羅興亞穆斯林(Rohingya Muslim)或稱阿拉干穆斯林(Arakanese Muslim)，是居住在鄰近孟加拉的緬甸若開邦北部 (或稱阿拉干Arakan)穆斯林社群，大批印度穆斯林在二十世紀初殖民時期遷徙至阿拉干地區，形成新(印度)、舊(阿拉干)穆斯林混居，也導致羅興亞人之身分多有爭議。 因經濟資源壟斷、政治力量競爭及宗教文化衝突等原因，緬甸在1930年及1938年分別爆發反印度及反穆斯林暴動。而阿拉干穆斯林發起將阿拉干地區併入東巴基斯坦（即孟加拉）的政治行動未果後，除了以聖戰軍(Mujahideen)與緬甸政府對抗，並尋求設立自治區外，自1960年代發展以標榜阿拉干原住民的「羅興亞」認同，爭取內部凝聚及外部支持。 在宇努政府(U Nu)主政下，羅興亞人尚能以公民身份獲得參政權，而尼溫軍政府1978年發動清查非法入境者的龍王行動(Nagamin)及1982年實施新公民法後，羅興亞人公民權被徹底剝奪，並被迫在1978、1991-92、2012、2015及2016年間經歷數波難民離散，遷徙至孟加拉、馬來西亞及泰國等國。 「阿拉干羅興亞難民委員會」( RARC)是難民自身所建立的難民社群組織(RCOs)，不僅為羅興亞社群發聲，亦與聯合國難民署(UNHCR) 及非政府組織(NGOs)等單位合作，發展其社群力量。而在馬來西亞政府默許及容忍下，羅興亞難民獲得安全棲身之所，除可透過通婚取得永久居留外，在開放羅興亞難民工作許可等政策開放下，羅興亞難民在地融合及生活發展。 本文以滯留馬來西亞安邦的緬甸羅興亞難民社群為主研究對象，探討羅興亞溯源、緬甸佛教徒與穆斯林之宗教衝突、羅興亞離散、及難民社群組織發展。 / Rohingya Muslim (or Arakanese Muslim) have been residing in Northen Rakhine (or Arakan) in Burma/Myanmarfor centuries , with the mass inflow of Indians during British Colonial Period into Burma, Muslim population grew up and it resulted in competition,then ethnic tension simmered between Indians and Burmeses. The conflicts between Buddhist and Muslim bursted between 1930 and 1938 , and fail of integration of Arakan with East Pakistan (Bangladesh ) triggered Arakanese Muslim’s militant autonomy operation and the Arakanese Muslim created the “Rohingya” ethnic identity movement in the 1960s. The cleaning of illegal immigrant operation “ Nagamin ” in1978 , implementation of new Citizen Law in 1982, and religious and ecthnic conflict had resulted Rohingya in exile in 1978 ,1991-2, 2013, 2015 and 2016 , therefore Rohingya migrated to Bangladesh , Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. With the help of UNHCR and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) ,the Refugee Community Organizations(RCOs) such as Rohingya Arakanese Refugee Committee (RARC) not only play the role as intermediator between community and NGOs , but also lobbied the Malaysia government. This dissertation focuses on the Burmese Rohingya communities in Ampang Malaysia and the origin of Rohingya, the ethnic and religious conflicts between Buddhists and Muslims , the Rohingya Diaspora and development of RCOs.

Magister Artium - MA (Anthropology/Sociology) / This research critically analysed Muslim approaches to five women with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town focussing particularly on the approach of 'Positive Muslims' - an awareness-raising and support group for Muslims living with HIV/AIDS. The central question of this thesis dealt with the impact of the norms, values and practices of Cape Muslims on the approach of Positive Muslims to women living with HIV/AIDS. It is suggested that while norms and values articulated in religious texts inform the ideological approach of the organisation's AIDS prevention model. This is due to the pragmatic approach adopted by Postive Muslims which recognises that the articulated norms and values do not always conform to the practices of Cape Muslims. / South Africa

Doctor Legum - LLD / The objective of this doctoral thesis is essentially two-fold: first, it seeks to ascertain whether the rights and freedoms of Muslim women in the contexts of marriage and divorce are adequately protected in terms of Islamic jurisprudence, and secondly, whether any valuable lessons could be learnt in this regard by South Africa based on the specific legal experiences of two (other) African jurisdictions, notably Morocco and Tunisia.

The objective of this study is to investigate trends in international terrorism since the end of the Cold War, including those identified as “new” terrorism and to determine to what extent these are applicable to the Al-Qaeda movement. To achieve this aim, the study focused on aspects such as the origin and development of new terrorism; the differences and resemblances between traditional and new terrorism; the historical development of international terrorism; the effect of the end of the Cold War on terrorism; and factors impacting on contemporary terrorism. An analysis of the Al-Qaeda movement was done with respect to its motivation, ideology, transnational character, target selection, operational strategy and tactics, and its desire to use non-conventional weapons. The intention was to identify aspects which may indicate whether the movement serves as a model of the characteristics identified by certain authors as a new terrorism. Case studies of the most important terrorist incidents linked to Al-Qaeda, including the September 11 attacks on the US, are included. The study demonstrates that the nature of terrorism as an instrument to obtain political objectives has evolved but, at the same time, it has retained most of its essential characteristics. An investigation of the characteristics of traditional and new terrorism confirmed this conclusion, as well as that a differentiation between these types of terrorism is mostly a matter of perspective. Another finding of the study is that terrorist campaigns have rarely obtained their strategic goals but that it nevertheless remains a popular strategy aimed at effecting desired political change. The study furthermore confirms that terrorist groups do not operate in a vacuum but are influenced by the existing political, socio-economic and cultural environments. As such the end of the Cold War has caused specific changes in the international system which facilitated the rise of a movement like Al-Qaeda and which enabled it to function at a global level. The usefulness of the study lies in the clarification of the concepts of traditional and new terrorism; its indication of the evolving of motivations and strategies applied by terrorist organisations; and in the findings about the current campaign of the Al-Qaeda movement. Copyright 2007, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bester, F 2007, New trends in contemporary international and transnational terrorism as manifested in the Al-Qaeda movement, MSS dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04112008-125925/ > / Dissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

This study, using contemporary history and empirical research, updates traditional rentier state theory, which largely fails to account for the existence of opposition movements, by demonstrating the political capital held by Muslim Brotherhood affiliates in Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study thus also fills a critical gap in existing literature on political Islam by examining previously unstudied movements in the smaller Gulf states that do not require Brotherhood organisations to provide services, to form social networks, or to contest elections (aside from in Kuwait). Through a divergent case study, we demonstrate the degree to which and the means through which the Ikhwan shapes domestic politics in the some of the world’s wealthiest oil states, the super-rentiers. This research helps to break the causal link established by rentier state theory between oil rents and lack of politically relevant Islamist organizations. As will be shown, Muslim Brotherhood organizations in the Gulf are politically influential entities. It is important to note, however, that these groups shape cultural and social ideas as readily as political notions. The division between these sectors is often blurred in the atmosphere of the socially conservative super-rentiers, as politics is often displaced to the social sphere in restricted political systems. We therefore elucidate a new model for understanding how Muslim Brotherhood movements influence government policies, in addition to cultural and social policies, in the wealthiest rentier states of the Gulf, which we call rentier Islamism.

Transgendered Indonesians live in the fourth most populated nation in the world with more Muslims than any other country. This thesis summarizes an ethnography conducted on one religiously oriented male-to-female transgender community known in the city of Yogyakarta as the waria. This study analyzes the waria’s gender and religious identities from an emic and etic perspective, focusing on how individuals comport themselves inside the world’s first transgender mosque-like institution called a pesantren waria. The waria take their name from the Indonesian words wanita (woman) and pria (man). I will chart how this male-to-female population create spaces of spiritual belonging and physical security within a territory that has experienced geo-religio-political insecurity: natural disasters, fundamentalist movements, and toppling dictatorships. This work illuminates how the waria see themselves as biologically male, not men. Anatomy is not what gives the waria their gender, their feminine expression and sexual attraction does. Although the waria self-identity as women/waria, in a religious context they perform as men, not women.

Sur le fil invisible reliant la temporalité tridimensionnelle de l'ancestral, du présent et du devenir, se profilent les pas du compositeur. Parcours individuel, traversée sociale, épopée humaine, l'acte créatif émane des profondeurs du ressenti de l'être et des profondeurs de la collectivité sociale. Notre recherche se veut un voyage en vue d'une reconstitution du parcours du dire musical en tant qu'expression de l'être impliquant culturalité et subjectivité compositionnelles et aboutissant à l'œuvre musicale en tant qu'entité-signe. En consacrant notre réflexion aux musiques modales arabo-musulmanes de tradition orale, nous développerons dans ce cadre une théorie des strates englobant le processus compositionnel dans sa totalité en le considérant comme un processus préparé par une phase pré-œuvre, élaboré en une phase poïétique et aboutissant à l'émergence d'une entité-signe porteuse de sens. La phase pré-œuvre met à contribution les strates profondes, à savoir la strate psychoperceptive empreinte des composantes immatérielles du ressenti modal, la strate neuroesthétique impliquant les prédispositions génétiques et l'impact du milieu culturel pour une imprégnation modale et la strate d'appropriation du mode d'expression propre au langage modal. La phase poïétique s'articule ensuite autour de l'évolution des strates d'influence constituées d'une strate des facteurs motivationnels, d'une strate permettant l'acheminement vers une amorce de l'œuvre et d'une strate de transduction aboutissant à l'œuvre. Après l'étude de la phase pré-œuvre et de la phase poïétique, nous entreprendrons une analyse sémiotique de l'œuvre en tant qu'entité-signe porteuse d'une mosaïque de sens. / On the invisible thread connecting the three-dimensional temporality of the ancestral, the present and the becoming, the figure of the composer looms large. At once an individual trajectory, a social crossing, a human epic, the creative act emanates from the depths of the being and from those of the social community. This research aims to be like a journey where we seek to reconstitute the path of musical telling as an expression of the being, involving both the cultural and subjective dimensions of composition, and leading to the musical work as a sign-entity. In this framework, by devoting our reflection to Arab-Muslim modal music of the oral tradition, a theory of strata will be developed to include the totality of the compositional process considered as a process prepared by a pre-work phase, elaborated into a poietic phase and leading to the emergence of a meaningful sign-entity. The pre-work phase engages deep strata, namely the psychoperceptive stratum imprinted with the immaterial components of modal feeling, the neuroaesthetic stratum implying genetic predispositions and the importance of cultural environment for modal impregnation, and the stratum of the appropriation of the expressive mode specific to modal language. The poietic phase is then organised around the development of the affluence strata constituted by a stratum of motivational factors, a stratum enabling the progression towards the onset of a work and a transduction stratum leading to the work. After the study of the pre-work phase and the poietic phase, we undertake a semiotic analysis of the work as a sign-entity carrying a mosaic of meanings.

The non-interest and profit-loss sharing schemes of Islamic finance (IF) are attracting increasing global attention. Despite exposure to the similar opportunities as other Western countries that have adopted the financial business model there is little evidence of Islamic finance windows operating in the conventional institutions in Canada. This thesis takes a qualitative approach to bring the issue forward in Canadian social science literature by exploring the perceived challenges to, and the potential of, the development of IF offerings with a focus on factors affecting the supply and management decisions in the industry. The study used an inductive approach with archival data and critical survey of literature to arrive at the hypotheses surrounding the challenges. These were tested deductively by semi-structured interviews and panel discussions both in Canada and the US on a sample of senior officials involved in both IF and conventional financial institutions. Using a thematic analysis the study arrived at findings supporting the hypotheses related to awareness, regulation, management intent and internal resources. In the external environment, factors affecting strategic decision on offering IF services are mainly due to regulation, lack of awareness, even among Muslim communities, or misgivings about Sha’riah authenticity. Internally, highly customized IT infrastructures, lack of funds and foreign investment make it unfeasible. Management interest when proposed with the concept is high but not in a top-down manner and there is an overall uncertainty avoidance culture and little proactivity with market research. Access to specific Sha’riah knowledge is not considered a hurdle anymore. It is apparent that investments in Sha’riah compliant stocks would be easiest to set up. Mortgage structures can be affected by the capital market structure, even if not tax structures. Knowledge on this can have implications for banks seeking to expand their investment portfolios and aid government policies.

La publicité est omniprésente sur presque tous les supports médiatiques, dans la presse, à la télévision, à la radio. Depuis plusieurs décennies, son utilisation a connu une expansion et une évolution considérable, mais c’est grâce aux nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication qu’elle a acquis une nouvelle dimension. En effet, la diffusion d’Internet et l’élargissement de ses ressources a permis la mise en place de nouvelles formes de communication de type publicitaire. Celles-ci occupent aujourd’hui une large partie de l’espace virtuel de la toile mondiale.De nombreuses études ont été menées concernant la publicité sur les supports médiatiques traditionnels. La publicité des sites de rencontres sur Internet a toutefois rarement été étudiée de façon approfondie et son discours demeure un terrain relativement nouveau pour la recherche. Ce travail propose donc d’en étudier la sémiologie en s’intéressant à ses formes, ses techniques, son utilisation et ses objectifs.Nous avons choisi comme exemples les discours publicitaire de deux sites en français de cultures différentes, et d’un site en arabe, pour comparer leurs formes respectives d’adaptation à la langue et à la culture des différents publics visés. Les exemples que nous prendrons pour cette étude comparée seront exclusivement tirés des sites - Meetic, site de rencontres dans sa version francophone - Incha’allah, site francophone de rencontres destiné aux Musulmans du monde entier - Iraqroom, site irakien destiné aux arabophones désirant se marier. / Advertising is ubiquitous in nearly all current media : the press, television, radio stations. For several decades, its use has considerably expanded and evolved. Recently, however, it has acquired a new dimension thanks to new, cutting-edge information technologies. Indeed, the spread of the Internet and its expanding resources have ushered in new forms of advertising communication – which occupy a large part of the global Web's virtual space.Many studies have been performed concerning advertising in traditional media. However, messages posted via online dating sites have seldom been seriously investigated. And yet, they can be considered as advertising discourses. Hence, they constitute a relatively new research field.This thesis endeavours to study their semiotics, focusing notably on their various forms, techniques, strategies, and objectives.We chose to analyse the advertising discourses published on two French dating sites steeped in two different cultures, and on an Arab site – to compare their respective ways of adjusting to the language and cultural environment of their different targeted audiences.We focused our research on the following Internet dating sites : Meetic, in its French-language version Inch’Allah, a French-language site aimed at Muslims around the world. Iraqroom, an Iraqi site targeting Arab-speaking persons wishing to marry.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-25T12:57:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 eniomarcosdeoliveira.pdf: 1019097 bytes, checksum: f6f07fb49d39201c72e3d1d1105acd75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T19:29:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 eniomarcosdeoliveira.pdf: 1019097 bytes, checksum: f6f07fb49d39201c72e3d1d1105acd75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T19:29:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eniomarcosdeoliveira.pdf: 1019097 bytes, checksum: f6f07fb49d39201c72e3d1d1105acd75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-02 / Esta tese analisa a trajetória de Francisco de Assis e o significado do encontro com o Sultão num período de conflitos entre cristãos e muçulmanos, durante a V Cruzada. A vida segundo a forma do Santo Evangelho e a escolha da Minoridade como modo de ser no mundo abriram caminhos para que Francisco de Assis pudesse ser apontado como um buscador do diálogo inter-religioso. Sua postura e seus textos são analisados nesta pesquisa através de autores que escreveram sobre o encontro acontecido entre Francisco de Assis e o Sultão Malek-al-Kamil, em Damieta, no ano de 1219, um encontro claramente dialogal. A pesquisa foi dividida em três Partes e em sete Capítulos, contendo a primeira Parte, três Capítulos, e a segunda e terceira Partes, dois Capítulos cada uma. Na primeira Parte foi abordado o processo de conversão pelo qual passou Francisco; na segunda Parte foi abordado o processo de evolução da fraternidade formada ao redor de Francisco, a constituição da Regra de vida da Ordem, os momentos de aproximação e de distanciamento da visão de Francisco diante da visão da Igreja. Na terceira e última Partes foram abordados os textos e atos de Francisco que mostram como o seu projeto de vida segundo a forma do Santo Evangelho e a escolha da minoridade o apontam como um buscador de diálogo. / This thesis seeks to analyze the trajectory of Francisco de Assis and the meaning of his meeting with the sultan in a time of conflicts between Christians and Muslims during the V Crusades. Life according to the Holy Gospel and the Minority's choice as to how to exist in the world opened up paths so that Francisco de Assis could be appointed as a man who searched for inter religious dialogue. His stance and his texts are analyzed in this research through authors that wrote about the meeting that occurred between Francisco de Assis and Sultan malek-al-kamil in the city of Damieta in the year 1219-- it was clearly meeting for dialogue. The research was divided into three parts and seven chapters. The first part has three chapters, and the second and third have two each. The first part contains the process of conversion in which Francisco went through, the second part contains the process of the evolution of the brotherhood formed around Francisco, a constitution of the Law of Life of Order, the moments of nearing and distancing of the vision of Francisco compared to the church's vision. The third and last part explain Francisco's texts and acts show how his life project according to a form of the Holy Gospel and the choice of the minority indicate him as a dialogue seeker.