Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka för elitorienterare resultaten vid och korrelationen mellan ett så kallat 5 minuters pyramidtest (5MPT) och ett maximalt test för bestämning av maximalt syreupptag (VO2max) på rullband. Frågorna vi ställde oss var: Vilken korrelation föreligger mellan 5MPT och ett bestämt VO2max på rullband hos elitorienterare? Hur ser en jämförelse ut mellan uppmätt samt beräknat VO2max? Vilken är reliabiliteten för 5MPT? Hur ser ekvationen ut för att beskriva sambandet mellan dessa två olika maxtester? Metod I valideringsstudien deltog 16 elitorienterare (6 kvinnor och 10 män) i åldrarna 17 till 37 år. De två testerna som genomfördes var 5MPT och bestämning av VO2max på rullband. 5MPT är ett skytteltest som är fem minuter långt, där testpersonen (tp) tar sig fram och tillbaka mellan två stolpar (sträcka 5.5 m) där en vertikal trappa (formad likt en pyramid) passeras under varje vända. Antalet vändor, skattad ansträngning samt hjärtfrekvens (HF) registrerades. Utvecklad power (effekt) erhölls genom produkten av vikt, gravitation, antal vändor, höjd på högsta plinten (0,62 m) dividerat med total duration i 5MPT. Testet för att bestämma VO2max utfördes med löpning på ett motordrivet rullband. Under den första minuten av testet sprang tp på en hastighet av 8km/h (kvinnor) respektive10km/h (män) utan lutning. För varje minut ökades hastigheten med 1km/h. Lutningen höjdes med en grad efter minut ett och därefter med 0,5 grader/minut. Testet pågick till dess tp nått sin VO2max. Var 15:e sekund registrerades tp:s HF, VO2 (l/min), VCO2 (l/min), VO2 (ml/kg/min) och respiratorisk kvot (RER) med hjälp av ett datoriserat syreupptagningssystem. Resultat Korrelationen var signifikant och hög (r = 0,89, p<0,0001) mellan utvecklad power på 5MPT och VO2max (l/min) och även mellan antalet vändor på 5MPT och VO2max (l/min) (r = 0,89, p<0,0001) på detta material av elitorienterare. Följande formler, baserade på resultaten från elitorienterarna, kan användas för att predicera VO2max efter genomfört 5MPT: VO2max  (l/min) = (5MPTPOWER – 50,914) / 25,795 VO2max (l/min) = (5MPTVÄNDOR – 74,447) / 9,7668 Slutsats 5MPT uppvisar en stark korrelation med bestämd VO2max sett till power och/eller antalet genomförda vändor. Beräkningsformler för prediktion av VO2max har varit möjligt att beskriva. Se resultatdelen för andra resultat och samband mellan 5MPT och VO2max. / Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to investigate for elite orienteers the results in and the correlation between a so called 5-minutes-pyramid test (5MPT) and a specific maximum oxygen uptake test (VO2max) on a treadmill. The questions we asked ourselves were: Which correlation exists between 5MPT and a specific VO2max on the treadmill for elite orienteers? How would a comparison look like between measured and estimated VO2max? What is the reliability for the 5MPT? How would an equation look like that describe the correlation above? Method In the validity the study 16 elite orienteers (6 women and 10 men) aged 17 to 37 years participated. The two tests that have been carried out were the 5MPT and determined VO2max during running on a treadmill. The 5MPT is a 5-minute-shuttle test, in which the participant moves back and forth in a short interval (5.5 m) over boxes (highest height: 0.62) formed like a pyramid. Power in the pyramid test (5MPTPOWER) was calculated as the product of numbers of laps, body weight, gravity and highest box level divided by time. To determine VO2max the method running on a treadmill was performed. During the first minute the running speed was 8km/h (women)/10 km/h (men) without elevation. Each minute the velocity increased with 1 km/h. The elevation increased with 1 degree after the first minute and thereafter with 0,5 degrees/minute.  The test was finished when the participant had reached her VO2max. Every 15 second the participants heart rate, VO2 (l/min), VCO2 (l/min), VO2 (ml/kg/min) and RER, was registered by means of an online system. Results The correlation between the developed power of the 5MPT and measured VO2max (l/min) was high (r = 0.89, p<0,0001) and also between the number of laps in the 5MPT and measured VO2max (l/min) (r = 0.89, p < 0,0001). The following formulas can be used to predict VO2max after completed 5MPT: VO2max  (l/min) = (5MPTPOWER – 50,914) / 25,795 VO2max (l/min) = (5MPTLAPS – 74,447) / 9,7668 Conclusions 5MPT show a strong correlation with VO2max determined in terms of power and/or the number of completed laps. Calculated formulas for prediction of VO2max have been possible to describe. See results section for other results and relationships between 5MPT and VO2max. / Maximal Aerobic Power versus Performance in Two Aerobic Endurance Tests among Young and Old Adults.Andersson E, Lundahl N, Wecke L, Lindblom I, Nilsson, J.

Three main analog circuit building blocks that are important for a mixed-signal system are investigated in this work. New building blocks with emphasis on power efficiency and compatibility with deep-submicron technology are proposed and experimental results from prototype integrated circuits are presented. Firstly, a 1.1GHz, 5th order, active-LC, Butterworth wideband equalizer that controls inter-symbol interference and provides anti-alias filtering for the subsequent analog to digital converter is presented. The equalizer design is based on a new series LC resonator biquad whose power efficiency is analytically shown to be better than a conventional Gm-C biquad. A prototype equalizer is fabricated in a standard 0.18μm CMOS technology. It is experimentally verified to achieve an equalization gain programmable over a 0-23dB range, 47dB SNR and -48dB IM3 while consuming 72mW of power. This corresponds to more than 7 times improvement in power efficiency over conventional Gm-C equalizers. Secondly, a load capacitance aware compensation for 3-stage amplifiers is presented. A class-AB 16W headphone driver designed using this scheme in 130nm technology is experimentally shown to handle 1pF to 22nF capacitive load while consuming as low as 1.2mW of quiescent power. It can deliver a maximum RMS power of 20mW to the load with -84.8dB THD and 92dB peak SNR, and it occupies a small area of 0.1mm2. The power consumption is reduced by about 10 times compared to drivers that can support such a wide range of capacitive loads. Thirdly, a novel approach to design of ADC in deep-submicron technology is described. The presented technique enables the usage of time-to-digital converter (TDC) in a delta-sigma modulator in a manner that takes advantage of its high timing precision while noise-shaping the error due to its limited time resolution. A prototype ADC designed based on this deep-submicron technology friendly architecture was fabricated in a 65nm digital CMOS technology. The ADC is experimentally shown to achieve 68dB dynamic range in 20MHz signal bandwidth while consuming 10.5mW of power. It is projected to reduce power and improve speed with technology scaling.

No description available.

The rapid increase in the demand on fresh water due the increase in the world population and scarcity of natural water puts more stress on the desalination industrial sector to install more desalination plants around the world. Among these desalination plants, multistage flash desalination process (MSF) is considered to be the most reliable technique of producing potable water from saline water. In recent years, however, the MSF process is confronting many problems to cut off the cost and increase its performance. Among these problems are the non-condensable gases (NCGs) and the accumulation of fouling which they work as heat insulation materials. As a result, the MSF pumps and the heat transfer equipment are overdesigned and consequently increase the capital cost and decrease the performance of the plants. Moreover, improved process control is a cost effective approach to energy conservation and increased process profitability. Thus, this study is motivated by the real absence of detailed kinetic fouling model and implementation of advance process control (APC). To accomplish the above tasks, commercial modelling tools can be utilized to model and simulate MSF process taking into account the NCGs and fouling effect, and optimum control strategy. In this research, gPROMS (general PROcess Modeling System) model builder has been used to develop the MSF process model. First, a dynamic mathematical model of MSF is developed based on the basic laws of mass balance, energy balance and heat transfer. Physical and thermodynamic properties of brine, distillate and water vapour are included to support the model. The model simulation results are validated against actual plant data published in the literature and good agreement with these data is obtained. Second, the design of venting system in MSF plant and the effect of NCGs on the overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC) are studied. The release rate of NCGs is studied using Henry’s law and the locations of venting points are optimised. The results reveal that high concentration of NCGs heavily affects the OHTC. Furthermore, advance control strategy namely: generic model control (GMC) is designed and introduced to the MSF process to control and track the set points of the two most important variables in the MSF plant; namely the Top Brine Temperature (TBT) which is the output temperature of the brine heater and the Brine Level (BL) in the last stage. The results are compared to conventional Proportional Integral Derivative Controller (PID) and show that GMC controller provides better performance over conventional PID controller to handle a nonlinear system. In addition, a new control strategy called hybrid Fuzzy-GMC is developed and implemented to control the same aforementioned loops. Its results reveal that the new control outperforms the pure GMC in some areas. Finally, a dynamic fouling model is developed and incorporated into the MSF dynamic process model to predict fouling at high temperature and high velocity. The proposed dynamic model considers the attachment and removal mechanisms of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide with more relaxation of the assumptions. Since the MSF plant stages work as a series of heat exchangers, there is a continuous change of temperature, heat flux and salinity of the seawater. The proposed model predicts the behaviour of fouling based on the physical and thermal conditions of every single stage of the plant.

Este trabalho aborda o problema multiestágio de planejamento e programação da produção em indústrias cervejeiras. O processo de fabricação de cerveja pode ser dividido em duas etapas principais: preparação do líquido e envase. A primeira etapa ocorre, na maior parte do tempo, dentro de tanques de fermentação e maturação. A segunda ocorre nas linhas de envase, podendo ter início assim que o líquido estiver pronto nos tanques. O tempo de preparação do líquido demora vários dias, enquanto que na maioria das indústrias de bebidas carbonatadas este tempo é de no máximo algumas horas. O objetivo deste estudo é obter planos de produção viáveis que visam otimizar as decisões de programação envolvidas nestes processos. Visitas a cervejarias no Brasil e em Portugal foram realizadas para uma maior familiaridade do processo de produção e dados foram coletados. Modelos de programação inteira mista para representar o problema foram desenvolvidos, baseados em abordagens CSLP (The Continuous Setup Lot-Sizing Problem), GLSP (General Lot Sizing and Scheduling Problem), SPL (Simple Plant Location Problem) e ATSP (Asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem). Os resultados mostram que os modelos são coerentes e representam adequadamente o problema, entretanto, mostram-se difíceis de serem resolvidos na otimalidade. Esta dificuldade de resolução dos modelos motivou o desenvolvimento de procedimentos MIP-heurísticos, como também de uma metaheurística GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure). As soluções obtidas pelos procedimentos heurísticos são de boa qualidade, quando comparadas ao melhor limitante inferior encontrado por meio da resolução dos modelos matemáticos. Os testes computacionais foram realizados utilizando instâncias geradas com base em dados reais. / This study deals with the multistage lot-sizing and scheduling problem in breweries. The brewing process can be divided into two main stages: preparation and filling of the liquid. The first stage occurs most of the time in fermentation and maturation tanks. The second stage occurs in the filling lines and it can start as soon as the liquid gets ready. The preparation time of the liquid takes several days, while in the carbonated beverage industries this time is at most a few hours. The purpose of this study is to obtain feasible production plans aimed at optimizing the decisions involved in these processes. Visits to brewery industries in Brazil and Portugal were held to a greater familiarity of the production process and data were collected. Mixed integer programming models have been developed to represent the problem, based on approaches for the CSLP (The Continuous Setup Lot-Sizing Problem), GLSP (General Lot Sizing and Scheduling Problem), SPL (Simple Plant Location Problem) and ATSP (Asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem). The results show that the models are consistent and adequately represent the problem; however, they are difficult to be solved at optimality. This motivated the development of MIP-heuristic procedures, as well as a meta-heuristic GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure). The obtained solutions by the heuristics are of good quality, when compared to the best lower bound found by solving the mathematical models. The tests were conducted using generated instances based on real data.

Ce travail est le produit d’une collaboration entre le LMFA (Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, École Centrale de Lyon – France), Snecma et le Cerfacs. Il vise à étudier l’écoulement se développant dans le compresseur haute-vitesse axial de 3.5 étages CREATE (Compresseur de Recherche pour l’Etude des effets Aérodynamique et TEchnologique – vitesse de rotation : 11543 tr/min, vitesse en tête de rotor 1 : 313 m/s), conçu et construit par Snecma et étudié au LMFA sur un banc d’essai de 2 MW. Pour étudier l’écoulement, des mesures stationnaires de pression et température, de la vélocimétrie laser et des mesures rapides de pression statique et totale ont été utilisées. L’analyse se concentre sur deux aspects principaux : l’étude de l’écoulement aux points de fonctionnement stables, avec un intérêt tout particulier pour les interactions rotor-stator, et l’étude des instabilités apparaissant dans la machine à faibles débits.La description de l’écoulement instationnaire aux points stables est faite par le biais de mesures de pression statique en parois, de pression totale et de vitesse, mais également de température totale, entropie et angle d’incidence du fluide. Il est montré que la complexité et l’instationnarité de l’écoulement dans un compresseur multiétagé augmente fortement à l’arrière de la machine à cause des interactions entre les roues fixes et mobiles. Ainsi, une méthode d’analyse modale basée sur la décomposition de Tyler et Sofrin a été développée pour analyser ces interactions. Elle est d’abord appliquée aux mesures de pression afin d’extraire les contributions de chaque roue. Il est ainsi montré que les interactions complexes de pression dans CREATE peuvent être réduites à trois principaux types d’interactions. La méthode de décomposition est enfin appliquée au champ d’entropie dans toute la machine extrait de calculs CFD URANS réalisés par le Cerfacs, afin d’évaluer l’impact des interactions sur les performances de CREATE en terme de génération de pertes.La dernière partie de ce travail est dédié à l’analyse des instabilités apparaissant dans CREATE à faible débit. Il est montré que des ondes de pression tournantes apparaissent aux points stables et augmentent en amplitude à mesure qu’on se rapproche de la ligne de pompage, jusqu’à atteindre une taille critique induisant l’apparition d’une cellule de décollement tournant sur toute la hauteur de veine. Cette cellule entraîne la machine en pompage en seulement quelques tours. L’étude de ces ondes de pression, et la compréhension de leur véritable nature sont réalisées grâce à l’application d’un modèle analytique aux mesures expérimentales. Une description précise du déclenchement et du cycle du pompage est également faite grâce aux mesures de pression statique au dessus des rotors. Un système de contrôle anti-pompage développé au laboratoire et basé sur la détection de l’amplitude des ondes de pression est finalement décrit. / The present work is a result of collaboration between the LMFA (Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d’Acoustique, Ecole Centrale de Lyon – France), Snecma and the Cerfacs. It aims at studying the flow in the 3.5-stages high-speed axial compressor CREATE (Compresseur de Recherche pour l’Etude des effets Aérodynamique et TEchnologique - rotation speed: 11543 RPM, Rotor 1 tip speed: 313 m/s), designed and built by Snecma and investigated at LMFA on a 2-MW test rig. Steady measurements, as well as laser velocimetry, fast-response wall static and total pressure measurements have been used to experimentally investigate the flow. The analysis focuses on two main aspects: the study of the flow at stable operating points, with a special interest on the rotor-stator interactions, and the study of the instabilities arising in the machine at low mass flow rates.The description of the unsteady flow field at stable operating points is done through measurements of wall-static pressure, total pressure and velocity, but also total temperature, entropy and angle of the fluid. It is shown that the complexity and unsteadiness of the flow in a multistage compressor strongly increases in the rear part of the machine, because of the interactions between steady and rotating rows. Therefore, a modal analysis method developed at LMFA and based on the decomposition of Tyler and Sofrin is presented to analyze these interactions. It is first applied to the pressure measurements, in order to extract the contributions of each row. It shows that all the complex pressure interactions in CREATE can be reduced to three main types of interactions. The decomposition method is then applied to the entropy field extracted from URANS CFD calculations performed by the Cerfacs, in order to evaluate the impact of the interactions on the performance of the machine in term of production of losses.The last part of this work is devoted to the analysis of the instabilities arising in CREATE at low mass flows. It shows that rotating pressure waves appear at stable operating points, and increase in amplitude when going towards the surge line, until reaching a critical size provoking the onset a full span stall cell bringing the machine to surge within a few rotor revolutions. The study of these pressure waves, and the understanding of their true nature is achieved through the experimental results and the use of some analytical models. A precise description of the surge transient through wall-static pressure measurements above the rotors is also provided, as well as a description of a complete surge cycle. An anti-surge control system based on the detection of the amplitude of the pressure waves is finally proposed.

Les futures générations de réseaux sans fil posent beaucoup de défis pour la communauté de recherche. Notamment, ces réseaux doivent être en mesure de répondre, avec une certaine qualité de service, aux demandes d'un nombre important de personnes et d'objets connectés. Ce qui se traduit par des exigences assez importantes en termes de capacité. C'est dans ce cadre que les méthodes d'accès multiple non orthogonaux (NOMA) ont été introduit. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié et proposé une méthodes d'accès multiple basé sur la technique compute and forawrd et sur les réseaux de point (Lattice codes) tout en considérant différentes constructions de lattice. Nous avons également proposé des amélioration de l'algorithme de décodage de la méthode SCMA (Sparse code multiple access) basé sur les réseaux de points. Afin de simplifier les décodeurs multi-niveaux utilisés, nous avons proposé des expressions simplifiées de LLRs ainsi que des approximations. Finalement, nous avons étudié la construction D des lattices en utilisant les codes polaires. Cette thèse était en collaboration avec le centre de recherche de Huawei France. / Future generations of wireless networks pose many challenges for the research community. In particular, these networks must be able to respond, with a certain quality of service, to the demands of a large number of connected people and objects. This drives us into quite important requirements in terms of capacity. It is within this framework that non-orthogonal multiple access methods (NOMA) have been introduced. In this thesis, we have studied and proposed a multiple access method based on the compute and forward technique and on Lattice codes while considering different lattice constructions. We have also proposed improvements to the algorithm for decoding the Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) method based on Lattice codes. In order to simplify the multi-stage decoders used in here, we have proposed simplified expressions of LLRs as well as approximations. Finally, we studied the construction D of lattices using polar codes. This thesis was in collaboration with the research center of Huawei France.

[pt] Esta tese é composta por quatro artigos que descrevem diferentes formas de inclusão de aversão a risco em problemas dinâmicos, ressaltando seus aspectos teóricos e consequências práticas envolvidas em técnicas de otimização sob incerteza aplicadas a problemas financeiros. O primeiro artigo propões uma interpretação econômica e analisa as consequencias práticas da consistência temporal, em que particular para o problema de seleção de portfólio. No segunfo artigo, também aplicado à seleção de portfólio, é proposto um modelo que considera empréstimo como variável de decisão e uma função convexa e linear por partes que representa a existência de diversos credores com diferentes limites de crédito e taxas de juros. A performance do modelo proposto é melhor que as aproximações existentes e garante otimalidade para a situação de vários credores. No terceiro artigo, desenvolve-se um modelo de emissão de títulos de dívida de uma empresa que seja financiar um conjunto pré-determinado de projetos. Trata-se de um modelo de otimização dinâmico sob incerteza que considera títulos pré e pós-fixados com diferentes maturidades e formas de amortização. As principais contribuições são o tratammento de um horizonte longuíssimo prazo através de uma estrutura híbrida dos cenários; a modelagem detalhada do pagamento de cupons e amortizações; o desenvolvimento de uma função objetivo multi-critério que reflete o trade-off entre risco-retorno além de outras medidas de performance financeiras como a taxa de alavancagem (razão passivos sobre ativos). No quarto artigo é desenvolvido um modelo de programação estocástica multi-estágio para obter a política ótima de caixa de uma empresa cujo custo de investimento e o custo da dívida são incertos e modelados em diferentes regimes. As contribuições são a extensão de metodologia de equilíbrio dual para um modelo estocástico; a proposição de uma regra de decisão baseada na estrutura de regime dos fatores de risco que aproxima de forma satisfatória o modelo original. / [en] This PhD Thesis is composed of four working papers, each one with a respective chapter on this thesis, with contributions on risk averse stochastic programming models. In particular, it focuses on analyzing the practical consequences of certain theoretical concepts of decision theory, finance and optimization. The first working paper analyzes the practical consequences and the economic interpretation of time consistent optimal policies, in particular for well known portfolio selection problem. The second paper has also a contribution to the portfolio selection literature. Indeed, we develop leverage optimal strategy considering a single-period debt with a piecewise linear borrowing cost function, which represents the actual situation faced by investors, and show a significant gap in comparison to the suboptimal solutions obtained by the usual linear approximation. Moreover, we develop a multistage extension where our cost function indirectly penalizes the excess of leverage, which is closely related to the contribution of the next working paper. The contribution of the third working paper is to penalize excess of leverage in a debt issuance multistage model that optimizes over several types of bonds with fixed or floating rate, different maturities and amortization patterns. For the sake of dealing with the curse of dimensionality of a long term problem, we divide the planning horizon into a detailed part at the beginning followed by a policy rule approximation for the remainder. Indeed, our approximation mitigates the end effects of a truncated model which is closely related to the contributions of the forth working paper. The forth paper develops a multistage model that seeks to obtain the optimal cash holding policy of a firm. The main contributions are a methodology to end effect treatment for a multistage model with infinite horizon and the development of a policy rule as approximation of the optimal solution.

The rapid increase in the demand on fresh water due the increase in the world population and scarcity of natural water puts more stress on the desalination industrial sector to install more desalination plants around the world. Among these desalination plants, multistage flash desalination process (MSF) is considered to be the most reliable technique of producing potable water from saline water. In recent years, however, the MSF process is confronting many problems to cut off the cost and increase its performance. Among these problems are the non-condensable gases (NCGs) and the accumulation of fouling which they work as heat insulation materials. As a result, the MSF pumps and the heat transfer equipment are overdesigned and consequently increase the capital cost and decrease the performance of the plants. Moreover, improved process control is a cost effective approach to energy conservation and increased process profitability. Thus, this study is motivated by the real absence of detailed kinetic fouling model and implementation of advance process control (APC). To accomplish the above tasks, commercial modelling tools can be utilized to model and simulate MSF process taking into account the NCGs and fouling effect, and optimum control strategy. In this research, gPROMS (general PROcess Modeling System) model builder has been used to develop the MSF process model. First, a dynamic mathematical model of MSF is developed based on the basic laws of mass balance, energy balance and heat transfer. Physical and thermodynamic properties of brine, distillate and water vapour are included to support the model. The model simulation results are validated against actual plant data published in the literature and good agreement with these data is obtained. Second, the design of venting system in MSF plant and the effect of NCGs on the overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC) are studied. The release rate of NCGs is studied using Henry’s law and the locations of venting points are optimised. The results reveal that high concentration of NCGs heavily affects the OHTC. Furthermore, advance control strategy namely: generic model control (GMC) is designed and introduced to the MSF process to control and track the set points of the two most important variables in the MSF plant; namely the Top Brine Temperature (TBT) which is the output temperature of the brine heater and the Brine Level (BL) in the last stage. The results are compared to conventional Proportional Integral Derivative Controller (PID) and show that GMC controller provides better performance over conventional PID controller to handle a nonlinear system. In addition, a new control strategy called hybrid Fuzzy-GMC is developed and implemented to control the same aforementioned loops. Its results reveal that the new control outperforms the pure GMC in some areas. Finally, a dynamic fouling model is developed and incorporated into the MSF dynamic process model to predict fouling at high temperature and high velocity. The proposed dynamic model considers the attachment and removal mechanisms of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide with more relaxation of the assumptions. Since the MSF plant stages work as a series of heat exchangers, there is a continuous change of temperature, heat flux and salinity of the seawater. The proposed model predicts the behaviour of fouling based on the physical and thermal conditions of every single stage of the plant.

No description available.