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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Fungemia por leveduras: perfis fenotípicos e moleculares e sensibilidade antifúngica de amostras isoladas no hospital das clínicas de Botucatu, São Paulo. / Fungemia by yeasts: molecular and phenotypic profiles and susceptibility to antifungal agents of samples isolated at hospital das clínicas de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

Luciana da Silva Ruiz 29 October 2008 (has links)
Os objetivos deste estudo foram: re-identificar 70 isolados de Candida em micoteca por método tradicional e API 20C; identificar a presença de C. dubliniensis; determinar e comparar as concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIMs) das amostras, frente a sete antifúngicos (E-test); caracterizar molecularmente as amostras seqüenciais de Candida pela técnica de PFGE; estudar e comparar o perfil genotípico de isolados de C. albicans e C. parapsilosis, através da análise de marcadores microsatélites e cariotipagem. O nível de concordância entre o método tradicional e o API 20C foi de 93%. Nenhum isolado de C. dubliniensis foi identificado no estudo. Em relação à sensibilidade antifúngica, a maioria das amostras apresentou alta porcentagem de sensibilidade às sete drogas testadas. A análise molecular pela técnica de PFGE, mostrou seis perfis de cariótipos diferentes em 24 amostras seqüenciais. Em relação à comparação das técnicas de PFGE e microssatélites, observamos que a última mostrou maior poder discriminatório para as amostras de estudadas. / This study was aimed to: identify the 70 isolates of Candida in a culture collection by the traditional method and by API 20C; identify the presence of C. dubliniensis; determine and compare the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these samples in regard to the seven drugs (E-test); molecularly characterize sequential samples from the same patient by the PFGE technique; study the genotypic profile of all the isolates of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis by means of the microsatellite technique and compare the results with those obtained by the PFGE technique. The level of agreement between the traditional method and the API 20C was 93%. No isolate of C. dubliniensis was identified in the study. In relation to antifungal susceptibility, most of the samples presented a high percentage of susceptibility to the seven drugs tested. The molecular analysis by the PFGE technique revealed six different karyotype profiles among 24 sequential samples. In the comparison between the PFGE and microsatellite, the latter showed a greater discriminatory power for samples.
102

Proteção ou exacerbação de anticorpos monoclonais gerados contra antígenos de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis na infecção experimental. / Protection or exacerbation of monoclonal antibodies generated against antigens of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the experimental infection.

Luciana Thomaz 25 September 2012 (has links)
Nesse trabalho avaliamos a proteção que o anticorpo monoclonal (AcM) contra CMH e contra Hsp60 fornecem aos animais infectados com as leveduras de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e P. lutzii em modelo profilático. O tratamento com os AcMs de isotipos IgG2a e IgG2b foram protetores, induzindo a secreção das citocinas IL-12p70, IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g e TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a, padrão de resposta imune Th1. Nós mostramos por imunomarcação que moléculas de CMH e Hsp60 estão acessíveis na célula. E o anticorpo monoespecífico contra CMH e os anticorpos policlonais contra melanina, gerados nesse trabalho foram eficazes nos ensaios in vitro de proteção. Foram gerados anticorpos monoclonais contra glicoproteina extraída de Pb18, o AcM reconheceu, por imunomarcação, estruturas internas e a parede celular da levedura. Avaliamos um novo modelo de hospedeiro, com o uso da larva Galleria mellonella, o que pode servir de triagem e reduzir desta forma o uso excessivo de camundongos, as leveduras P. lutzii e H. capsulatum são letais para as larvas e evocam resposta celular que se organizam semelhante a um granuloma. / In this work we evaluated the protection that the monoclonal antibody (MAb) against Hsp60 and against CMH provides the animals infected with the yeast Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii in prophylactic model. The treatment with the MAbs of IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes were protective, inducing the secretion of IL-12p70, IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g and TNF-<font face=\"Symbol\">a, Th1 pattern of immune response. We show by immunogold that Hsp60 and MHC molecules are accessible on the cell. And the monospecific antibody against HCM and polyclonal antibodies against melanin, generated in this study were effective in in vitro assays of protection. Monoclonal antibodies were generated glycoprotein extracted from Pb18, Mab recognized by immunogold, internal structures and cell wall material. Evaluated a new type of host, using the larvae Galleria mellonella, which can serve as a screening and reduce thus the overuse of mice, yeast P. lutzii and H. capsulatum are lethal to larvae and evoke cellular responses that are organized like a granuloma.
103

Identification Of GAL102 Encoded UDP-Glucose 4, 6 Dehydratase Activity, As A Novel Virulence Factor In Candida Albicans

Sen, Manimala 08 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Among fungal pathogens responsible for opportunistic infections, species of the genus Candida have a major role (Mitchell, 1998). Various Candida species cause superficial infections which can be cured by the currently available antifungal arsenal (Noble and Johnson, 2007). However, species of the genus Candida are also responsible for life-threatening systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients with weakened immune system. Among Candida species, C. albicans, which can also be a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections. However, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata because it is less susceptible to azoles. Other medically important Candida species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. dubliniensis. The problem has been further worsened by the emergence of many drug resistant isolates which pose a major hurdle during a given treatment regimen. Therefore, there is a dire need to identify novel drug targets and the current study focuses on one such protein found in C. albicans and related Candida species. CaGAL102 does not encode a functional galactose epimerase CaGAL102 was previously identified in the lab as a paralog of CaGAL10. CaGAL10 endoes a functional UDP-galactose 4-epimerase and it can complement a Scgal10 null strain. Further, work on the Gal10 protein in the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans identified two Gal10 paralogs in the genome, Uge1 and Uge2 with distinct functions (Moyrand et al., 2008). A similar scenario is found in S. pombe in which two Gal10 sequence homologs have been annotated. In the light of these observations, we wanted to test if CaGAL102 also encodes a functional ScGAL10 homolog. We found that CaGAL102 could not complement Scgal10 null strain though there was a strong conservation in the cofactor and the catalytic motif in both the proteins. We found after a careful literature review that Gal10 belongs to a family of proteins called the short chain dehydratase/reductase family (SDR) (Jornvall et al., 1995), members of which are characterised by the presence of glycine rich cofactor binding motif at the N-terminus and an YXXXK catalytic motif. Proteins belonging to the SDR family have a residue level identity of 15-30% indicating early duplication and divergence. Based on our literature survey we carried out a BLAST search in the NCBI protein database using CaGal102 as the bait protein. We found that CaGal102 is 32% identical at the protein level to dTDP-glucose 4,6 dehydratase (RmlB), another member of the SDR family. RmlB is the second enzyme of the rhamnose biosynthetic pathway which gives rise to dTDP-rhamnose. This pathway is involved in cell wall biosynthesis in bacteria and it has been shown that rmlB is essential for growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Li et al, 2006). Interestingly rhamnose is not present in the cell wall of C. albicans. Biochemical characterisation of CaCaGal102 A plant homolog of RmlB is found in A. thaliana which uses UDP-glucose as the substrate (Oka et al., 2007). Based on our alignment data we identified many critical residues in CaGal102. Most importantly we identified that lysine at position 159 lies in the YXXXK motif and could be important for activity. We therefore, mutated the lysine at position 159 to alanine. In order to find out the biochemical function of CaGal102 in vitro, we cloned expressed and purified recombinant wild type and catalytic mutant proteins from E. coli and used the purified proteins for our assays. We found that CaGal102 uses UDP-glucose as the preferred substrate. To further substantiate our data, we reintegrated the wild type or the mutant alleles in the native locus of CaGAL102 and checked for the rescue of morphology defects like filamentation and sensitivity to cell wall damaging agents. We also found that the Cagal102∆/∆ strain is avirulent in a mouse model of systemic infection. We have also carried out infection studies with the null mutant and the wild type and the catalytic mutant reintegrant strains. Our observation suggests that reintegrating one copy of the wild type allele rescues the virulence defect. Interestingly the strain harbouring one copy of the mutant allele behaves like the null mutant in a mouse model of systemic infection. We have also identified sequence homologs of CaGal102 in related Candida species. It is plausible to think that the homologs in related species also have similar effects and hence targeting this protein by a small molecule could help in treating candidiasis caused by related species. CaGAL102 is involved in cell wall architecture in C. albicans To elucidate the role of CaGal102 in C. albicans we generated a knockout out strain and studied various mutant phenotypes. The most striking observation was that the cells of the null mutant were filamentous as compared to the wild type control when grown in normal rich media. Further the cells were sensitive to various cell wall damaging agents and also to hygromycin B. We reasoned that lack of CaGal102 causes perturbation in the cell wall architecture rendering the cells sensitive to various cell wall damaging agents. To further strengthen this hypothesis, we decided to study the genetic interaction of CaGAL102 with genes known to be involved in cell wall biosynthesis in C. albicans. One of the candidate genes we chose for our study was GAL10, deletion of which in C. albicans renders the cells sensitive to various cell wall damaging agents. Loss of function of UGE1 in C. neoformans impaired biosynthesis of a cell wall component, galactoxylomannan. We found that cells lacking both Gal102 and Gal10 adhered to nylon membranes poorly as compared to single mutants or the wild type control. The second gene we chose was a P-type ATPase, PMR1 deletion of which causes increased sensitivity to cell wall damaging agents and hyper-activation of the cell wall integrity pathway similar to Cagal102∆/∆ strain. We found that cells lacking both Pmr1 and Gal102 were more sensitive to hygromycin B as compared to the single mutants. This confirmed our idea that CaGal102 is a novel gene involved in cell wall biogenesis in C. albicans. REFERENCES: Mitchell, A.P. (1998) Dimorphism and virulence in Candida albicans. Curr Opin Microbiol, 1, 687-692. Noble, S.M. and Johnson, A.D. (2007) Genetics of Candida albicans, a diploid human fungal pathogen. Annu Rev Genet, 41, 193-211. Moyrand, F., Lafontaine, I., Fontaine, T. and Janbon, G. (2008) UGE1 and UGE2 regulate the UDP-glucose/UDP-galactose equilibrium in Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell, 7: 2069-2077. Jornvall Hans, Persson Bengt, Krook Maria,‟ Atrian Silvia, Gonzalez-Duarte Roser, Jeffery Jonathan, and Ghosh Debashis (1995). Short-Chain Dehydrogenases Reductases (SDR). Biochemistry, 34: 6004-13. Li, W., Xin, Y., McNeil, M.R. and Ma, Y. (2006) rmlB and rmlC genes are essential for growth of mycobacteria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 342: 170-178. Oka, T., Nemoto, T. and Jigami, Y. (2007) Functional analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana RHM2/MUM4, a multidomain protein involved in UDP-D-glucose to UDP-L-rhamnose conversion. J Biol Chem, 282: 5389-5403.
104

Les récepteurs histidine kinases : structure et distribution chez les eucaryotes et caractérisation fonctionnelle chez l’espèce Scedosporium apiospermum rencontrée au cours de la mucoviscidose. / Histidine kinases : structure and distribution in eukaryotes and functional characterization in Scedosporium apiospermum encountered in cystic fibrosis.

Hérivaux, Anaïs 16 October 2018 (has links)
Les histidine kinases (HKs) représentent une vaste famille de protéines impliquées dans la perception des signaux environnementaux chez les bactéries, les champignons et les plantes. Ces protéines joueraient notamment un rôle majeur dans l’adaptation aux stresses, mais aussi dans la virulence de nombreux micro-organismes procaryotes et eucaryotes. Si les HKs sont à présent bien connues chez les bactéries et les plantes, tant sur un plan structural que fonctionnel, les connaissances concernant ces protéines chez les autres clades de l’arbre du vivant demeurent plus que fragmentaires. C’est ainsi que le premier objectif de ce travail a consisté en l’exploration in silico de la structure et de la distribution des HKs chez les organismes eucaryotes dans le cadre de plusieurs études bioinformatiques : i) chez les champignons inférieurs, ii)chez les levures bourgeonnantes et enfin iii) à travers l’ensemble des super-groupes eucaryotes. Les HKs n’étant pas retrouvées chez les mammifères, elles suscitent depuis quelques années une attention particulière de la communauté scientifique en tant que nouvelles cibles pour le développement d’antimicrobiens. C’est précisément dans ce contexte que la partie expérimentale de ce projet a été initiée au sein du GEIHP. Cette équipe porte en effet ses efforts sur le filamenteux multi-résistant Scedosporium apiospermum qui se situe au second rang parmi les moisissures capables de coloniser chroniquement les poumons des patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Ainsi, dans l’optique d’identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques du champignon, la seconde partie de ce projet s’est focalisée sur la caractérisation fonctionnelle des HKs chez Scedosporium apiospermum. En parallèle, cette étude nous a également amenés à développer de nouveaux outils moléculaires adaptés à S.apiospermum en vue de futures études d’imageries de fluorescence et de bioluminescence. / Histidine kinases (HKs) represent a broad family of proteins involved in the perception of environmental signals in bacteria, fungi and plants.These proteins play a major role in stress adaptation, but also in the virulence of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Although HKs are now well known in bacteria and plants, both structurally and functionally, knowledge about these proteins in other clades of the living tree remains more than fragmentary. Thus the first objective of this work was the in silico exploration of the structure and distribution of HKs in eukaryotic organisms through several bioinformatics studies : i) in the lower fungi, ii)in budding yeasts, and finally iii) across all eukaryotic supergroups. Since HKs are not found in mammals, they have been attracting attention in recent years from the scientific community as new targets for the development of antimicrobials. It is precisely in this context that the experimental part of this project was initiated in the GHEIHP. This team is focusing on the multi-resistant filamentous Scedosporiumapiospermum, which ranks second among the molds capable of chronycally conolizing the lungs of cysticfibrosis patients. Thus, in order to identify new therapeutic targets of the fungus, the second part of this project focused on the functional characterization of HKs in S. apiospermum. In parallel, this study also led us to develop new molecular tools adapted to S. apiospermum for future studies of fluorescence or bioluminescence imaging.
105

Potencial antífungico de extratos de folhas de Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. sobre Aspergillus flavus / Antifungal potential of Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. leaf extracts against Aspergillus flavus

Ceschini, Valmir Carneiro 13 October 2011 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antifúngico contra o fungo Aspergillus flavus, dos extratos de folhas de Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell., preparados a partir de folhas frescas, liofilizadas e secas ao ambiente, sob diferentes tempos de extração e por diferentes solventes extratores, tais como metanol, etanol e água a temperatura ambiente e água a 60ºC. Para mensurar o potencial antifúngico foi utilizada a técnica de poisoned food em meio BDA e o crescimento radial fúngico foi avaliado por seis dias. O percentual de inibição foi avaliado comparando-se as medidas do diâmetro radial de crescimento fúngico dos extratos com as placas controle contendo apenas os solventes. Como controle positivo foi utilizado o óleo essencial de E. staigeriana. Os extratos metanólicos apresentaram o melhor potencial antifúngico, seguido pelos extratos etanólicos e aquosos. A utilização das folhas frescas mostrou-se a melhor forma de preparação e não houve diferença significativa entre os tempos de extração 1h e 24h, indicando como processamento mais viável a extração em 1h. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) foi mensurada para o extrato de melhor desempenho pela técnica de micropoços, aonde o crescimento fúngico foi monitorado por fluorescência derivada da reação da esterase fúngica com o diacetado de fluorescina. E o extrato que obteve o melhor resultado foi o extrato metanólico, com 1h de extração, a partir de folhas liofilizadas de E. staigeriana, e sua MIC foi de 26,75 L/mL, enquanto a do seu óleo essencial foi de 12,5 L/mL, demonstrando a eficiência relativa da extração com solventes extratores e sua praticidade e operacionalidade, quando se comparam com a extração de óleos essenciais. / This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. leaf extracts against Aspergillus flavus. The extracts were prepared using fresh, lyophilized, and air-dried leaves, different extraction times, and different solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, water at room temperature, and water at 60ºC. To measure the antifungal potential, the poisoned food technique was used in PDA medium, and the radial growth of the fungus was evaluated for six days. The percentage of inhibition was assessed by comparing the measurements of the radial growth diameter of the fungus in the extracts with the control plates containing only the solvents. The essential oil of E. staigeriana was used as a positive control. The methanolic extracts presented the best antifungal potential, followed by the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The use of fresh leaves was the best type of preparation and no statistically significant difference between 1-h and 24-h solvent extraction was found, indicating the 1-h extraction process as the most feasible. The extract presenting the best performance using the microwell technique had the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured, and the fungal growth was monitored by fluorescence derived from the fungal esterase reaction with fluorescein diacetate. The extract that achieved the best result the methanolic extract, with 1-h extraction from lyophilized leaves of E. staigeriana, and the MIC was 26.75 L/mL, while the essential oil was 12.5 L/mL, demonstrating the relative efficiency of the solvent extraction and its practicality and easy implementation when compared with the extraction of essential oils.
106

Caracterização das funções dos linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ na cromoblastomicose experimental / Characterization of the functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and T CD8+ in experimental chromoblastomycosis

Sousa, Maria da Gloria Teixeira de 14 September 2005 (has links)
A cromoblastomicose é uma infecção fúngica subcutânea causada por fungos da família Dematiceae sendo o principal agente etiológico o fungo Fonsecaea pedrosoi (F. pedrosoi). Estes fungos induzem uma lesão crônica na pele de freqüente recidivas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos imunológicos na cromoblastomicose experimental através de dois modelos de infecção pelas vias: intraperitoneal (i.p.) e subcutânea (s.c.). No primeiro modelo de infecção pela via s.c. em camundongos BALB/c infectados com 106 conídios de F. pedrosoi, ocorreu a cura espontânea da infecção em aproximadamente 4 semanas. Na subtipagem de linfócitos T em linfonodos regionais ocorreu um predomínio de células T CD4+ que foi constante até a 4ª semana de infecção, no entanto, observamos aumento significativo de linfócitos T CD8+ ao longo da infecção sugerindo que essa população tenha também uma importante participação no controle da doença. Os ensaios de linfoproliferação demonstraram, na 1ª semana de infecção, elevado índice de proliferação celular quando as células de linfonodos foram estimuladas in vitro com antígenos de F. pedrosoi, além da liberação principalmente da citocina IFN-&#947;, já na 4ª semana de infecção não foi detectado proliferação celular. Esses resultados sugerem que no início da infecção a resposta celular seja mediada principalmente por linfócitos T CD4+ produtores de IFN-&#947;, o que nos sugere, que neste modelo experimental, polarize uma resposta de células T do tipo Th1. No segundo modelo de infecção, via intraperitoneal (i.p.), camundongos BALB/c infectados com 106 conídios de F. pedrosoi mostraram desenvolvimento de infecção crônica com preservação da imunidade celular mesmo após a 8ª semana. Ainda pela via i.p., os camundongos C57BL/6 nocautes de T CD4+ apresentaram uma maior carga fúngica no início da infecção e em tempos mais tardios a carga fúngica foi semelhante aos camundongos controles (C57BL/6); esses mesmos animais nocautes não apresentaram uma ativação da resposta celular medida pelo teste de HTT (Hipersensibilidade do Tipo Tardio). Quando avaliamos o padrão de citocinas, a citocina IFN-&#947; produzida pelos órgãos baço e fígado apresentou menores níveis no início da infecção quando comparado ao camundongos controle. Já os níveis de IL-10 aumentaram gradativamente ao longo da infecção e IL-4 não apresentou diferenças em relação ao controle. Nos camundongos nocautes para coa (C57BL/6 CD8 \"KO\"), a carga fúngica, os níveis de citocinas e o teste de HTT foram semelhantes aos animais controle. Esses resultados mostraram que pela via i.p. os linfócitos T, principalmente células T CD4+ são importantes no controle inicial da infecção. Em tempos mais tardios a infecção foi controlada mesmo em camundongos deficientes de linfócitos TCD 4+ ou T CD8+, sugerido que outras células como macrófagos ou NK, estariam atuando de forma mais efetiva no controle da infecção. / Abstract not available.
107

Caracterização das funções dos linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ na cromoblastomicose experimental / Characterization of the functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and T CD8+ in experimental chromoblastomycosis

Maria da Gloria Teixeira de Sousa 14 September 2005 (has links)
A cromoblastomicose é uma infecção fúngica subcutânea causada por fungos da família Dematiceae sendo o principal agente etiológico o fungo Fonsecaea pedrosoi (F. pedrosoi). Estes fungos induzem uma lesão crônica na pele de freqüente recidivas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos imunológicos na cromoblastomicose experimental através de dois modelos de infecção pelas vias: intraperitoneal (i.p.) e subcutânea (s.c.). No primeiro modelo de infecção pela via s.c. em camundongos BALB/c infectados com 106 conídios de F. pedrosoi, ocorreu a cura espontânea da infecção em aproximadamente 4 semanas. Na subtipagem de linfócitos T em linfonodos regionais ocorreu um predomínio de células T CD4+ que foi constante até a 4ª semana de infecção, no entanto, observamos aumento significativo de linfócitos T CD8+ ao longo da infecção sugerindo que essa população tenha também uma importante participação no controle da doença. Os ensaios de linfoproliferação demonstraram, na 1ª semana de infecção, elevado índice de proliferação celular quando as células de linfonodos foram estimuladas in vitro com antígenos de F. pedrosoi, além da liberação principalmente da citocina IFN-&#947;, já na 4ª semana de infecção não foi detectado proliferação celular. Esses resultados sugerem que no início da infecção a resposta celular seja mediada principalmente por linfócitos T CD4+ produtores de IFN-&#947;, o que nos sugere, que neste modelo experimental, polarize uma resposta de células T do tipo Th1. No segundo modelo de infecção, via intraperitoneal (i.p.), camundongos BALB/c infectados com 106 conídios de F. pedrosoi mostraram desenvolvimento de infecção crônica com preservação da imunidade celular mesmo após a 8ª semana. Ainda pela via i.p., os camundongos C57BL/6 nocautes de T CD4+ apresentaram uma maior carga fúngica no início da infecção e em tempos mais tardios a carga fúngica foi semelhante aos camundongos controles (C57BL/6); esses mesmos animais nocautes não apresentaram uma ativação da resposta celular medida pelo teste de HTT (Hipersensibilidade do Tipo Tardio). Quando avaliamos o padrão de citocinas, a citocina IFN-&#947; produzida pelos órgãos baço e fígado apresentou menores níveis no início da infecção quando comparado ao camundongos controle. Já os níveis de IL-10 aumentaram gradativamente ao longo da infecção e IL-4 não apresentou diferenças em relação ao controle. Nos camundongos nocautes para coa (C57BL/6 CD8 \"KO\"), a carga fúngica, os níveis de citocinas e o teste de HTT foram semelhantes aos animais controle. Esses resultados mostraram que pela via i.p. os linfócitos T, principalmente células T CD4+ são importantes no controle inicial da infecção. Em tempos mais tardios a infecção foi controlada mesmo em camundongos deficientes de linfócitos TCD 4+ ou T CD8+, sugerido que outras células como macrófagos ou NK, estariam atuando de forma mais efetiva no controle da infecção. / Abstract not available.
108

Le goût moisi-terreux du vin : contribution à la caractérisation cinétique et métabolique des moisissures associées à ce défaut organoleptique / Earthy-musty taste of wine : contribution to kinetic and metabolic caracterisation of fungal flora of grapes associated to this organoleptic deviation

Correia, Daniela 09 June 2011 (has links)
Certains microorganismes qui coexistent sur la vigne, peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques sur la qualité du vin alors que d'autres peuvent être à l'origine de déviations organoleptiques. Dans la dernière décennie, dans diverses régions viticoles de France, plusieurs odeurs de moisi ou de terre ont été mises en évidence. La (-)-géosmine a été considérée comme étant le principal composé responsable de ce défaut. Des moisissures comme Botrytis cinerea et d’autres appartenant au genre Penicillium ont été souvent isolées à partir des raisins présentant l’odeur « moisi-terreuse ». Les effets de cette molécule sur la qualité des vins a motivé notre étude sur la caractérisation des moisissures responsables de ce défaut organoleptique. A partir d'échantillons prélevés en 2007 en Bourgogne, on a identifié, par des méthodes morphologiques et moléculaires, les moisissures présentes sur les raisins, Une souche de Penicilium expansum (25.03) et deux souches de Botrytis cinerea (BC1 et BC2) ont été sélectionnées. Sur baies de raisin, la validation d’un modèle prédictif des effets combinés de la température et de l'activité de l’eau, sur la croissance des champignons, a pu être mise en oeuvre. Elle a montré, sur de larges gammes de T°C et d’aw, que les modèles cardinaux avec inflexion peuvent être validés sur les produits agro-alimentaires en utilisant le gamma concept. L’étude de l’effet du cuivre sur le taux de croissance radiale et le temps de latence des moisissures, a été entreprise afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance au cuivre des champignons et d’en déduire des résultats pour une meilleure efficacité des fongicides. Les moisissures testées ont montré une grande tolérance au cuivre, jusqu’à 4,7 mM pour P. expansum et jusqu’à 8, 2 mM et 7,3 mM respectivement pour B. cinerea, BC1 et BC2. L’étude des effets combinés des facteurs environnementaux et nutritionnels (T°C, CO2; Cu+2) sur la production de géosmine par P. expansum, a conduit à définir les conditions minimisant la production de géosmine. Ainsi, on a pu déterminer que le cuivre (composant actif de nombreux fongicides) est un facteur clé dans la production de géosmine par P. expansum. / Some microorganisms that co-exist on the grapevine may have beneficial effects on the quality of wine whereas others may be at the origin of organoleptic deviations. In the last decade, several mouldy or earthy odors have been highlighted in various wine regions from France. (-)-geosmin was found to be the major compound responsible for this deviation, along with Botrytis cinerea and fungi belonging to the genus Penicillium, since they were frequently isolated from “earthy-musty” odor grapes. The extent of damage on the quality of wines, motivated our study on the caracterisation of grape rot fungi. First of all, the microflora of grapes from Burgundy vineyards was identified (morphological and molecular methods), from samples prelevated in 2007. A Penicilium expansum strain (25.03) and two Botrytis cinerea strains (BC1 and BC2) were chosen for further experiments. The validation of a predictive model for the combined effect of temperature and water activity, on the growth of fungi on grape berries, demonstrated that cardinal models with inflexion can be validated on agri-food products, over a wide range of T°C and aw, using the gamma concept. Further we were focused on the influence of copper on the lag time and radial growth rate of moulds in order to better understand copper resistance mechanisms of the fungi and the efficacity of fongicides. The moulds tested showed a great copper tolerance, 4.7 mM for P. expansum and 8.2 and 7.3 mM for B. cinerea strains, BC1 and BC2 respectively. These results motivated our study on the influence of environmental and nutritional factors (T°C, CO2; Cu2+), using a Doehlert matrix, on geosmin production of the fungi tested. Copper (the active component of the “Bordeaux mixture”) showed to be a key factor in the increase of geosmin production by P. expansum.
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Produção de Quitina e Quitosana em cultura submersa de Rhizopus arrhizus nos meios milhocina e sintético para Mucolares

Silva, Antonio Cardoso da 27 July 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Silva_Dissert.pdf: 1945870 bytes, checksum: dbd64698da19e5ee591cda716481f00d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-27 / Inquiries had been carried out with submerged fermentation of Rhizopus arrhizus for production of biomass and copolymers chitin and chitosan, using the culture in synthetic medium for Mucoralean and corn steep liquor, as alternative substratum. In this direction, fermentations in Erlenmyers flasks of 250mL had been carried out, contend 50 mL of the media had been inoculated in duplicates with 1% of a suspension of 107/spores/mL, incubated under orbital shaker of 150rpm. To each 24 h had been carried out the content in biomass, glucose consumption, production and characterization of chitin and chitosan, and pH was monitored in elapsing of the studies (96h). The dates had been validated using an analysis for not linear regression, aiming at to explore the potential and versatility of Mucoralean in the production of copolymers. The results obtained with the synthetic medium for Mucoralean had demonstrated a maximum increase of biomass at 72 h of submerged culture. The total of glucose total was consumed by the metabolism of fungus at 96h, with pH 3,2 and consequence period of behavior of cellular decline. The maximum production of chitin and chitosan was 73.5mg and 158 mg, respectively, for gram of biomass with 48 h of cultivation, and maximum speed of growth of µMax 0.036 (h-1) and generation time of 4.6h. On the other hand, the submerged culture of R. arrhizus in corn steep liquor, concentrations of 4, 8 and 16%, as alternative medium and of low cost showed maximum growth of 16.8 g/L, in the concentration of 8% of corn steep liquor, observing a µMax 0.064h-1. High yields of chitin (575 mg/g biomass) and chitosan (416mg/g biomass) could be achieved using the medium containing corn steep liquor at 8%, with 72 h of cultivation, respectively, and pH varying of 6.5 to 8.2. All the isolated copolym rs in both culture media were characterized by index of crystallinity and absorption to the infra-red ray peaks, and were confirmed using the chitin and chitosan standards. The experimental data obtained with chitin and chitosan were validated by the estimation of not linear regression, demonstrating to a good adjustment of the equations and reproducibility. The results with the submerged fermentation of R. arrhizus were compared corn steep liquor at 8% with synthetic medium for Mucoralean fungi, and was observed an increase of 782% and 263% respectively, for chitin and chitosan production. The results obtained suggest R. arrhizus as source of production of the copolymers and as well as the corn steep liquor, considering the nutritional potential and the low cost / Investigações foram realizadas com fermentação submersa de Rhizopus arrhizus para produção de biomassa e dos co-polímeros quitina e quitosana, através do cultivo em meio sintético para Mucorales e milhocina, como substrato alternativo. Neste sentido, foram realizadas fermentações em frascos de Erlenmyers de 250 mL de capacidade, contendo 50 mL dos meios, foram inoculados em duplicatas com 1% de uma suspensão de 107/esporos por mL, incubados sob agitação orbital de 150rpm. A cada 24 h foram realizados conteúdo em biomassa, consumo de glicose, além da estimação e caracterização de quitina e quitosana e o pH foi monitorado no decorrer dos estudos (96h). Os dados obtidos foram validados utilizando uma análise por regressão não linear, visando explorar o potencial e versatilidade dos mucorales na produção dos co-polímeros. Os resultados obtidos com o meio sintético para Mucorales demonstraram um aumento máximo de biomassa com 72 h de cultivo submerso. A glicose foi totalmente consumida pelo metabolismo do fungo com 96h, com pH 3,2 e conseqüente estágio de declínio celular. A produção máxima de quitina e de quitosana por R. arrhizus foi de 73,5 mg e 158 mg, respectivamente, por grama de biomassa em 48 h de cultivo, com velocidade máxima de crescimento de µMax 0,036(h-1)e tempo de geração de 4,6 h. Por outro lado, o cultivo submerso de R. arrhizus em milhocina, nas concentrações de 4,8 e 16%, como meio alternativo e de baixo custo, demonstrou crescimento máximo de 16,8 g/L, na concentração de 8% de milhocina, observando-se µMax 0,064(h-1. Altos rendimentos de quitina (575mg/g de biomassa) e quitosana (416 mg/g de biomassa) foram obtidos com milhocina a 8%, com 72 h de cultivo, respectivamente, e pH variando de 6,5 para 8,2. Todos os copolímeros isolados foram caracterizados pelo índice de cristalinidade e espectro de absorção ao raio infravermelho, confirmando um alto grau de pureza quando comparados aos padrões de quitina e quitosana. Os dados obtidos experimentalmente de produção de quitina e quitosana foram validados pela estimativa de regressão não linear, demonstrando um bom ajuste das equações e reprodutibilidade. Os resultados com a fermentação submersa de R. arrhizus comparando milhocina a 8% com o meio sintético para Mucorales observou-se um aumento considerável de 782% e 263%, respectivamente, para a produção de quitina e quitosana. Assim, os resultados obtidos sugerem R. arrhizus como fonte de produção dos co-polímeros, como também a milhocina, considerando o potencial nutritivo e o baixo custo
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Potencial antífungico de extratos de folhas de Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. sobre Aspergillus flavus / Antifungal potential of Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. leaf extracts against Aspergillus flavus

Valmir Carneiro Ceschini 13 October 2011 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antifúngico contra o fungo Aspergillus flavus, dos extratos de folhas de Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell., preparados a partir de folhas frescas, liofilizadas e secas ao ambiente, sob diferentes tempos de extração e por diferentes solventes extratores, tais como metanol, etanol e água a temperatura ambiente e água a 60ºC. Para mensurar o potencial antifúngico foi utilizada a técnica de poisoned food em meio BDA e o crescimento radial fúngico foi avaliado por seis dias. O percentual de inibição foi avaliado comparando-se as medidas do diâmetro radial de crescimento fúngico dos extratos com as placas controle contendo apenas os solventes. Como controle positivo foi utilizado o óleo essencial de E. staigeriana. Os extratos metanólicos apresentaram o melhor potencial antifúngico, seguido pelos extratos etanólicos e aquosos. A utilização das folhas frescas mostrou-se a melhor forma de preparação e não houve diferença significativa entre os tempos de extração 1h e 24h, indicando como processamento mais viável a extração em 1h. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) foi mensurada para o extrato de melhor desempenho pela técnica de micropoços, aonde o crescimento fúngico foi monitorado por fluorescência derivada da reação da esterase fúngica com o diacetado de fluorescina. E o extrato que obteve o melhor resultado foi o extrato metanólico, com 1h de extração, a partir de folhas liofilizadas de E. staigeriana, e sua MIC foi de 26,75 L/mL, enquanto a do seu óleo essencial foi de 12,5 L/mL, demonstrando a eficiência relativa da extração com solventes extratores e sua praticidade e operacionalidade, quando se comparam com a extração de óleos essenciais. / This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of Eucalyptus staigeriana F. Muell. leaf extracts against Aspergillus flavus. The extracts were prepared using fresh, lyophilized, and air-dried leaves, different extraction times, and different solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, water at room temperature, and water at 60ºC. To measure the antifungal potential, the poisoned food technique was used in PDA medium, and the radial growth of the fungus was evaluated for six days. The percentage of inhibition was assessed by comparing the measurements of the radial growth diameter of the fungus in the extracts with the control plates containing only the solvents. The essential oil of E. staigeriana was used as a positive control. The methanolic extracts presented the best antifungal potential, followed by the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The use of fresh leaves was the best type of preparation and no statistically significant difference between 1-h and 24-h solvent extraction was found, indicating the 1-h extraction process as the most feasible. The extract presenting the best performance using the microwell technique had the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measured, and the fungal growth was monitored by fluorescence derived from the fungal esterase reaction with fluorescein diacetate. The extract that achieved the best result the methanolic extract, with 1-h extraction from lyophilized leaves of E. staigeriana, and the MIC was 26.75 L/mL, while the essential oil was 12.5 L/mL, demonstrating the relative efficiency of the solvent extraction and its practicality and easy implementation when compared with the extraction of essential oils.

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