Zugl.: Gießen, Univ., Diss., 1988 u.d.T.: Brake, Ludwig: Die Anfänge des Eisenbahnbaus in Frankfurt, Hessen-Darmstadt, Kurhessen und Nassau 1830- 1866.

Vikings and pirates have been studied through the years in both the archaeological and historical disciplines. Both have been compared with each other, especially if Vikings can be classified as pirates or if they practiced piracy. The stereotypical descriptions and definitions of both terms may have contributed to the above-mentioned comparisons between Vikings and pirates in search after similarities and/or differences. Vikings have and are still portrayed as savages ravaging along European coasts, robbing cities, burning churches, and violating innocents, whose actions left behind devastation and chaos. Pirates have also been classified as violent individuals, especially sea bandits or sailors who attacked both friend and foe, seizing property and/or people through violence at sea. This thesis will problematise, question, analyse and discuss if studies about pirates and pirate societies can contribute to today’s understanding of Vikings, namely to study and examine them through the perspective of pirate studies. Separate geographical areas with Viking and pirate presence have been selected in England, Ireland, the Baltic Sea region, and the Bahamas. The overwintering camps of Torksey and Repton in England, together with Dublin in Ireland concerns Viking activity. Meanwhile, Visby and Vivesholm in the Baltic Sea with piracy carried out by the Victual Brothers, together with Nassau in the Bahamas represents pirates and piracy. In addition, the above will also be analysed and discussed through an application of three selected theoretical frameworks: agency theory, actor-network theory, and the concept of utopias. The problematisation will also be examined through a determination of the terms Viking and pirate, an application of hydrarchy, and how the colonization of areas and establishment of smaller communities functioned for each actor.

No description available.

German text / Die gesellschaftliche Relevanz des diakonischen Handelns eines regionalen deutschen Gemeinschaftsverbandes wird in dieser Forschungsarbeit qualitativ erforscht. Diese explorative Studie soll die Gesellschaftsrelevanz diakonischen Handelns, Entwicklungen diakonischer Praxis und ganz grundlegend das Verständnis von Diakonie in diesem Gemeinschaftsverband erschließen. Nach einer auf praktisch-theologische und kirchengeschichtliche Aspekte fokussierten Einleitung werden mittels des empirisch-theologischen Praxiszyklus sowohl Planung und Durchführung, als auch die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews dargestellt. Zehn Experteninterviews waren Teil der Hauptforschung. Unter Anwendung der Grounded Theory ließen sich nach mehreren unterschiedlichen Codiervorgängen sechs Typologien diakonischer Gesellschaftsrelevanz herausarbeiten. Die sechs herausgearbeiteten Typen wurden in einer 3x3-Matrix angeordnet, mit den Koordinaten Diakonische Gesellschaftsrelevanz (minimal - zunehmend - profiliert) und Eschatologie (negativ - neutral - positiv). Impulse zur Weiterentwicklung der diakonischen Grunddimension in diesem Gemeinschaftsverband werden abschließend auf Grundlage der Forschungsergebnisse gegeben. / This research analyses the relevance of diaconal action of a regional German community association in its social environment. The explorative study aims to give insight into the social relevance, developments in diaconal practice and the general understanding of diaconia prevalent in this brethren association. After an introduction focusing on practical theology and church history, the study concentrates on the planning, implementation and results of interviews applying the empirical-theological practice cycle. These interviews with ten experts were part of the main research. Through applying the grounded theory, six typologies of diaconal relevance in society emerged from several coding processes. These types were arranged in a 3x3 matrix showing diaconal relevance for society (minimal – increasing – prominent) and eschatology (negative – neutral – positive) as coordinates. The research results formed the basis of ideas presented for further development of the sphere of diaconal action in this community association. / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Die Arbeit mit dem Titel "Die unschuldig verfolgte und später rehabilitierte Ehefrau." Untersuchungen zur Konstruktion der Frau im 15. Jahrhundert am Beispiel der Crescentia- und der Sibillen-Erzählungen", untersucht vergleichend die Konstruktion der Frau in Erzählungen, die zum Erzähltypus der "unschuldig verfolgten und später rehabilitierten Ehefrau" gehören. Dies geschieht unter Verwendung methodischer Ansätze der Geschlechterforschung am Beispiel zweier Textreihen dieses Typus: Der Crescentia-Textreihe, der die Crescentia-Erzählungen der Kaiserchronik, der Märenbearbeitung des 13. Jahrhunderts, der Sächsischen Weltchronik, der Leipziger Hs. 1279, des Teichners, der Gesta Romanorum, Der Heiligen Leben, des Großen Seelentrost sowie Rosenplüts zugrunde liegen. Die Sibillen-Textreihe wird aus Schondochs Königin von Frankreich, einer anonymen Prosafassung des Typus sowie Elisabeths von Nassau-Saarbrücken Königin Sibille gebildet. Die Einzeltexte werden unter dem Focus der Konstruktion der Frau vergleichend interpretiert, dabei richtet sich die Fragestellung vor allem auf .Veränderungen der Handlungsspielräume der Frau, sich verschiebende Konzeptionen von Sexualität und Umgang mit Begehren, sowie Unterschiede in der Körperkonzeption der einzelnen Entwürfe. Die Interpretationsergebnisse werden in den historischen Bezugsrahmen eingebettet. Die Veränderungen in der Konstruktion der Frau verweisen auf einen kontinuierlichen und intensiven Diskussionsprozess der Geschlechterkonstruktion vor allem im 15. Jahrhundert und es wird sichtbar, dass die Reformation als angenommener Kulminationspunkt der Veränderung der Geschlechterverhältnisse in der Frühen Neuzeit relativiert werden muß. / The dissertation titled "The falsely persecuted and later rehabilitated wife. A study on the construction of women in the 15th century based on the Crescentia and the Sibille narratives, examines comparatively the construction of women in narratives of the "the falsely persecuted and later rehabilitated wife" genre. Gender studies approaches are applied in the analysis of two textseries: the Crescentia series which includes on the Crescentia narratives of the Kaiserchronik, Märe of the 13th century, the Sächsischen Weltchronik, the Leipziger Hs. 1279, the Teichner, the Gesta Romanorum, Der Heiligen Leben, the Großen Seelentrost and Rosenplüts, and the Sibille text series made up of Schondoch''s Königin von Frankreich, an anonymous prose version of the genre and Elisabeths von Nassau-Saarbrücken Königin Sibille. The texts are interpreted concentrating on the construction of women, with the main focus being the changes in the scope of action available to women, the changing perception of sexuality and understanding desire as well as the differences in the body concepts in the respective narratives. The results of the interpretation are bedded in the historical context. The changes in the construction of women indicate a continuing and intensive process of discussion of gender construction, above all in the 15th century. It also becomes clear the assumed position of the Reformation as highpoint in the changes in gender relations needs to be reevaluated.

German text / Die gesellschaftliche Relevanz des diakonischen Handelns eines regionalen deutschen Gemeinschaftsverbandes wird in dieser Forschungsarbeit qualitativ erforscht. Diese explorative Studie soll die Gesellschaftsrelevanz diakonischen Handelns, Entwicklungen diakonischer Praxis und ganz grundlegend das Verständnis von Diakonie in diesem Gemeinschaftsverband erschließen. Nach einer auf praktisch-theologische und kirchengeschichtliche Aspekte fokussierten Einleitung werden mittels des empirisch-theologischen Praxiszyklus sowohl Planung und Durchführung, als auch die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews dargestellt. Zehn Experteninterviews waren Teil der Hauptforschung. Unter Anwendung der Grounded Theory ließen sich nach mehreren unterschiedlichen Codiervorgängen sechs Typologien diakonischer Gesellschaftsrelevanz herausarbeiten. Die sechs herausgearbeiteten Typen wurden in einer 3x3-Matrix angeordnet, mit den Koordinaten Diakonische Gesellschaftsrelevanz (minimal - zunehmend - profiliert) und Eschatologie (negativ - neutral - positiv). Impulse zur Weiterentwicklung der diakonischen Grunddimension in diesem Gemeinschaftsverband werden abschließend auf Grundlage der Forschungsergebnisse gegeben. / This research analyses the relevance of diaconal action of a regional German community association in its social environment. The explorative study aims to give insight into the social relevance, developments in diaconal practice and the general understanding of diaconia prevalent in this brethren association. After an introduction focusing on practical theology and church history, the study concentrates on the planning, implementation and results of interviews applying the empirical-theological practice cycle. These interviews with ten experts were part of the main research. Through applying the grounded theory, six typologies of diaconal relevance in society emerged from several coding processes. These types were arranged in a 3x3 matrix showing diaconal relevance for society (minimal – increasing – prominent) and eschatology (negative – neutral – positive) as coordinates. The research results formed the basis of ideas presented for further development of the sphere of diaconal action in this community association. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

[ES] La Investigación llevada a cabo, la desarrollamos sobre la Iglesia Parroquial de San Lorenzo de Alberic, partiendo de unos restos encontrados en una reforma de los años ochenta del siglo pasado. Hemos utilizado la técnica del levantamiento mediante escáner láser en algunos de los edificios, y en otros el levantamiento manual, mediante medición directa para posteriormente proceder a su estudio. Para poder llevar a cabo la investigación la hemos encuadrado en la época histórica en que se llevó a cabo la construcción del templo cristiano en Alberic, sobre la mezquita existente con anterioridad, añadiendo diferentes hipótesis que refuerzan nuestra propuesta. La época histórica, a la que dedicamos también nuestra investigación, será la comprendida entre el año 1489, fecha en que el Cardenal Pedro González de Mendoza adquiere la baronía de Alberic, junto con la población de Ayora en el Reino de Valencia, y cerraremos el período histórico estudiado en el año 1554, fecha en la que muere Mencía de Mendoza, nieta del Cardenal, y que debido a su falta de descendencia, sus posesiones pasarán a su hermana María de Mendoza, casada con el Duque del Infantado, y a partir de éste momento la baronía de Alberic y Ayora, así como todas las posesiones que poseía el Marqués de Zenete, pasarán a formar parte de esta casa nobiliaria. Como podremos ver a lo largo de la investigación, lo que en principio hemos tratado como un edificio local, veremos que debido a las diferentes personalidades, adquiere relevancia internacional, tanto el Cardenal como su hijo primogénito Rodrigo de Mendoza, y finalmente su nieta, mantendrán relacio-nes a nivel internacional, con diferentes Reyes, Papas y también se vincularán familiarmente con nobles que vendrán junto al Emperador Carlos desde Flandes. En concreto el Conde Enrique III de Nassau, que casará con Mencía, y que durante nuestra investigación hemos podido comprobar que fue el promotor de los templos religiosos de la baronía de Alberic, que comprende en ésa época los núcleos de población de Alcocer, Alàsquer, Gavarda, Benifaraig, y algu-nos más con menor población. Además veremos que dada la importancia de esta familia, serán unos mecenas en las artes, abarcando desde la pintura hasta la arquitectura, y siendo los introductores del Renacimiento en los diferentes reinos de la Peninsula Ibérica, trasladando su influencia hasta los Países Bajos. Junto con el apartado histórico, estudiamos los diferentes templos parroquiales que bajo nuestro criterio pueden estar relacionados, influidos, o levantados en época similar o me-diante los mismos maestros, de manera que mediante la comparación, podamos arrojar luz, sobre ese primer edificio religioso cristiano, levantado sobre la mezquita existente en la población de Alberic, durante el siglo XVI. / [CA] La Investigació portada a terme, la desenvolupem sobre l'Església Parroquial de Sant Llorenç d'Alberic, partint d'unes restes trobades en una reforma dels anys 80 del segle passat. Hem utilitzat la tècnica de l'aixecament, mitjançant escàner làser en alguns dels edificis, i en uns altres l'aixecament manual, mitjançant mesurament directe per a posteriorment procedir al seu estudi. Per a poder dur a terme la investigació l'hem enquadrada en l'època històrica en què es va dur a terme la construcció del temple cristià a Alberic, sobre la mesquita existent amb ante-rioritat, afegint diferents hipòtesis que reforcen la nostra proposta. L'època històrica, a la qual dediquem també la nostra investigació, serà la compresa entre l'any 1489, data en què el Cardenal Pedro González de Mendoza adquireix la baronia d'Al-beric, juntament amb la població d'Aiora en el Regne de València, i tancarem el període històric estudiat l'any 1554, data en la qual mor Mencía de Mendoza, néta del Cardenal, i que a causa de la seua falta de descendència, les seues possessions passaran a la seua germana María de Mendoza, ca-sada amb el Duc del Infantado, i a partir d'aquest moment la baronia d'Alberic i Aiora, així com totes les possessions que posseïa el Marquès de Zenete, passaran a formar part d'a-questa casa nobiliària. Com podrem veure al llarg de la investigació, lo que en principi hem tractat com un edifici local, veurem que a causa de les diferents personalitats, adquireix rellevància internacional, tant el Cardenal com el seu fill primogènit Rodrigo de Mendoza, i finalment la seua néta, mantindran relacions a nivell in-ternacional, amb diferents reis, papes i també es vincularan familiarment amb nobles que vindran al costat de l'Emperador Carles des de Flandes. En concret el Comte Enric III de Nassau, que casarà amb Mencía, i que durant la nostra investigació hem pogut compro-var que va ser el promotor dels temples religiosos de la baro-nia d'Alberic, que comprèn en aquesta època els nuclis de població de Alcosser, Alàsquer, Gavarda, Benifaraig, i alguns més amb menor població. A més veurem que donada la importància d'aquesta família, seran uns mecenes en les arts, abastant des de la pintura fins a l'arquitectura, i sent els introductors del Renaixement en els diferents regnes de la Peninsula Ibèrica, traslladant la seua influència fins als Països Baixos. Juntament amb l'apartat històric, estudiem els diferents tem-ples parroquials que sota el nostre criteri poden estar relacio-nats, influïts, o alçats en època similar o mitjançant els ma-teixos mestres, de manera que mitjançant la comparació, puguem llançar llum, sobre aqueix primer edifici religiós cristià, construït sobre la mesquita existent en la població d'Alberic, durant el Segle XVI. / [EN] The research carried out, we developed from the Parish Church of San Lorenzo de Alberic, starting from a few remains found in a reform of the 80s the last century. We have used the lifting technique by means of laser scanner in some of the buildings, and in others the manual survey, by means of direct measurement to later proceed to its study. In order to carry out the research we have framed it in the historical epoch in which the construction of the Christian temple was carried out in Alberic, on the existing mosque previ-ously, adding different hypotheses that reinforce our proposal. The historical epoch, to which we also dedicate our research, will be that between the year 1489, the date on which Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza acquired the barony of Alberic, together with the town of Ayora in the Kingdom of Valencia, and we will close the historical period studied in the year 1554, date in which Mencía de Mendoza dies, granddaughter of the Cardinal, and that due to his lack of offspring, his possessions will pass to his sister María de Mendoza, married to the Duque del Infantado, From this moment the barony of Alberic and Ayora, as well as all the possessions that the Mar-quis of Zenete possessed, will become part of this noble house. As we can see throughout the investigation, what we have originally treated as a local building, we will see that due to the different personalities, the Cardinal and his first-born son Rodrigo de Mendoza acquire international relevance, and finally his granddaughter , they will maintain relations at the interna-tional level, with different Kings, and will also be linked famil-iarly with nobles who will come with Emperor Carlos de Flan-des. In particular Count Henry III of Nassau, who will marry Mencía, and during our research we have seen that he was the promoter of the religious temples of the barony of Alberic, which comprises at that time the population centers of Alcocer, Alàsquer, Gavarda, Benifaraig, and some more with smaller popula-tion. In addition we will see that given the importance of this family, they will be patrons in the arts, ranging from painting to architecture, and being the initiators of the Renaissance in the different kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, transferring their in-fluence to the Netherlands. Along with the historical section, we study the different parochial temples that under our criterion may be related, influenced, or raised in a similar time or by the same teachers, so that by comparison, we can shed light on that first Christian religious edifice, raised on the existing mosque in the town of Alberic, during the sixteenth century. / Torres Caballero, A. (2021). Los primeros Templos Renacentistas en la Ribera Alta del Júcar, S. XVI. El primitivo templo parroquial de San Lorenzo de Alberic [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/168449 / TESIS

No description available.

Sharks are considered top predators in many marine ecosystems, and can play an important role in structuring those communities. As a result, it is necessary to understand the factors that influence their abundance and distribution. This is particularly important as fishery managers develop fishery management plans for sharks that identify areas that serve as essential fish habitat (EFH). This includes nursery habitat where sharks are born and juveniles spend the early part of their life. However, our understanding of shark habitat use in the northeast Florida waters is limited. The goal of this thesis was to characterize the abundance and distribution of sharks in northeast Florida estuaries, and to examine the effect of abiotic and biotic factors affecting shark habitat use. A bottom longline survey conducted from 2009 – 2011 indicated that 11 shark species use the estuarine waters of northeast Florida during summer months. Atlantic sharpnose (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae), blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus), bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), and sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) were the most abundant species and made up 87.1% of the total catch. Month, bottom water temperature, and depth were the most important factors determining the presence and abundance of these species. This study also examined the role of prey abundance in determining the abundance of Atlantic sharpnose sharks. The probability of catching an Atlantic sharpnose shark, and the abundance of Atlantic sharpnose sharks, were most influenced by site. Neither potential prey abundance nor preferred prey abundance were not significant factors effecting Atlantic sharpnose abundance. This may be a result of prey sampling not providing an accurate measure of the true availability of prey resources. Other factors, such as predation risk, may better explain habitat use patterns of Atlantic sharpnose sharks. Continued sampling will give a better understanding of the factors influencing shark habitat use in this area.

This missiological project seeks to study the role of the Guinnesses and Kumms in reaching the Sudan Belt, particularly through the Sudan-Pionier-Mission (SPM) founded in 1900. The term Sudan Belt referred to Africa between Senegal and Ethiopia, at that period one of the largest areas unreached by Christian missionaries. Grattan Guinness (1835-1910) at that time was the most influential promoter of faith missions for the Sudan. The only initiative based in Germany was the SPM, founded by Guinness, his daughter Lucy (1865-1906), and her German husband Karl Kumm (1874-1930). Kumm has undeservedly been forgotten, and his early biography as a missionary and explorer in the deserts of Egypt is here brought to light again. The early SPM had to struggle against opposition in Germany. Faith missions were considered unnecessary, and missions to Muslims untimely by influential representatives of classical missions. The SPM was seeking to reach the Sudan Belt via the Nile from Aswan. The most promising figure for this venture was the Nubian Samuel Ali Hiseen (1863-1927), who accomplished a scripture colportage tour through Nubia. Unfortunately, he was disregarded by the first German missionary, Johannes Kupfemagel (1866-1937). When the SPM failed to reach the Sudan Belt due to political restrictions, Kumm and the SPM board were divided in their strategies. Kumm planned to pursue a new route via the Niger River, seeking support in Great Britain rather independently. The SPM, holding on to Aswan, dismissed Kumm, and began to decline until it made a new start in 1905, but for a long time remained a local mission work in Upper Egypt. The Sudan United Mission however, founded by the Kumms in 1904, did indeed reach the Sudan Belt. An analysis of the SPM reveals its strengths and weaknesses. The SPM grew out of the Holiness movement and shared the urgency, which made faith missions successful, but also was the SPM's weakness, as it suffered from ill-preparedness. The SPM innovatively gathered together single women from the nobility in a community of service for missions under its chairman, Pastor Theodor Ziemendorff (1837-:1912). / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)