Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2009.

Bakgrund:Att skaffa barn allt längre upp i åldrarna har ökat markant de sista årtiondena i Sverige. I Samhället uttrycks en oro kring att nativiteten minskar då barnlösheten ökar beroende på stigande ålder hos kvinnor som vill skaffa barn.Syfte:Syftet med denna studie är att se hur ett antal kvinnor, 35 år fyllda, ser på det nyblivna moderskapet. Ytterligare ett syfte är att göra en jämförelse mellan några av de kvinnor i min studie som både fött barn i unga år och senare i livet.Metod:Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie av 8 kvinnor som alla har fött barn efter 35 års ålder.Resultat:Kvinnorna upplever sig inte som ”gamla” förstföderskor vilket är något som uttrycks av samtliga. Det finns en ambivalens ibland de intervjuade kvinnorna som man tydligt kan se, då de samtidigt beskriver ett större lugn som mor vilket de tror beror på att de är mödrar efter 35 år. De upplever samtidigt en större oro att inte räcka till, vilket främst visar sig på de kvinnor som både fått barn tidigare och senare. Kvinnornas framtidsplaner speglar en viss oro gällande kombinationen av att vara mor och att förvärvsarbeta. Att vänta med att skaffa barn har kvinnorna upplevt som ett bra beslut. Val av partner har varit en av faktorerna till att vänta.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007.

In 1958 the German philosopher Hannah Arendt released The Human condition, a book in which she famously discusses the terms of life on earth. Amongst her many important contributions to the field of political thinking that this book contains, her understanding of the two concepts natality and plurality perhaps make up the most groundbreaking and influential ones. Natality, for Arendt, is what constitutes man’s capacity to begin. The new beginning which every newborn born into the human world inherently entails is closely related to the human condition of plurality. This essay aims at understanding how Arendts analysis of the human conditions of natality and plurality together shapes the collective life of humans. With comments from feminist philosopher Adriana Cavarero who proposes a critique of Arendt’s understanding of natality as being far too abstract, and political thinker Chantal Mouffe, who critiques Arendt for having an unrealistic understanding of the common world as devoid of antagonistic conflict. The essay also discusses the critique against modernity which Arendt forms against the background of her understanding of the modern era as a time where the human conditions are being neglected.

The aim of the following study is to depict the causes of death that were most common during a time period between 1880–1949 in the small villages Ivetofta, Ivö, Rinkaby and Vinslöv. The results will be presented in different time intervals of 10 years. Furthermore, the surge will analyse the variations over time and explain why causes of death may altern. In addition, it will also highlight specific aspects of the subject such as age, gender, birth, violent death, suicide and the Spanish flue. The results in the different areas will be compared to each other to illuminate similarities and differences. Moreover it will also be compared to national statistics to see if the different villages comply or oppose with the results. In order to improve the study, the conclusion will also be compared and connected to the two theories the demographic transition and The Epidemiologic Transition. They offer an explaination to the outcome and allow us to integrate this study in a greater context.   The results of this survey, show that the most common cause of death was that of age. Furthermore, there was a huge up-swing in heart diseases, brain diseases and cancer in the later time periods. At the beginning, most people that died were very young. This changed however and as time passed, more and more people began to decease at an older age and this complied with national statistics. There was a slight majority of women that passed away although almost all persons that occured in cases of violent death, were men and this category increased with time. Even though a lot of people died, a lot more were born and therefore the small societies had a positive birth ratio. There occured cases of the Spanish flue although it did not influence the vast statistics.

Gifter och föroreningar förekommer sällan ensamma och studier om olika toxiska substanser genomförs ofta med endast en substans i taget. Det finns studier som har undersökt exempel på olika cocktails av substanser, men ibland är det svårt att identifiera alla källor som påverkar en organism. Vi har undersökt hur en kombination av ogräsmedlet Roundup och livsmedelsklassad polypropylenplast påverkar det sötvattenlevande kräftdjuret Daphnia magna. Vi fann att i högre doser orsakar Roundup 100% dödlighet innan könsmognad, men att det i små doser inte resulterar i lägre fitness än kontrollgruppen, utan till och med ökade den initiala överlevnaden när den tillsattes i plastbrukar. En cocktail av Roundup och plast orsakade en fördubblad utvecklingstid för äggen. Ägg från individer i plastburkar hade också en längre utvecklingstid men dessa individer hade även ett mycket högre antal ägg. Framtida studier bör undersöka avkommans fitness. Tidigt i studien upptäckte vi att det med stor sannolikhet fanns en tredje faktor som påverkade daphnierna negativt, som inte kunde förklaras av Roundup eller plastburkar, men som vi inte kunde identifiera. Därför vill vi också framhäva att experiment lätt kan påverkas av okända faktorer. / Toxins and pollutants rarely come alone and studies about various toxic substances are often performed with only one substance at a time. There are studies that have examined different cocktails of substances, but sometimes it can be difficult to identify all sources that affect an organism. We have investigated how a combination of the herbicide Roundup and Food Safe polypropylene plastic affect the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. We found that Roundup causes 100% mortality before reaching fertility in higher doses, but that in small doses does not result in lower fitness compared to the control group, but even increases the initial survival rate when Roundup is added to plastic jars. A cocktail of Roundup and plastic resulted in a doubled development time for the eggs. Eggs from individuals in plastic jars also had a longer development time but there was also a much higher number of eggs from these individuals. Futiure studies ought to investigate the fitness of the offspring. Early in the study we discovered that there was most likely a third factor influencing the daphnia negatively, that could not be explained by plastic jars or Roundup, but one that we could not identify. Therefore, we also wish to urge that experiments can easily be influenced by unknown factors.