exploitées au maximum afin de pouvoir les partager et/ou les réutiliser. L’accès aux données (ou la recherche de données), par définition est le processus d’extraction des informations à partir d’une base de données en utilisant des requêtes, pour répondre à une question spécifique. L’extraction des informations est une fonction indispensable pour tout système d’information. Cependant, cette dernière n’est jamais facile car elle représente toujours un goulot majeur d’étranglement pour toutes les organisations (Soylu et al. 2013). Dans l’environnement de données complexes, hétérogènes et de multi-utilisation de données, fournir à tous les utilisateurs un accès facile et simple aux données devient plus difficile pour deux raisons : - Le manque de compétences techniques. Pour formuler informatiquement une requête complexe (les requêtes conjonctives), l’utilisateur doit connaitre la structuration de données, c’est-à-dire la façon dont les données sont organisées et stockées dans la base de données. Quand les données sont volumineuses et complexes, ce n’est pas facile d’avoir une compréhension approfondie sur toutes les dépendances et interrelations entre données, même pour les techniciens du système d’information. De plus, cette compréhension n’est pas forcément liée au savoir et savoir-faire du domaine et il est donc, très rare que les utilisateurs finaux possèdent les compétences suffisantes. - Différents points de vue des utilisateurs. Dans l’environnement de multi-utilisation de données, chaque utilisateur introduit son propre point de vue quand il ajoute des nouvelles données et informations techniques. Les données peuvent être nommées de manières très différentes et les provenances de données ne sont pas suffisamment fournies. / The emergence of Information and Comunication Technologies (ICT) in the early 1990s, especially the Internet, made it easy to produce data and disseminate it to the rest of the world. The strength of new Database Management System (DBMS) and the reduction of storage costs have led to an exponential increase of volume data within entreprise information system. The large number of correlations (visible or hidden) between data makes them more intertwined and complex. The data are also heterogeneous, as they can come from many sources and exist in many formats (text, image, audio, video, etc.) or at different levels of structuring (structured, semi-structured, unstructured). All companies now have to face with data sources that are more and more massive, complex and heterogeneous.technical information. The data may either have different denominations or may not have verifiable provenances. Consequently, these data are difficult to interpret and accessible by other actors. They remain unexploited or not maximally exploited for the purpose of sharing and reuse. Data access (or data querying), by definition, is the process of extracting information from a database using queries to answer a specific question. Extracting information is an indispensable function for any information system. However, the latter is never easy but it always represents a major bottleneck for all organizations (Soylu et al. 2013). In the environment of multiuse of complex and heterogeneous, providing all users with easy and simple access to data becomes more difficult for two reasons : - Lack of technical skills : In order to correctly formulate a query a user must know the structure of data, ie how the data is organized and stored in the database. When data is large and complex, it is not easy to have a thorough understanding of all the dependencies and interrelationships between data, even for information system technicians. Moreover, this understanding is not necessarily linked to the domain competences and it is therefore very rare that end users have sufficient theses such skills. - Different user perspectives : In the multi-use environment, each user introduces their own point of view when adding new data and technical information. Data can be namedin very different ways and data provenances are not sufficiently recorded. Consequently, they become difficultly interpretable and accessible by other actors since they do not have sufficient understanding of data semantics. The thesis work presented in this manuscript aims to improve the multi-use of complex and heterogeneous data by expert usiness actors by providing them with a semantic and visual access to the data. We find that, although the initial design of the databases has taken into account the logic of the domain (using the entity-association model for example), it is common practice to modify this design in order to adapt specific techniques needs. As a result, the final design is often a form that diverges from the original conceptual structure and there is a clear distinction between the technical knowledge needed to extract data and the knowledge that the expert actors have to interpret, process and produce data (Soylu et al. 2013). Based on bibliographical studies about data management tools, knowledge representation, visualization techniques and Semantic Web technologies (Berners-Lee et al. 2001), etc., in order to provide an easy data access to different expert actors, we propose to use a comprehensive and declarative representation of the data that is semantic, conceptual and integrates domain knowledge closeed to expert actors.

Co-location of offshore wind turbines at sites being developed for tidal stream arrays has been proposed as a method to increase capacity and potentially reduce the cost of electricity compared to operating either technology independently. This research evaluates the cost of energy based on capital expenditure and energy yield. It is found that, within the space required around a single 3 MW wind turbine, co-location provides a 10-16% cost saving compared to operating the same size tidal-only array without a wind turbine. Furthermore, for the same cost of electricity, a co-located farm could generate 20% more yield than a tidal-only array. These results are based on analysis of a case-study site in the Pentland Firth. Wind energy is assessed using an eddy viscosity wake model in OpenWind, with a 3 MW rated power curve and thrust coefficient from a Vestas V90 turbine. Three years of wind resource data is from the UK Met Office UK Variable (UKV) 1.5 km numerical model and corrected against a 400 m Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model run over the site. Tidal stream energy is modelled using a semi-empirical superposition of self-similar plane wakes, with a generic 1 MW rated power curve and thrust based on a full-scale, fixed-pitch turbine. Coincident tidal resource data is from the Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) at 7.5 km resolution and correlated with a 150 m ADvanced CIRCulation model (ADCIRC). Wave parameters are corrected from ERA-Interim data with six months of wave buoy data. Multiple tidal turbine array layouts are considered, with maximum tidal energy generated for a staggered array with spacing of 20 tidal turbine diameters, Dt , streamwise and 1.5Dt cross-stream. However, cheapest cost of electricity from the tidal-only array, was found for a single row of turbines, due to minimal wake effects. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to validate the superposition wake model for use with large, shared support structures. Two rotors mounted either side of a central tower generate a peak wake velocity deficit 70% greater than predicted by superposition. This was due to high local blockage and a complex near-wake structure, with a corresponding increase in tower drag of 9%. Further experiments evaluated the impact of oblique inflow on turbines yawed at +/-15 degrees. These results validated a theoretical cosine correction for thrust coefficient and characterised the centreline wake drift with downstream distance. Extreme environmental loads for a shared support structure, compared to structures for wind-only and tidal-only, have also been modelled. A non-linear wave model was used to represent a single wave form with 1% occurrence for each hour of time-series data. Overturning moment about the base of a shared support, with one wind and two tidal turbines, was found to be 4.5% larger than for a wind-only turbine in strong current and with turbines in different operational states. Peak loads across the tidal array were found to vary by 2.5% and so little load reduction benefit could be gained by locating a shared support in a more sheltered area of the array.

Till följd av ökade utsläpp av växthusgaser har klimatförändringar blivit ett faktum och ett väldiskuterat ämne världen över. Parallellt med klimatfrågan behöver den allmänna folkhälsan gynnas, och med ett ständigt växande samhälle växer även efterfrågan på fler idrottsanläggningar. Då byggnader står för en betydande del av bidragen till den globala klimatpåverkan och primärenergianvändning blir idrottsanläggningars miljöpåverkan en allt viktigare fråga. Vilka typer av anläggningar som bör byggas för att främja den allmänna folkhälsan samtidigt som miljöpåverkan minimeras är en fråga som fler och fler av Sveriges kommuner börjar diskutera. Att bygga idrottsanläggningar som multihallar i flera plan är ett fenomen som undersöks allt mer och kan möjligen vara en potentiell lösning. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka miljöpåverkanskategorierna klimatpåverkan och primärenergianvändningen från Hästhagens sporthall i Malmö. Hallen är byggd i två plan och innehåller därmed två fullstora gymnastikhallar staplade på varandra. Miljöpåverkan från denna multihall jämfördes sedan med den från en traditionell sporthall i ett plan. För att analysera miljöpåverkanskategorierna utfördes en livscykelanalys utifrån ISO-standarderna 14040 och 14044, och avgränsningar gjordes utifrån standarden för värdering ochberäkning av byggnaders miljöprestanda, SS-EN 15978:2011. Därmed undersöktes endast modulerna A1-A5 i byggskedet, vilka innefattar produktion av byggmaterial, transport och konstruktion, samt modul B6 som hanterar energiförbrukningen i driftfasen. Materialen som studerades var de som utgör klimatskalet av Hästhagens sporthall och består främst av betong, tegel, isoleringsmaterial och fönster. I driftfasen granskades klimatpåverkan och primärenergianvändningen av fjärrvärme samt fastighets- och verksamhetsel. Resultaten visar att det är produktionen av material i modul A1-A3, samt fjärrvärmen i B6 som har störst utsläpp av CO2-ekvivalenter och därmed bidrar mest till klimatpåverkan. Utslaget på multihallens antagna livslängd på 70 år har byggfasen en något större påverkan än driftfasen, 27 respektive 23 ton CO2-ekvivalenter per år. Vad gäller energianvändning är det driftfasen som brukar majoriteten av primärenergin, 795 GJ per år, vilket är drygt tre gånger mer per år än de 254 GJ som byggfasen använder. I jämförelsen med en traditionell sporthall i ett plan framgår att Hästhagens sporthall i två plan är något mer energieffektiv och har en lägre klimatpåverkan per tillhandahållen aktivitetstimme. Miljöpåverkan från idrottsanläggningar är dock ett förbisett område och det krävs mer forskning för att kunna dra generella slutsatser om huruvida sporthallar i fler plan är mer miljövänliga än traditionella hallar. / Due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, the issue of climate change is now a well debated topic worldwide. Simultaneously, the municipalities in Sweden are constantly working on improving the public health and with a growing society the demand for new sports facilities is increasing. Since the construction and operation of buildings contribute to a major part of the global climate impact as well as primary energy use, the environmental impact of sports facilities is an important question. What sorts of buildings that are most beneficial to increase the health of the general public, and at the same time minimizing the environmental impact, is a question that a growing number of municipalities in Sweden are starting to discuss. The aim of this thesis was to examine the climate impact and the primary energy use of Hästhagens sporthall in Malmö. The multi-use sports facility is constructed in two levels, putting two full-sized gymnasiums on top of each other. Its environmental impact was then compared to the impact of a traditional one-level gymnasium. To conduct this analysis, a life cycle assessment was preformed according to the international standards ISO-14040 and 14044, and the definitions and boundaries of the study was set based on the standard SS-EN 15978:2011, defining the calculation method and assessment of environmental performance of buildings. Thus, modules A1-A5, which include production of building materials, transportation and construction, as well as module B6, which handles the energy use during operation, were examined. The materials that are included in the pre-use phase make up the shell of the building and consists mostly of concrete, brick, insulation and windows. In the operational or use phase, district heating and electricity use were studied. The results show that the production of materials, modules A1-A3, as well as the district heating have the highest emissions of CO2-equivalents and that, if divided upon the total life expectancy of 70 years of the building, the pre-use phase has a slightly higher climate impact than the use phase, 27 versus 23 ton CO2-equivalents per year. Regarding primary energy use, the use phase require 795 GJ per year, and has thus more than a three-fold impact than the pre-use phase, which only requires 254 GJ per year. Compared to a traditional one-level gymnasium, Hästhagens sporthall is somewhat more energy efficient and has a lower climate impact per hour performed activity. However, more research is needed to make more general conclusions about the possibility of multi-use facilities in multiple levels to be more environmentally friendly than one-level establishments.

No description available.