A l'occasion de deux recherches menées autour de la question de l'éducation à l'environnement et au développement durable nous avons pu observer que ce champ était exposé à des controverses de tous ordres : scientifiques, éthiques, politiques, techniques, etc… autant que piégé par toutes sortes de représentations sociales fondées ou erronées. Le corollaire pratique de ces controverses a été le recours au débat comme moyen de mieux comprendre les enjeux en présence, de dépasser les représentations « automatiques » ou « aveugles » de la réalité afin de prendre des décisions raisonnables. Notre problématique porte sur l'identification des conditions d'efficacité du débat réglé et argumenté, et sur l'observation des mécanismes qui permettent au débat de servir de cadre pour l'apprentissage à la mise en problème, à la co construction de savoirs et à l'éducation à la citoyenneté dans et hors l'école, mais aussi dans les organisations, depuis les associations jusqu'aux entreprises. Notre thèse est qu'il existe, dans la forme même des débats et plus largement des échanges langagiers, une articulation génératrice d'apprentissages et de volonté d'agir, entre d'une part les types d'arguments élaborés et exposés par les locuteurs et d'autre part la manière dont s'effectuent les échanges. Autrement dit, il existe une relation d'ordre cognitif entre effort de rationalisation au niveau des argumentations et effort de communication au niveau des interactions langagières. / On the occasion of two researches around the issue of environmental education and sustainable development we have seen that this field was exposed to all kinds of controversy: scientific, ethical, political, technical, etc. as well as trapped by all kinds of social representations based or erroneous. The practical corollary of this controversy was the use of debate as a means to better understand the issues at stake, beyond the representations of "automatic" or "blind" to reality in order to make reasonable decisions.Our problem concerns the identification of the conditions of efficiency and reasoned debate settled, and observation mechanisms that allow the debate to provide a framework for learning the setting problem, the co-construction of knowledge and citizenship education in and out of school, but also in organizations, from associations to businesses. Our work will focus on describing these conditions and lead to the development of a typology of debates according to criteria of greater or lesser efficiency in terms of problematization, co-construction of knowledge and effective action. Our thesis is that there exists, in the form of debates and more broadly language exchanges, generating a joint learning and willingness to act, on the one hand between the types of arguments developed and presented by the speakers and secondly how to perform the exchange. In other words, there is a relationship between cognitive rationalization at the level of argumentation and communication efforts at linguistic interactions.

Abstract Title: Manipulation or relation – the language as an instrument for influence (relation eller manipulation – om språket som medel för påverkan) Number of pages: 42 Author: Matilde Johansson Tutor: Peder Hård af Segerstad Course: Media and Communication Studies C Period: Autumn term 2007 University: Division of Media and communication, Department of information science, Uppsala university Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is to gain a deeper understanding of how communication consultants work with communication. The purpose is to sort out whether or not the consultants have the same view in their strategic work with influence as they have when they build relations to customers. In the end the essay will answer if the perspective is the same between their strategic work, their relations and the research definition of how to obtain a genuine dialogue and a good relationship. Material/Method: This is a qualitative research. I have interviewed five communication consultants from three different corporations. In the analysis the data from the interviews will be applied with relevant communication theory. Main results: In broad outline the result shows that communication consultants see communication mainly as a verbal instrument with a capacity to influence other people through the conversations between them. It’s the integration and the talk between people that affects them and make changes possible. In their relations with customers they strive for a personal relationship based on dialogue and mutual understanding. To affect others they work with word-of-mouth and storytelling, both of these strategic types deal with verbal communication and networking. The conclusion is that they mainly base their view of communication from a cultural perspective. Key Words: Communication consultants, public relation, relation, dialogue, influence, cultural perspective, sensemaking, mutual understanding, people who influence people, word-of-mouth, storytelling

This thesis examines the rapport building that occurs between rangatahi Māori whaiora (adolescent Māori who use mental health services) and Māori social workers in the field of community mental health. Six Māori social workers were interviewed to explore how they view and practice rapport building with rangatahi Māori whaiora. The Māori social workers were able to provide valuable perspectives based on years of personal and professional experience. The research was conducted using a social constructionist perspective, informed and guided by Māori-centred research principles. A qualitative research method was used and both Massey University and Māori ethical considerations thoroughly explored. Face to face interviews guided by an integrated practice framework, enabled the voices of the Māori social workers to be heard, eliciting in detail where their views have come from. The findings from the research showed that Māori social workers view rapport as essential in their practice and therefore they practice in a way that facilitates this with rangatahi. The social workers utilise their values and beliefs in their practice, according to their worldview; how they were raised; what they have experienced, and what they have learned. Specifically, Māori social workers identified the importance of practicing with a Māori worldview, therefore enabling physical connection, spiritual connection, and cultural connection with the rangatahi. These all contributed towards rapport building with the rangatahi and also their whānau. The importance of action reflection processes were also highlighted. This is due to the balance required from Māori social workers to fulfil the needs of the rangatahi as aligned with their values and beliefs, while meeting the requirements of the organisation, profession and wider community. This thesis explores these key findings.

The thesis is devoted to the topics of multicultural and intercultural education. The aim of the thesis is to illustrate the cross-sectional theme of multicultural education and its shift to intercultural education. The aim of the empirical part is to contribute to intercultural understanding through a thematic series of art assignments with intercultural content. In the reflective balances of past art blocks, the research probe uses the open coding method to find answers to research questions. The author's own collection, presenting the pupil's final work, forms part of every artistic assignment carried out.

Kommunikation genom visuella representationer utgör ett kraftfullt verktyg för att skapa hållbar kod, vilket motverkar teknisk skuld. Förståelse, samsyn och de visuella representationernas utformning är avgörande för att nyttja verktygets fulla potential. Forskning kring visuella representationer, som kommunikationsmedel och dess effekter inom systemutveckling, är begränsad. I studien undersöktes samsyn kring visuella representationer som en delinsats mot teknisk skuld, där datainsamling och analys utformades med stöd av  ramverket Directives of Communicability. Yrkesrollerna utvecklare, teknisk ledare och arkitekt inom organisationen Svenska Spel deltog i en fallstudie, där resultatet visar att det till stor del finns en generell samsyn kring visuella representationer. Brister framkom mellan skapare och mottagare, vilket resulterade i råd kring standardisering. Studien visar även på brister som inte ryms i ramverket Directives of Communicability, vilket resulterade i Kontext och syfte, samt Uppdelning och dokumentstruktur som förslag på komplement till ramverkets grundsatser. Ramverkets praktiska definition av skapare och mottagare som två skilda entiteter, visar sig vara svårapplicerat i en verklig kontext och ytterligare studier kring ramverket vore värdefull för vidare forskning kring problemområdet. / Communication through visual representations constitutes a powerful tool in creating sustainable code, thus mitigating technical debt. Understanding, consensus, and design aspects are crucial in order to achieve this tool's full potential. Research on communication through visual representations and its effects on system development is limited. The study examined mutual understanding regarding visual representations as a means of reducing technical debt. The data collection and analysis were designed with guidance from the framework, Directives of Communicability. The roles of developer, technical leader, and architect within the organization, Svenska Spel, participated in a case study, where the results largely indicate a general mutual understanding regarding visual representations. Deficiencies emerged in the interactions between producer and consumer, resulting in recommendations for standardization. The study also identified deficiencies which fall outside of the Directives of Communicability, resulting in the complementary principles, Context and Purpose, as well as Division and Document Structure, being proposed to the framework. The framework's strict definition of producers and consumers as two distinct entities proves difficult to apply in a real-world context, and further research on the framework would be valuable for the problem domain.

L’enseignement du malgache, langue maternelle et officielle à Madagascar, se trouve dans une position complexe car il ne permet pas aux enfants issus des classes primaires d’avoir les compétences escomptées en apprentissage de langues. Depuis l’avènement de la première république en 1958, les différents programmes scolaires qui se sont succédé n’affichent clairement ni des dispositions linguistiques face aux différentes variétés du malgache, ni des recommandations méthodologiques répondant aux besoins de l’apprentissage dans le contexte plurilingue où évoluent les élèves malgaches. Le système éducatif actuel devrait donc être revu pour être conforme à l’optique de la didactique intégrée et de l’intercompréhension. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette optique. Elle est le fruit des enquêtes et des observations des formations des enseignants ainsi que des pratiques de classes dans plusieurs établissements de Madagascar, menées en 2010-2012. Elle soulève les enjeux politique, pédagogique et didactique de l’élaboration du programme scolaire, qui devrait être le principal outil des différents acteurs pédagogiques. / Teaching Malagasy, which is the native and official language in Madagascar, is in a complex position because it does not enable children who completed primary classes to have the skills expected in learning languages. Since the advent of the first republic in 1958, the various school curricula which have followed one another do not show clearly either linguistic capacities in front of the different varieties of the Malagasy, or methodological recommendations meeting the needs of learning in the multilingual context where the Malagasy pupils are developing. The current education system should therefore be reconsidered so as to be in accordance with the perspective of integrated didactics and mutual understanding. This thesis is part of this perspective. It is the fruit of inquiries and observations based on the training sessions provided to teachers as well as on the classroom practices in several schools of Madagascar, which were conducted in 2010-2012. It raises the political, educational and didactic issues in developing school curricula, which should be the main tool of the various educational actors.

Discontent with preaching as mode of communication is the problem statement of this study. The authoritative nature of deductive preaching is mirrored by the exploratory, "discovery nature" of inductive models, emphasizing how dialogical preaching is enhanced by incorporating inductive elements into preaching. Meaning production and levels of meaning were studied, and a hermeneutical model for Pentecostal churches were proposed. Dialogical preaching as attitude and principle as well as method was looked at, and the role of interactive participative communication in the dialogic process was described. Special emphasis was placed on the Parable, the metaphor and narrative preaching as models for inductive preaching, and the development and phases of the "plot" was examined. Bridging models between inductive and deductive styles were explored, while two dialogical tools for preparation of sermons were designed. / Practical Theology / Th.M. (Practical theology)

Text in English / This study adopted a quantitative approach in order to produce numbers in relation to the diffusion of the new media. A descriptive quantitative survey was conducted – with sampling done in multi-stage probability – which comprised clustering, simple random, systematic, stratified sampling techniques, convenience and census sampling. A sample size of 379 respondents was selected, comprising 347 citizen-respondents and 32 government communicators (heads of communication). Data was collected utilising two (2) standardised questionnaires – one tailor-made for the citizens and the other for government communicators. Informed by the Diffusion of Innovations theory, this study has established that new media channels have difussed extensively within communities in the Province of Mpumalanga. This has provided a strong motivation to recommend that the communication policy of the South African government be amended, to include new media channels, like social media, as official government communication channels. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

Discontent with preaching as mode of communication is the problem statement of this study. The authoritative nature of deductive preaching is mirrored by the exploratory, "discovery nature" of inductive models, emphasizing how dialogical preaching is enhanced by incorporating inductive elements into preaching. Meaning production and levels of meaning were studied, and a hermeneutical model for Pentecostal churches were proposed. Dialogical preaching as attitude and principle as well as method was looked at, and the role of interactive participative communication in the dialogic process was described. Special emphasis was placed on the Parable, the metaphor and narrative preaching as models for inductive preaching, and the development and phases of the "plot" was examined. Bridging models between inductive and deductive styles were explored, while two dialogical tools for preparation of sermons were designed. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / Th.M. (Practical theology)