<p>Despite being distributed worldwide and easily collected, the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of Ptiliidae Heer, 1843, or featherwing beetles, have not been well studied. In a study from 2007 to 2009, Ptiliidae were extracted from various polypore fungi collected throughout Costa Rica in an effort to expand biogeographic knowledge of Ptiliidae. Fungi and Ptiliidae were identified to genera and collection sites mapped. Beetle genera are able to inhabit different polypore genera and were found at a higher rate of co-occurrence than reported in previous studies. We identified <i>Cylindrosella costariciensis </i><b>sp. n.</b>, with the potential of two more new species to be described.</p>

<p>  </p> <p>Emerging pathogenic fungi have become a topic of conservation concern due to declines seen in several host taxa. One newly emerging fungal pathogen, <em>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</em>, has been well documented as the causative agent of Snake Fungal Disease (SFD). SFD has been found in a variety of snake species across the United States, including the Eastern Massasauga (<em>Sistrurus catenatus</em>), a federally threatened rattlesnake species. Most work to date has involved detecting SFD for diagnosis of infection through direct sampling from snakes. Attempts to detect <em>O. ophiodiicola</em> in the environment to better understand its distribution, seasonality, and habitat associations are lacking. I collected topsoil and ground water samples from four macrohabitat types in northern Michigan at a site where SFD infection has been seen in Eastern Massasauga. I used a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) developed for diagnosis of SFD after extracting DNA from samples. <em>Ophidiomyces</em> DNA was successfully detected in topsoil, with minimal to no detection in groundwater samples. The frequency in which <em>Ophidiomyces</em> was detected in a sample did not differ between habitats, but samples grouped seasonally showed higher detection occurring during mid-summer. Investigation of the correlation of environmental parameters on <em>Ophidiomyces</em> occurrence recovered no relationships. Our data suggests that season has some effect on the presence of <em>Ophidiomyces</em>. Differences between habitats may exist but are likely more dependent on the time of sampling and currently uninvestigated soil parameters. These findings build on our understanding of <em>Ophidiomyces</em> ecology and epidemiology and inform where snakes like the Eastern Massasauga may be encountering the fungal pathogen. Furthermore, they assist with developing conservation practices aimed at reducing <em>O. ophiodiicola </em>exposure in imperiled snake species. </p>

No description available.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A frequência de Candida parapsilosistem apresentado considerável aumento em UTIs neonatais. Embora a taxa de resistência dessa espécie aos azólicos seja baixa, recentemente têm sido relatados surtos de candidemia por isolados resistentes. A capacidade de adesão e formação de biofilme por essa espécie confere maior potencial patogênico e resistência aos antifúngicos. Portanto, a vigilância epidemiológica, tanto da resistência aos antifúngicos como da virulência dos isolados, é fundamental para o controle e prevenção das infecções e surtoshospitalares. A técnica de MALDI-TOF MS pode ser uma ferramenta útil para realizar análises proteômicas das células planctônicas e sésseis de Candida parapsilosis,e identificar possíveis alvos terapêuticos ou biomarcadores, específicos do biofilme. MÉTODOS: Isolados clínicos do complexo Candida parapsilosis de dois hospitais universitários públicos brasileiros, foram submetidos à identificação por RAPD, RFLP e MALDI-TOF MS e aos testes de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos. Ensaios de formação de biofilme foram realizados para quantificar a biomassa, a atividade metabólica e ainda, avaliar atividade in vitrodos antifúngicos contra as células sésseis dos isolados com alta formação de biofilme. A análise proteômica por MALDI-TOF MS das células planctônicas e sésseis dos isolados com alta formação de biofilme, foi realizada nas plataformas VITEK-MS(TM) e Microflex(TM). Isolados de Candida parapsilosis (sensu stricto) foram genotipados por PFGE e análise de microssatélites. Os genótipos foram correlacionados com dadosclínicos, para investigar a ocorrência de um surto em CTI adulto, e as sequências do gene ERG11dos isolados não suscetíveis aos azólicos (NSA) foram analisadas. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidos 38 isolados do complexo Candida parapsilosis, sendo Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) a espécie de maior frequência, superando 80% em ambos os hospitais, seguida de C. orthopsilosis e C. metapsilosis. Embora todos os isolados tenham sido suscetíveis à anfotericina B ( < 2 mg/L) e apresentado suscetibilidade intermediária à anidulafungina, caspofungina e micafungina ( > 0,002 mg/L), elevada frequência de não suscetibilidade (resistência ou suscetibilidade intermediária) ao fluconazol e voriconazol foi observada entre isolados de um dos hospitais. Alta formação de biofilme foi observada apenas entre os isolados da espécie Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto). Por outro lado, a maioria dos isolados NSA, apresentou baixa formação de biofilme e baixa atividade metabólica. Apenas anfotericina B apresentou atividade contra os biofilmes de Candida parapsilosis. As duas plataformas de MALDI-TOF MS conseguiram diferenciar os perfis proteômicos das células planctônicas e sésseis dos isolados. A genotipagem de Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) revelou a persistência de isolados clonais NSA e a mutação A395T no gene ERG11foi identificada exclusivamente entre os isolados resistentes ao azólicos. O uso de corticosteroide foi associado, estatisticamente, com a ocorrência de isolados clonais NSA. CONCLUSÕES: Candida parapsilosis (sensu stricto) se mantém como a principal espécie do complexo em infecções sanguíneas. Isolados resistentes aos azólicos, com mutações no gene ERG11, ocorreram nos dois hospitais avaliados. A correlação dos genótipos com os dados clínicos evidenciou a ocorrência de um surto envolvendo isolados clonais NSA, com associação estatisticamente significativa, ao uso prévio de corticosteroides. Candida parapsilosis (sensu stricto) foi a única espécie que apresentou alta formação de biofilme, o qual demonstrou elevada resistência às equinocandinas. As duas plataformas de MALDI-TOF MS, diferenciaram os perfis proteômicos, das células planctônicas e sésseis de Candida parapsilosis, demonstrando o potencial emprego dessa tecnologia na identificação de possíveis alvos terapêuticos ou biomarcadores, específicos de biofilmes / INTRODUCTION: The frequency of Candida parapsilosis isolates has increased considerably in neonatal ICUs. Although resistance to azoles is usually low in this species, candidemia outbreaks by resistant isolates have been recently reported. Theability of adhesion and biofilm formation by this species confers higher pathogenic potential and resistance to antifungal agents. Therefore, establishment of profiles of antifungal susceptibility and virulence, besides the epidemiological surveillance ofC. parapsilosisisolates are essential for the control and prevention of nosocomial infections and outbreaks. The MALDI-TOF MS technique can be a useful tool to perform proteomic analyzes of the planktonic and sessile cells of Candida parapsilosis, identifying possible biofilm-specific therapeutic targets or biomarkers. METHODS: Candida parapsilosisclinical isolates from two Brazilian public university hospitals were identified by RAPD, RFLP and MALDI-TOF MS and submitted to antifungal susceptibility tests. Biofilm formation assays were carried out to quantify the biomass and metabolic activity, and to evaluate the in vitroactivity of antifungal drugs against the sessile cells of the isolates with high biofilm formation. Proteomic analysis of the planktonic and sessile cells of the isolates with high biofilm formation was performed in two MALDI-TOF MS platforms, VITEK-MS(TM) and Microflex(TM). Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) isolates were genotyped by PFGE and microsatellite analysis. The genotypes were correlated with clinical data to investigate the occurrence of an outbreak in the adult ICU andERG11gene sequences from non-susceptible to azoles (NSA) isolates were also analyzed. RESULTS: 38 clinical isolates of the Candida parapsilosiscomplex were obtained, with Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) being the most frequent species (exceeding 80% in both hospitals), followed by C. orthopsilosisand C. metapsilosis. Although all isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B ( < 2 mg/L) and showed intermediate susceptibility to anidulafungin, caspofungin e micafungin ( > 0,002 mg/L), high frequency of non-susceptibility (resistance or intermediate susceptibility) to fluconazole and voriconazole was observed among isolates from one of the hospitals. High biofilm formation was only observed among isolates of the Candida parapsilosis. (sensu stricto) species. On the other hand, most of the NSA isolates presented low biofilm formation and low metabolic activity. Only amphotericin B showed activity against Candida parapsilosisbiofilms. The two MALDI-TOF MS platforms were able to differentiate the proteomic profiles of planktonic and sessile cells of isolates. Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) genotyping revealed the persistence of clonal NSA isolates. The A395T mutation in the ERG11gene was identified exclusively among azole resistant isolates. The use of corticosteroid was statistically associated with the occurrence of clonal NSA isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) remains the main species of the complex in bloodstream infections. Azole-resistant isolates with mutations in the ERG11gene are emerging in the two hospitals evaluated. Additionally, the correlation between the genotypes and the clinical data showed the occurrence of an outbreak involving isolates resistant to azoles, with a statistically significant association with previous use of corticosteroids. Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) was the only species that presented high biofilm formation and resistance against echinocandins. The two MALDI-TOF MS platforms differentiated the proteomic profiles of the planktonic and sessile cells of Candida parapsilosis, demonstrating the potential use of this technology to identify possible biofilm-specific therapeutic targets or biomarkers

INTRODUÇÃO: A frequência de Candida parapsilosistem apresentado considerável aumento em UTIs neonatais. Embora a taxa de resistência dessa espécie aos azólicos seja baixa, recentemente têm sido relatados surtos de candidemia por isolados resistentes. A capacidade de adesão e formação de biofilme por essa espécie confere maior potencial patogênico e resistência aos antifúngicos. Portanto, a vigilância epidemiológica, tanto da resistência aos antifúngicos como da virulência dos isolados, é fundamental para o controle e prevenção das infecções e surtoshospitalares. A técnica de MALDI-TOF MS pode ser uma ferramenta útil para realizar análises proteômicas das células planctônicas e sésseis de Candida parapsilosis,e identificar possíveis alvos terapêuticos ou biomarcadores, específicos do biofilme. MÉTODOS: Isolados clínicos do complexo Candida parapsilosis de dois hospitais universitários públicos brasileiros, foram submetidos à identificação por RAPD, RFLP e MALDI-TOF MS e aos testes de suscetibilidade aos antifúngicos. Ensaios de formação de biofilme foram realizados para quantificar a biomassa, a atividade metabólica e ainda, avaliar atividade in vitrodos antifúngicos contra as células sésseis dos isolados com alta formação de biofilme. A análise proteômica por MALDI-TOF MS das células planctônicas e sésseis dos isolados com alta formação de biofilme, foi realizada nas plataformas VITEK-MS(TM) e Microflex(TM). Isolados de Candida parapsilosis (sensu stricto) foram genotipados por PFGE e análise de microssatélites. Os genótipos foram correlacionados com dadosclínicos, para investigar a ocorrência de um surto em CTI adulto, e as sequências do gene ERG11dos isolados não suscetíveis aos azólicos (NSA) foram analisadas. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidos 38 isolados do complexo Candida parapsilosis, sendo Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) a espécie de maior frequência, superando 80% em ambos os hospitais, seguida de C. orthopsilosis e C. metapsilosis. Embora todos os isolados tenham sido suscetíveis à anfotericina B ( < 2 mg/L) e apresentado suscetibilidade intermediária à anidulafungina, caspofungina e micafungina ( > 0,002 mg/L), elevada frequência de não suscetibilidade (resistência ou suscetibilidade intermediária) ao fluconazol e voriconazol foi observada entre isolados de um dos hospitais. Alta formação de biofilme foi observada apenas entre os isolados da espécie Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto). Por outro lado, a maioria dos isolados NSA, apresentou baixa formação de biofilme e baixa atividade metabólica. Apenas anfotericina B apresentou atividade contra os biofilmes de Candida parapsilosis. As duas plataformas de MALDI-TOF MS conseguiram diferenciar os perfis proteômicos das células planctônicas e sésseis dos isolados. A genotipagem de Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) revelou a persistência de isolados clonais NSA e a mutação A395T no gene ERG11foi identificada exclusivamente entre os isolados resistentes ao azólicos. O uso de corticosteroide foi associado, estatisticamente, com a ocorrência de isolados clonais NSA. CONCLUSÕES: Candida parapsilosis (sensu stricto) se mantém como a principal espécie do complexo em infecções sanguíneas. Isolados resistentes aos azólicos, com mutações no gene ERG11, ocorreram nos dois hospitais avaliados. A correlação dos genótipos com os dados clínicos evidenciou a ocorrência de um surto envolvendo isolados clonais NSA, com associação estatisticamente significativa, ao uso prévio de corticosteroides. Candida parapsilosis (sensu stricto) foi a única espécie que apresentou alta formação de biofilme, o qual demonstrou elevada resistência às equinocandinas. As duas plataformas de MALDI-TOF MS, diferenciaram os perfis proteômicos, das células planctônicas e sésseis de Candida parapsilosis, demonstrando o potencial emprego dessa tecnologia na identificação de possíveis alvos terapêuticos ou biomarcadores, específicos de biofilmes / INTRODUCTION: The frequency of Candida parapsilosis isolates has increased considerably in neonatal ICUs. Although resistance to azoles is usually low in this species, candidemia outbreaks by resistant isolates have been recently reported. Theability of adhesion and biofilm formation by this species confers higher pathogenic potential and resistance to antifungal agents. Therefore, establishment of profiles of antifungal susceptibility and virulence, besides the epidemiological surveillance ofC. parapsilosisisolates are essential for the control and prevention of nosocomial infections and outbreaks. The MALDI-TOF MS technique can be a useful tool to perform proteomic analyzes of the planktonic and sessile cells of Candida parapsilosis, identifying possible biofilm-specific therapeutic targets or biomarkers. METHODS: Candida parapsilosisclinical isolates from two Brazilian public university hospitals were identified by RAPD, RFLP and MALDI-TOF MS and submitted to antifungal susceptibility tests. Biofilm formation assays were carried out to quantify the biomass and metabolic activity, and to evaluate the in vitroactivity of antifungal drugs against the sessile cells of the isolates with high biofilm formation. Proteomic analysis of the planktonic and sessile cells of the isolates with high biofilm formation was performed in two MALDI-TOF MS platforms, VITEK-MS(TM) and Microflex(TM). Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) isolates were genotyped by PFGE and microsatellite analysis. The genotypes were correlated with clinical data to investigate the occurrence of an outbreak in the adult ICU andERG11gene sequences from non-susceptible to azoles (NSA) isolates were also analyzed. RESULTS: 38 clinical isolates of the Candida parapsilosiscomplex were obtained, with Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) being the most frequent species (exceeding 80% in both hospitals), followed by C. orthopsilosisand C. metapsilosis. Although all isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B ( < 2 mg/L) and showed intermediate susceptibility to anidulafungin, caspofungin e micafungin ( > 0,002 mg/L), high frequency of non-susceptibility (resistance or intermediate susceptibility) to fluconazole and voriconazole was observed among isolates from one of the hospitals. High biofilm formation was only observed among isolates of the Candida parapsilosis. (sensu stricto) species. On the other hand, most of the NSA isolates presented low biofilm formation and low metabolic activity. Only amphotericin B showed activity against Candida parapsilosisbiofilms. The two MALDI-TOF MS platforms were able to differentiate the proteomic profiles of planktonic and sessile cells of isolates. Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) genotyping revealed the persistence of clonal NSA isolates. The A395T mutation in the ERG11gene was identified exclusively among azole resistant isolates. The use of corticosteroid was statistically associated with the occurrence of clonal NSA isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) remains the main species of the complex in bloodstream infections. Azole-resistant isolates with mutations in the ERG11gene are emerging in the two hospitals evaluated. Additionally, the correlation between the genotypes and the clinical data showed the occurrence of an outbreak involving isolates resistant to azoles, with a statistically significant association with previous use of corticosteroids. Candida parapsilosis(sensu stricto) was the only species that presented high biofilm formation and resistance against echinocandins. The two MALDI-TOF MS platforms differentiated the proteomic profiles of the planktonic and sessile cells of Candida parapsilosis, demonstrating the potential use of this technology to identify possible biofilm-specific therapeutic targets or biomarkers

A characteristic feature of species of Trichoderma is the production of concentric rings of conidia in response to alternating light-dark conditions. In response to a single burst of light, a single ring of conidia forms at what was the colony perimeter. On the basis of these observations, competency to photoconidiate has been proposed to be due to the age and metabolic rate of the hyphal cell. In this study, conidiation was investigated in five biocontrol isolates (T. hamatum, T. atroviride, T. asperellum, T. virens and T. harzianum) using both a morphological and molecular approach. All five isolates produced concentric conidial rings under alternating light-dark conditions on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), however, in response to a 15 min burst of blue light, only T. asperellum and T. virens produced a clearly, defined conidial ring which correlated with the colony margin at the time of light exposure. Both T. harzianum and T. hamatum photoconidiated in a disk-like fashion and T. atroviride produced a broken ring with a partially filled in appearance. On the basis of these results, it was postulated that competency to photoconidiate is a factor of the metabolic state of the hyphal cell rather than chronological age or metabolic rate. The influence of the source of nitrogen on photoconidiation was assessed on pH-buffered (pH 5.4) minimal medium (MM) amended with glutamine, urea or KNO₃. In the presence of glutamine or urea, T. asperellum and T. harzianum conidiated in a disk, whereas, when KNO₃ was the sole nitrogen source, a ring of conidia was produced. Further, in the presence of increasing amounts of glutamine, the clearly defined photoconidial ring produced on PDA by T. asperellum became disk-like. These results clearly demonstrated that primary nitrogen promotes photoconidiation in these isolates and strongly suggests that competency of a hyphal cell to conidiate in response to light is dependent on the nitrogen catabolite repression state of the cell. The experiments were repeated for all five isolates on unbuffered MM. Differences were apparent between the buffered and unbuffered experiments for T. atroviride. No photoconidiation was observed in T. atroviride on buffered medium whereas on unbuffered medium, rings of conidia were produced on both primary and secondary nitrogen. These results show that photoconidiation in T. atroviride is influenced by the buffering capacity of the medium. Conidiation in response to light by T. hamatum and T. virens was absent in all nitrogen experiments, regardless of the nitrogen source and buffering capacity, whereas both isolates conidiated in response to light on PDA. These results imply that either both sources of nitrogen are required for photoconidiation, or a factor essential for conidiation in these two isolates was absent in the minimal medium. Mycelial injury was also investigated in five biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma. On PDA, all isolates except T. hamatum conidiated in response to injury. On nitrogen amended MM, conidiation in response to injury was again observed in all isolates except for T. hamatum. In T. atroviride, injury-induced conidiation was observed on all medium combinations except the pH-buffered MM amended with glutamine or urea and T. virens conidiated in response to injury on primary nitrogen only, regardless of the buffering capacity. These results have revealed conidiation in response to injury to be differentially regulated between isolates/species of Trichoderma. On unbuffered MM amended with glutamine or urea, conidiation in response to injury occurred at the colony perimeter only in T. atroviride. It was hypothesised that the restriction of conidiation to the perimeter may be due to changes in the pH of the agar. The experiment was repeated and the pH values of the agar under the growing colony measured at the time of light induction (48 h) or injury (72 h). The areas under the hyphal fronts were acidified to below the starting value of the medium (pH 5.4) and the centres of the plates were alkalinised. The region of acidification at the time of stimuli correlated with the production of conidia, which implicates a role for crossregulation of conidiation by the ambient pH. The influence of the ambient pH on injury-induced conidiation was investigated in T. hamatum and T. atroviride on MM amended with glutamine and PDA, pH-buffered from pH 2.8 to 5.6. Thickening of the hyphae around the injury site was observed at the lowest pH values on MM in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum, however no conidia were produced, whereas both Trichoderma species conidiated on pH-buffered PDA in a strictly low pH-dependent fashion. This is the first observation of injury-induced conidiation in T. hamatum. The influence of the ambient pH on photoconidiation was assessed in T. hamatum, T. atroviride and T. harzianum using both buffered and unbuffered PDA from pH 2.8 to 5.2. On buffered PDA, no conidiation in response to light was observed above pH 3.2 in T. hamatum, above 4.0 in T. atroviride and above 4.4 in T. harzianum, whereas on unbuffered PDA it occurred at all pH values tested. It was postulated that conidiation at pH values above 4.4 on unbuffered PDA was due to acidification of the agar. The pH values of the agar under the growing colony were measured at the time of light exposure and in contrast to the MM with glutamine experiments, alkalisation of the agar had occurred in both T. atroviride and T. hamatum. No change in medium pH was recorded under the growing T. harzianum colony. These results indicate that low pH-dependence of photoconidiation is directly related to the buffering capacity of the medium. Recent studies have linked regulation of conidiation in T. harzianum to Pac1, the PacC orthologue. In fungi, PacC regulates gene expression in response to the ambient pH. In these studies pH-dependent photoconidiation occurred only on buffered PDA and on unbuffered PDA conidiation occurred at significantly higher ambient pH levels. It is proposed that the influence of ambient pH on conidiation in the isolates used in this study is not due to direct Pac1 regulation. The T. harzianum isolate used in this study produced profuse amounts of the yellow anthraquinone pachybasin. Production of this secondary metabolite was strictly pH-dependent, irrespective of the buffering capacity of the medium. Studies in T. harzianum have linked Pac1 regulation to production of an antifungal α-pyrone. pH-dependence on both buffered and unbuffered media strongly suggests that pachybasin production may also be under the control of Pac1. Photoconidiation studies on broth-soaked filter paper, revealed rhythmic conidiation in the pachybasin producing T. harzianum isolate. Diffuse rings of conidia were produced in dark-grown cultures and, in cultures exposed to light for 15 min at 48 h, the rings were clearly defined. These results show that conidiation is under the control of an endogenous rhythm in T. harzianum and represent the first report of circadian conidiation in a wild-type Trichoderma. A Free-Running Rhythm (FRR) assay was used to investigate rhythmic gene expression in T. atroviride IMI206040 and a mutant derivative, in which the wc-2 orthologue, blr-2, was disrupted. Over a 3 d period, expression of gpd, which encodes the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, oscillated with a period of about 48 h. In the Δblr-2 mutant, the gpd rhythm was absent. These results revealed that in T. atroviride, gpd expression is under the control of an endogenous clock and that clock-regulated expression of gpd is associated with a functional BLR complex. Using degenerate primers, a portion of frq, which encodes the N. crassa clock oscillator FREQUENCY, was isolated from T. atroviride and used to probe the FRR assay northern blots. No frq expression was detected at any time point, which suggests that the circadian clock in Trichoderma does not involve FREQUENCY. In a concurrent study, orthologues of rco-1 (rcoT) were isolated and sequenced from T. atroviride and T. hamatum using a combination of degenerate, inverse and specific PCR. RcoT is an orthologue of the yeast global co-repressor Tup1 and in the filamentous fungi, RcoT orthologues have been demonstrated to negatively regulate conidiation. Genomic analysis of all available rcoT orthologues revealed the conservation of erg3, a major ergosterol biosynthesis gene, upstream from rcoT in ascomycetous filamentous fungi, but not in the ascomycetous yeast or in the basidiomycetes. These studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the regulatory factors controlling conidiation in Trichoderma and have multiple implications for Trichoderma biocontrol; most notable the promotion of conidiation by primary nitrogen and low pH. Incubation conditions can be altered to suit the nitrogen and pH preferences of a biocontrol strain in order to promote cost effective conidial production, however this is not easily achieved in the soil, where the biocontrol strain must perform in a highly buffered environment optimised for plant growth. Successful use of Trichoderma biocontrol strains may involve the screening and targeting of strains to the appropriate pH conditions or the selection of new strains on the basis of capacity to perform under a given range of conditions.

Aboveground and belowground ectomycorrhizal (ECM) communities associated with different age classes of the exotic plantation species Pinus radiata were investigated over the course of two years in the North Island of New Zealand. ECM species were identified with a combined approach of morphological and molecular (restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing) analysis. ECM species richness and diversity of a nursery in Rotorua, and stands of different ages (1, 2, 8, 15 and 26 yrs of age at time of final assessment) in Kaingaroa Forest, were assessed above- and belowground; furthermore, the correlation between the above- and belowground ECM communities was assessed. It was found that the overall and stand specific species richness and diversity of ECM fungi associated with the exotic host tree in New Zealand were low compared to similar forests in the Northern Hemisphere but similar to other exotic plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the course of this study, 18 ECM species were observed aboveground and 19 ECM species belowground. With the aid of molecular analysis the identities of Laccaria proxima and Inocybe sindonia were clarified. In the aboveground study, five species were found associated with P. radiata that were previously not reported with this host in New Zealand (Inocybe sindonia, Lactarius rufus, Lycoperdon gunii, Rhizopogon pseudoroseolus and Wilcoxina mikolae). Belowground, the species Psudotomentella sp., P. tristis, R. luteorubescens, Tomentella sp., Wilcoxina mikolae were found as new associates of P. radiata in New Zealand, additionally nine ECM types were found that could not be identified with molecular analysis. There was little correlation between the species fruiting and the species colonising root tips. Only seven species were found in common between the above- and belowground communities, furthermore the dominant species aboveground were not observed in the belowground ECM communities. The influence of host age on the above- and belowground ECM communities of different age classes of P. radiata plantations was investigated. The aboveground species richness increased from the nursery to the oldest age group investigated (26 yrs), while diversity increased to the 15 yr old age group and decreased slightly to the oldest stand. A clear sequence of ECM species changes was observed to be related to stand age with a growing complexity over the chronosequence. The belowground ECM communities showed a different picture and richness and diversity initially decreased from the nursery to the outplanting but increased thereafter. Belowground no change in ECM composition that was directly related to the age of the host was observed, but two distinct groups of ECM species were found – a 'young' and a 'plantation forest' group, with the respective discriminating species being Rhizopogon rubescens and Type unknown Basidiomycete/Amanita muscaria. Another aspect of the study was the fate of the nursery ECM species in the outplanting and the arrival of non-nursery species. The ECM communities of seedlings in the nursery were investigated in 2006 and these seedlings were followed up over eight assessments in the field for one year, furthermore data from the 1-, 2 and 8 yr old plantation stands was analysed. It was found that the nursery species do survive the first year of outplanting and are dominant in the first year. The first non-nursery species occurred six months after outplanting but was only in minor abundance. Nursery ECM were dominant for two years after the seedlings were planted, and were completely replaced after seven years. Rhizopogon rubescens was found to be the most persistent and dominant species in the outplanting, facilitating the successful establishment of the seedlings in the plantation forest.

La maîtrise du développement des moisissures retrouvées dans le contexte agro-alimentaire parmi les flores microbiennes d'altération ou technologiques répond à des enjeux économiques et sanitaires importants. Le développement des moisissures peut être affecté par des facteurs abiotiques comme la température, l'activité de l'eau (aw) ou la composition gazeuse. L'évaluation de l'effet de ces facteurs via des outils de mycologie prévisionnelle vise à prévoir l'altération fongique des aliments. Ce travail a pour objectif d'explorer l'impact des conditions environnementales sur la physiologie de moisissures d'intérêt pour l'industrie agro-alimentaire.L'effet de la température, de l'aw ajustée par du glycérol ou du chlorure de sodium (NaCl) du pH et de la composition gazeuse a été évalué sur la germination des spores et/ou la croissance radiale de cinq moisissures: Paecilomyces niveus, Mucor lanceolatus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium expansum et Penicillium roqueforti. Au niveau appliqué, ces travaux ont montré que l'effet du NaCl ou de la composition gazeuse peuvent être inclus dans une approche de mycologie prévisionnelle. Le choix des souches représentatives d'une espèce fongique et l'état physiologique des spores utilisées comme inoculum ont un impact significatif sur les modèles prédictifs.Au niveau fondamental, des marqueurs ont été recherchés pour évaluer l'effet des facteurs abiotiques sur la physiologie des spores. La température et l'aw ont un effet significatif sur l'état physiologique des spores et leur germination. La recherche de marqueurs moléculaire, contribuera aux connaissances de l'effet des facteurs abiotiques sur la physiologie des moisissures. / In the food processing industry, controlling the development of filamentous fungi encountered as spoilers or technological cultures address significant economic and sanitary issues. Fungal development in foods is mainly determined by abiotic factors including temperature, water activity (aw) or the headspace gas composition. The quantification of these respective effects through a predictive mycology approach aims at preventing fungal food spoilage. The present work aims at exploring the effect of environmental conditions on the physiology of filamentous fungi of interest in the food processing industry.The effect of temperature, aw (adjusted with glycerol of sodium chloride), pH and headspace gas composition was evaluated on conidial germination and/or radial growth of five fungi isolated from dairy products: Paecilomyces niveus, Mucor lanceolatus, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium roqueforti. The present work suggests that the specific effects of sodium chloride or gas composition could be included in predictive mycology approaches. It was also demonstrated that the selection of strains representative of a fungal species and the physiological state of conidia utilized as inoculum have a significant effect on the final predictive models.At the fundamental level, markers were investigated to study the effect of abitoic factors on the physiological state of spores. The temperature and aw significantly affected the physiological state of spores and their germination kinetics. The investigation of markers at the molecular level could provide better knowledges on the effect of abiotic factors on the physiology of filamentous fungi.

Pichia pastoris, a methylotrophic yeast is widely used for recombinant protein production. It has a well characterized methanol utilization (MUT) pathway, the enzymes of which are induced when cells are cultured in the presence of methanol. In this study, we have identified an unannotated zinc finger protein, which was subsequently named ROP (repressor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK) and characterized its function. ROP expression is induced in P. pastoris cells cultured in biotin depleted glucose ammonium medium as well as a medium containing methanol as the sole source of carbon. In glucose-abundant, biotin depleted cultures, ROP induces the expression of a number of genes including that encoding PEPCK. Interestingly, a strain in which the gene encoding ROP is deleted (ΔROP) exhibits biotin-independent growth. Based on a number of studies, it was proposed that the ability of ΔROP to grow in the absence of biotin is due to the activation of a pyruvate carboxylase-independent pathway of oxaloacetate biosynthesis. It was also proposed that PEPCK, which normally functions as a gluconeogenic enzyme, may act as an anaplerotic enzyme involved in the synthesis of oxaloacetate. ROP was shown to be a key regulator of methanol metabolism when P. pastoris cells are cultured in YPM medium containing yeast extract, peptone and methanol but not YNBM medium containing yeast nitrogen base and methanol. In P. pastoris cells cultured in YPM, ROP functions as a transcriptional repressor of genes encoding key enzymes of the methanol metabolism such as the alcohol oxidase I. (AOXI). Deletion of the gene encoding ROP results in enhanced expression of AOXI and growth promotion while overexpression of ROP results in repression of AOXI and retardation of growth of P. pastoris cultured in YPM medium. Subcellular localization studies indicate that ROP translocates from cytosol to nucleus in cells cultured in YPM but not YNBM. To understand the mechanism of action of ROP, we examined its DNA-binding specificity. The DNA-binding domain of ROP shares 57% amino acid identity with that of Mxr1p, a master regulator of genes of methanol metabolism. We demonstrate that the DNA-binding specificity of ROP is similar to that of Mxr1p and both proteins compete with each other for binding to AOXI promoter sequences. Thus, transcriptional interference due to competition between Mxr1p and ROP for binding to the same promoter sequences is likely to be the mechanism by which ROP represses AOXI expression in vivo. Mxr1p and ROP are examples of transcription factors which exhibit the same DNA-binding specificity but regulate gene expression in an antagonistic fashion.