Cette recherche porte sur le rôle d’un système d’information de veille stratégique dans des projets d’innovation. Plus précisément, elle porte sur le rôle des informations issues d’une activité de veille stratégique sur les prises de décision tout au long d’un processus d’innovation. La question de recherche est la suivante : Quelle est l’influence d’une activité de veille dans les prises de décisions au cours du processus d’innovation ? L’objectif est de contribuer à enrichir les connaissances sur un sujet qui a été peu abordé dans la littérature et qui rencontre de vraies problématiques managériales. L’originalité de l’article est de mobiliser la théorie de la décision en situation (approche naturalistique de Klein) pour étudier la prise de décision dans les processus d’innovation comme une décision complexe et ainsi l’influence que peuvent avoir des résultats d’une activité de veille sur des décisions complexes. Cette recherche fut menée grâce à une approche exploratoire qualitative de 23 entretiens. Nos résultats révèlent que la veille joue trois rôles au cours du processus d’innovation. Le rôle d’exploration de l’environnement implique le fait que la veille alimente le processus d’innovation à la quasi-totalité des phases. L’influence de la veille tend à s’estomper avant de connaître un regain une fois l’innovation introduite sur le marché. Le deuxième rôle est celui de confirmation de l’intuition des décideurs. Ces derniers ont à prendre des décisions complexes de type GO/KILL/HOLD/RECYCLE et sollicitent leur intuition qu’ils confirment grâce à la veille. Le troisième rôle de la veille est de réduire l’incertitude caractérisant les processus d’innovation en apportant des informations stratégiques de l’environnement extérieur de l’entreprise. Enfin, cette recherche montre que la veille est utile pour prendre des décisions lorsqu’elle est ciblée sur des axes de recherches stratégiques et que ses résultats sont partagés par le biais de médias riches, soit lors de réunions en face à face avec des supports visuels sous forme d’infographie par exemple. / This research focuses on the role of a strategic scanning in innovation projects. More specifically, it focuses on the role of information from a strategic scanning on decision-making throughout an innovation process. The question of research is: what is the influence of a strategic scanning on decision making during the innovation process? The objective is to enrich the knowledge on a topic that has been little addressed in the literature and which meets real management problems. The originality of the article is to mobilize the theory of decision in situation (Klein's naturalistic approach) to study decision-making in innovation processes as a complex decision and thus the influence that strategic scanning can have on complex decisions. This research was conducted through a qualitative exploratory approach of 23 interviews. Our results show that strategic scanning has three roles during the innovation process. The role of environmental exploration implies that the day before feeds the innovation process to almost all phases. The influence of the watch tends to fade before it is regained once the innovation is introduced on the market. The second role is to confirm the decision maker’s intuition. Decision makers must make complex decisions of type GO/KILL/HOLD/RECYCLE and seek their intuition that they confirm thanks to the previous day. The third role of strategic scanning is to reduce the uncertainty that characterizes innovation processes by providing strategic information about the company's external environment. Finally, this research shows that strategic scanning is useful to make decisions when it is focused on strategic research axes and that its results are shared through rich media, either at face-to-face meetings with visual presentation in the form of infographics for example.

This study aimed to investigate the use of accommodation of assertive utterances (AUs) in the conversations of 49 girls aged 5;0-13;1. Based on the findings of earlier research that the use of such language is more closely related to age than to gender, it was predicted speakers would accommodate their use of and response to assertive utterances as a result of their partner's age. Naturalistic language from these speakers was collected over a year, and evidence of accommodation was observed in all speakers. Fewer AUs were used with younger speakers compared to older ones, and those used with younger girls were more likely to be produced with the sole purpose of controlling the hearer's behaviour. In addition, AUs were more likely to be complied with, or accepted, when they were produced by older girls. Given what is known about the types of language used by powerful/powerless individuals, it appears that these speakers consider age to be an indicator of status. A particularly interesting finding was that it was the age of a speaker in relation to other members of the conversation that influenced their use of and response to AUs, rather than the age of the speaker alone.

Cette étude s’intéresse au rapport des Anciens Égyptiens au sable, élément naturel omniprésent dans le paysage et le quotidien. Le problème est abordé d’un point de vue textuel et plus particulièrement lexicographique. Pour cela, les mentions de six termes appartenant au vocabulaire du sable sont examinées dans des textes mythologiques et rituels, sur une période comprise entre l’Ancien Empire et l’époque romaine. L’enjeu est de déterminer la perception du sable en contexte et de mettre en évidence les croyances élaborées autour de l’élément. Il s’agit de saisir les principes d’introduction du sable au discours religieux afin de mettre en lumière un mécanisme de pensée spécifique à la religion égyptienne : l’observation naturaliste. / This study focuses on the relations between Ancient Egyptians and sand, a natural element, ever-present in landscape and daily life. It is seen from a textual and especially lexicographical point of view. Therefore, quotes of six words related to the vocabulary of sand are studied in mythological and ritual texts from Old Kingdom to Roman Period. The aim is to establish the perception of sand depending on the context and to reveal the beliefs associated to sand. The introduction of sand in the religious speech is taken into account in order to highlight a way of thinking specific to the Egyptian religion : naturalistic observation.

Les systèmes multi-agents (SMA) permettent à ce jour de simuler des phénomènes impliquant des entités en interactions. Ces entités peuvent représenter des experts et doivent alors utilisent des processus cognitifs de haut niveau (perception, prise de décision, raisonnement, stockage de l'information en mémoire). Depuis longtemps, la psychologie cognitive étudie ces processus cognitifs et a proposé des modèles conceptuels de la cognition humaine. L'approche « Naturalistic Decision Making » (prise de décision naturelle) et plus particulièrement RPD (Recognition-Primed-Decision), modélise la prise de décisions efficaces par des individus dans des situations complexes en fonction de leur expérience et du contexte. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'intégrer au sein d'un SMA, via l'approche Agent-Groupe-Rôle, le modèle RPD pour simuler les comportements d'experts. L'expérience des individus est stockée à l'aide d'une base de patrons. Un patron associe à une situation prototypique une décision générique. Le modèle de prise de décision qui en découle : DBP (Décision à Base de Patrons) est décomposé en quatre phases. La première ; la perception de la situation courante est basée sur des sous-ensembles flous. Ils sont employés pour transformer des données quantitatives en données qualitatives. Une phase d'appariement de la situation courante à une ou plusieurs situations prototypiques est alors lancée. Puis, le patron optimal, en fonction de critères spécifiques au profil de chaque agent, est retenu. Finalement, la décision est traduite en une action. DBP est validé par une extension du simulateur TRANS (Tractable Role Agent prototype for concurrent Navigation Systems) afin de reproduire le comportement d'experts maritimes. L'extension créée ; CogTRANS (cognitive TRANS) porte plus particulièrement sur les décisions des chefs de quart à bord de ferries et de cargos. CogTRANS permet de simuler les évitements de collisions de façon réaliste. Il offre ainsi de bonnes perspectives pour une meilleure compréhension des risques maritimes et l'amélioration d'outils pédagogiques pour l'apprentissage de la navigation.

<p>When breeding wild species in captivity, the animals may gradually become more adapted to captivity and therefore less suited for reintroduction which is the ultimate goal for some species. This study measured the activity budget of European bison (<em>Bison bonasus</em>) in six enclosures in Sweden with the aim to find out how the characteristics of the enclosures – with and without pasture - influenced the activity budget. The results show that there were significant differences in the activity budget, i.e. the activity was higher in the enclosures with pasture than in enclosures with barren ground. However, since barren enclosures were smaller than naturalistic, it was not possible to exclude the effect of size. Judged from observations of bison in the wild, there seems to be a direct correlation between food availability and ranging, indicating that enclosure characteristics affect activity more than size. The bison foraged differently in the two enclosure categories, but the total amount of time spent on feeding did not differ. A feeding enrichment experiment showed to have more positive effects in the barren enclosures than in the naturalistic ones, as the amount of time of inactivity decreased in the former. Since the genetic characteristics of all Swedish bison are very similar, the differences between the two enclosure groups indicate that the animals still have the ability to respond appropriately to improved environmental quality. Hence the next step in the assessment of the suitability of these bison for release would be to study them during an acclimatisation program.</p>

When breeding wild species in captivity, the animals may gradually become more adapted to captivity and therefore less suited for reintroduction which is the ultimate goal for some species. This study measured the activity budget of European bison (Bison bonasus) in six enclosures in Sweden with the aim to find out how the characteristics of the enclosures – with and without pasture - influenced the activity budget. The results show that there were significant differences in the activity budget, i.e. the activity was higher in the enclosures with pasture than in enclosures with barren ground. However, since barren enclosures were smaller than naturalistic, it was not possible to exclude the effect of size. Judged from observations of bison in the wild, there seems to be a direct correlation between food availability and ranging, indicating that enclosure characteristics affect activity more than size. The bison foraged differently in the two enclosure categories, but the total amount of time spent on feeding did not differ. A feeding enrichment experiment showed to have more positive effects in the barren enclosures than in the naturalistic ones, as the amount of time of inactivity decreased in the former. Since the genetic characteristics of all Swedish bison are very similar, the differences between the two enclosure groups indicate that the animals still have the ability to respond appropriately to improved environmental quality. Hence the next step in the assessment of the suitability of these bison for release would be to study them during an acclimatisation program.

Introduction: Multiple studies have shown the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) can impair driving performance. Studies have also found elevated crash rates in drivers with PD, however, none have controlled for exposure or amount of driving. Although a few studies have suggested that drivers with PD may self-regulate (e.g., by reducing exposure or avoiding challenging situations), findings were based on self-report data. Studies with healthy older drivers have shown that objective driving data is more accurate than self-estimates. Purposes: The primary objectives of this study were to examine whether drivers with PD restrict their driving (exposure and patterns) relative to an age-matched control group and explore possible reasons for such restrictions: trip purposes, perceptions of driving comfort and abilities, as well as depression, disease severity and symptoms associated with PD. Methods: A convenience sample of 27 drivers with PD (mean 71.6±6.6, range 57 to 82, 78% men) and 20 age-matched control drivers from the same region (70.6±7.9, range 57 to 84, 80% men) were assessed between October 2009 and August 2010. Driving data was collected for two weeks using two electronic devices (one with GPS) installed in each person‟s vehicle. Participants completed trip logs, questionnaires on background and usual driving habits, and measures of cognitive functioning, depression, quality of life, daytime sleepiness, driving comfort and abilities. Contrast sensitivity and brake response time were also assessed. Severity of PD was assessed using the Unified Parkinson‟s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor scores. An interview was conducted at the end of the second assessment to examine influence of the devices, driving problems and any departures from usual patterns over the monitoring period. Results: Of the 128 PD patients screened for possible study participation, 35% had already stopped driving. Former drivers were older, more likely to be women and had poorer UPDRS motor scores. Only 48% of those who were eligible for the study agreed to participate. Compared to controls, the PD group had significantly slower brake response times, higher depression and quality of life scores, less comfort driving at night and poorer perceptions of their driving abilities. The PD group also had significantly lower cognitive functioning scores than controls, and a significantly greater proportion (74% versus 45%) were classified as having mild cognitive impairment. Compared to vehicle recordings, both groups mis-estimated the amount they drove over two weeks (measurement error was 94 km for the PD group and 210 km for the controls). The PD group drove significantly less overall (days, trips, distance and duration), at night, on week-ends and in bad weather and for different purposes. Four of the PD drivers had minor accidents over the two weeks, while one lost his license. Conclusions: Self-estimates of exposure were inaccurate warranting the continued use of objective driving data. Overall, the findings suggest that drivers with PD appear to restrict their driving exposure and patterns relative to controls. The PD group were more likely to combine several activities into one trip, possibly due to fatigue. Moreover, they were more likely than controls to drive for medical appointments and less likely to drive for leisure activities and make out of town trips. The findings need to be replicated with larger samples and longer monitoring periods to examine changes in self-regulatory practices associated with disease progression and symptomatology. Other researchers are also likely to have similar difficulty in recruiting drivers with PD as this group may quit driving at an earlier age and those who are still driving are fearful of being reported to licensing authorities. Future studies also need to screen for cognitive impairment which often goes undetected, particularly in otherwise healthy drivers.

We sought to examine the potential differences between different types of risky decisions. While some decisions are easily represented as choices between future alternatives, other decisions may be better represented as the management of a personally owned situation. Schneider (2003) created the risk management task, which manifested these situated improvement decisions, and identified a unique pattern of risk preferences when compared to the standard gambling paradigm. To determine what cognitive processes might be differentially activated for each type of decisions so as to yield these risk preference differences, we incrementally manipulated the gambling paradigm to parse potentially influential elements of situational context from both risky choice and risk management. The elements of context found to be influential were (a) making an improvement of your situation rather than a choice within your situation, (b) integrating information into a more compact display, and (c) limiting the visual salience of consequence information. The implications of these results as they relate to current formal models of decision making and subsequent investigations of decision context are addressed. Future directions using a similar appreciation of individual perceptual and cognitive processes when studying decision making are also discussed.

Three preschoolers with limited or no verbal language were taught to request preferred objects using an adapted Picture Exchange Communication System (Bondy & Frost, 1998) and elements of peer mediated instruction and intervention (Neitzel, 2008) (PECS/PMII). These two interventions have been established as evidence based practices, but have not previously been taught and implemented by one adult and a preschool child in a preschool classroom. Same-aged peers were the communicative partners for the picture exchange. A teacher served as the facilitator of the exchanges. A multiple probe (days) across participants design was utilized to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. The percentage of successful exchanges/requests made by the target child using the adapted PECS/PMII method was evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the intervention when implemented by a same-aged peer. The target children not only made requests to the criterion level, two of the three increased their appropriate verbal responses. The same-aged peers were able to effectively implement the steps for PECS phase 1.

The primary purpose of this study was to test the assumption that function-based interventions developed using the Function-Based Intervention Decision Model (Umbreit, Ferro, Liaupsin, & Lane, 2007) must consist of three method elements (i.e., adjustment of antecedent conditions, providing appropriate reinforcement for replacement behaviors, and eliminating reinforcement for target behaviors) for an optimal effect on changing behavior. In this study, the contribution of the extinction procedure was examined with three elementary school-aged students who were at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a descriptive FBA involving assessment and intervention development. Phase 2 consisted of data collection in three conditions: baseline, intervention consisting of all three method elements, and intervention consisting of only antecedent adjustments and reinforcement of replacement behavior. Intervention phases were systematically introduced to each student using a multi-element reversal design (A-B-A-B-C-B) and resulted in improvements in the intervention conditions. Interventions using all three method elements were more effective in increasing replacement behaviors and decreasing target behaviors than those in which the extinction procedure was removed. Social validity using the Intervention Rating Profile-15 and Children's Intervention Rating Profile resulted in high acceptability ratings for interventions consisting of all three method elements. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.