A training method utilized in a few martial arts was found to agree strongly with current cognitive psychology theory. Further study extracted a procedural model for learning a complex set of whole-body, dyadic motor skills involving high-speed, interactive, continuous situation assessment and decision making. A broader literature survey found relevance in several fields of research, supporting the definition of four performance dimensions in the activity. Data collected from one experienced student partnering with each of ten students of various experience levels was analyzed on these four dimensions. These dimensions were found sufficient to show both individual differences and changes across an instructional intervention. Strong correlations found under linear regression were supportive of anecdotal evidence from the model??s long empirical history in training. Data provided evidence of a self-organizing dynamic emerging from the interaction of a dyad participating in this activity, and of individual differences in cognitive resource management dynamically setting allocation priorities among specific aspects of a complex motor/cognitive activity. Highly individual responses demonstrate a mechanism for insight into students that are difficult to read. Numerous comparisons and contrasts show interactivity of performance dimensions. Impact is foreseen for research, training and testing in motor learning fields, as well as situation awareness, decision making and military tactical training. Further research is recommended to replicate these findings, test hypotheses derived from them, and to extend testing of the drill-network model into other fields of learning.

Att det idag finns flera metoder och modeller för att fatta beslut är inte konstigt då beslutsfattande sker varje dag och i vissa sammanhang kan ge ödesdigra konsekvenser om det blir fel. Denna kandidatuppsats kan ses som en förstudie för hur naturligt beslutsfattande skulle kunna stödjas genom en förbättrad utbildning till beslutsfattare. Uppsatsen ämnar behandla naturligt beslutsfattande och intuition hos experter inom räddningstjänsten, närmare bestämt om de använder intuition och i så fall vad som ligger till grund för denna intuition. Intervjuer utfördes på räddningstjänsten i Motala efter critical decision method som är framtagen för cognitive task analysis. Inom räddningstjänsten använder sig befälen av intuition när de tar det flesta av sina beslut i fält. Resultaten av intervjuerna pekar på att intuition verkar ske undermedvetet vilket ger stöd för recognition primed decision model, i kombination med negativa ledtrådar och hävstångspunkter.

A training method utilized in a few martial arts was found to agree strongly with current cognitive psychology theory. Further study extracted a procedural model for learning a complex set of whole-body, dyadic motor skills involving high-speed, interactive, continuous situation assessment and decision making. A broader literature survey found relevance in several fields of research, supporting the definition of four performance dimensions in the activity. Data collected from one experienced student partnering with each of ten students of various experience levels was analyzed on these four dimensions. These dimensions were found sufficient to show both individual differences and changes across an instructional intervention. Strong correlations found under linear regression were supportive of anecdotal evidence from the model??s long empirical history in training. Data provided evidence of a self-organizing dynamic emerging from the interaction of a dyad participating in this activity, and of individual differences in cognitive resource management dynamically setting allocation priorities among specific aspects of a complex motor/cognitive activity. Highly individual responses demonstrate a mechanism for insight into students that are difficult to read. Numerous comparisons and contrasts show interactivity of performance dimensions. Impact is foreseen for research, training and testing in motor learning fields, as well as situation awareness, decision making and military tactical training. Further research is recommended to replicate these findings, test hypotheses derived from them, and to extend testing of the drill-network model into other fields of learning.

Couple therapy is a frequently sought domain by couples who experience problems in their relationships. Couple therapy has been researched intensively, but few studies incorporate a holistic account of the therapeutic process. This study aims to explore and integrate the therapist's and the couple's experiences of change in the context of couple therapy. The ecosystemic epistemology and the narrative metaphor forms the foundation from which the therapy and the research is approached. Qualitative research methods are employed from within a naturalistic paradigm which allows for personal and unique meanings to emerge. Rich descriptions of the therapist's and the participant's stories of change are provided. Multiple perspectives are offered in the stories which reveal the reciprocal motions between the therapist's and the couples' change processes. Recurring themes are extracted from the stories which punctuate the pivotal change processes that were experienced by the therapist and the couples during the therapy. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Communication can be divied into two broad areas namely, the verbal and nonverbal levels. While attention has been paid to nonverbal communication in the literature, few studies address the nonverbal communication that takes place in the natural setting of a therapeutic session. The present study provides such a naturalistic study, where the verbal content of actual therapy sessions are integrated with the nonverbal content to yield a holistic view of the session. An ecosystemic epistemology is adopted in this study, and represents a move away from more traditional approaches to nonverbal behaviour which are largely confined to a positivistic framework of thought and design. Symlog Interaction Scoring is employed as a practical method of assisting observers in distinguishing nonverbal behaviours, which are usually perceived unconsciously, and lifting them into consciousness, allowing this infonnation to be integrated with the meanings and hypotheses generated during therapy. By deliberately including descriptions of nonverbal behaviour, the descriptions of therapy were broadened, thereby providing a more holistic approach to therapy. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5365.pdf: 1378751 bytes, checksum: b9c089fe63d5bbde24e4b76a396c2792 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / We presuppose the existence of an Ethics in Skinner's work. It reveals, at least, three aspects: a Metaethics, a Normative and an Applied Ethics, which will be detailed in the present investigation. Before this, we will try to present chronologically the development of his ideas related to this topic. We conclude that the Skinnerian Ethics may be considered as a Naturalistic one. We attempt to describe it. Inside the Naturalistic Ethics, Skinner proposes something interesting, relevant, well founded, both in relation to a methaethics as well as in relation to the principles for an applied ethics. There are questionable points, one of them indicated in our last work, that is the attempt to traduce/reduce prescriptive aspects into descriptive ones, disregarding the difference between the causal determinants for tacts and those for mands. In this approach, we will essay a depth analysis, identifying what maybe is the core, or final, aspect of this tension: the defense of a technocracy, a huge problem found in the Skinnerian Ethics. What would be the limit for the technical authority? Prescriptions based on scientific knowledge are fully appropriate and acceptable, but what would be the limit for the derivation of mands from scientific evidence? Is there an alternative? Our thesis is this: Skinnerian Ethics is a kind of Naturalistic Ethics, and its main limitation is the defense of a technocracy. / Partimos da suposição de que há uma ética na obra de Skinner. Ela se apresenta em, pelo menos, três aspectos: o metaético, o normativo e o aplicado, os quais serão detalhados neste trabalho. Antes disso, porém, ao longo da obra de Skinner, tentaremos acompanhar cronologicamente o desenvolvimento de suas propostas em relação ao tema. Concluiremos que a Ética Skinneriana pode ser classificada como naturalista. Buscaremos descrevê-la. Dentro do Naturalismo Ético, Skinner nos traz uma proposta interessante, relevante, bem fundamentada, tanto em relação a uma metaética, quanto aos princípios para uma ética aplicada. Há pontos questionáveis, um deles constatado em trabalho anterior, que diz respeito à tentativa de traduzir/reduzir aspectos prescritivos aos descritivos, desconsiderando-se as diferenças entre os determinantes dos tatos e aqueles dos mandos. No presente trabalho, aprofundaremos a questão, identificando o que talvez seja o aspecto central, ou final, dessa tensão: a defesa da tecnocracia, um grande problema encontrado na Ética Skinneriana. Qual seria, então, o limite da autoridade técnica? Prescrições fundamentadas em conhecimentos científicos são plenamente cabíveis e aceitáveis, mas qual seria o limite da derivação de imperativos a partir de evidências científicas? Há alternativas? Nossa tese, portanto, é esta: a Ética Skinneriana é uma variante do Naturalismo Ético, sendo sua principal limitação a defesa da tecnocracia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2177.pdf: 1504779 bytes, checksum: c84b2b35395302db94ba0dd38cba2746 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The capability to use the language is essential for the acquisition of the symbolic systems and to improve the interpersonal relationships; his/her full development depends on the cognitive abilities and social adaptative skills. When an implication happens in this natural course, it is common to appear alterations in the communicative process. The speech pathologist s intervention in group, when using Augmentative and Alternative Communication as an intervention procedure, makes possible the complete use of the social interactions in the development of the language abilities. The objective of the present study was to plan, to apply and to evaluate an intervention program about Augmentative and Alternative Communication in a group inserted on a naturalistic model in one Special Education School. The ten students who participated in the research had a diagnosis of intellectual disabilities. Three of them were the target subjects. In order to be the target, they had to be non verbal. In the group of seven children there were some who were verbal and others nonverbal ones. All of the ten participants were capable to accomplish voluntary motor actions and they did not participate in other intervention group that used Augmentative and Alternative Communication. The chronological age of the group varied between 6 and 14 years old. To verify the effects of the intervention Program on Augmentative and Alternative Communication in the participants communicative behavior, a Multiple Baseline design across subjects was used. The sub-test Pragmatic from Test of Infantile Language ABFW and the Test of Receptive and Expressive Language were also used. The Results demonstrated that during the Baseline, none of the participants obtained success in relation to the use of the communication pictures. However, when the intervention process was started, the children presented increase in the use of pictures as an alternative to communicate their needs. At the end of the data collection all children were able to use the picture exchanging program. The Pre and Post results related to the Pragmatics Evaluation revealed that all the participants from each group improved their communicative abilities. It is important to emphasize that some of them improved their verbal behaviors and the ones who did not have conditions to improve their oral communication, started to use the pictures to communicate their needs associated with gestures and vocalizations. The application of Pre and Post Test on Receptive and Expressive Language Test, evidenced changes when the expressive language is analyzed. Some participants acquired abilities related to language verbal expression, even thought this was not the study main focus. We concluded that when the System of Augmentative and Alternative Communication was employed, the development of the communicative abilities occurred, improving the participants' communication performance during the interactions. Therefore, it is evident the importance of the speech pathologist s intervention in group situations and the use of the Communicative Alternative and Augmentative Systems to develop communication skills in children with intellectual disabilities. / A capacidade de utilizar a linguagem é essencial para adquirir os sistemas simbólicos e aprimorar os relacionamentos interpessoais; seu pleno desenvolvimento depende das habilidades cognitivas e sócio-adaptativas. Quando ocorre um comprometimento nesse curso natural, é comum surgirem alterações nos processos comunicativos. A intervenção fonoaudiológica em grupo, ao utilizar Sistemas de Comunicação Alternativa/Ampliada como procedimento de intervenção, possibilita o completo aproveitamento das interações sociais no desenvolvimento das habilidades de linguagem. O presente estudo teve por objetivo planejar, aplicar e avaliar um programa de intervenção sobre comunicação Alternativa/Ampliada em grupo inserido numa abordagem naturalística em uma Escola de Educação Especial. Participaram da pesquisa dez alunos, com diagnóstico de Deficiência Intelectual, sendo três considerados alvos por serem não verbais, e outros sete colegas de classe. Neste grupo de sete crianças, havia aquelas que eram verbais e outras não-verbais. Todos eram capazes de realizar atos motores voluntários e não participavam de outro grupo de intervenção que utilizasse Sistemas de Comunicação Alternativa/Ampliada. A idade cronológica do grupo variava entre 6 e 14 anos. Para verificar os efeitos da intervenção (Programa de CAA) no comportamento dos participantes da pesquisa, foi utilizado um delineamento de Linha de Base Múltipla cruzando com sujeitos; além disso, utilizou-se o Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW (subteste: Pragmática) e o Teste de Linguagem Receptiva e Expressiva. Nos dados obtidos durante o processo de intervenção, verificamos que, na fase de Linha de Base, nenhum dos participantes obteve êxito em relação ao uso das figuras de comunicação. Ao iniciarmos o processo de intervenção, as crianças apresentaram melhora crescente quanto ao uso das figuras pictográficas, sendo que ao final do estudo todas conseguiam comunicar-se por meio de intercâmbio de figuras. Nos resultados do Pré e Pós-teste, em relação à avaliação da Pragmática, todos os participantes do grupo obtiveram melhoras significativas em suas habilidade comunicativas. Cabe ressaltar que alguns melhoraram a utilização dos meios verbais e aqueles que não possuíam condições de desenvolver a comunicação oral, passaram a usar as figuras pictográficas aliadas aos gestos e vocalizações. No Teste de Linguagem Receptiva e Expressiva, as mudanças mais significativas são evidenciadas ao analisarmos a linguagem expressiva. A maioria dos participantes adquiriu habilidades no que tange a expressão verbal da linguagem, mesmo não sendo esse o foco do estudo aqui apresentado. Concluímos que, ao utilizar o Sistema de Comunicação Alternativa/Ampliada, ocorreu o desenvolvimento de habilidades comunicativas, tais como: troca de turnos, atos comunicativos, que levaram a uma melhora significativa das interações dos participantes. Dessa forma, ficou evidente a importância da intervenção fonoaudiológica em grupo por meio da utilização de um de um Sistema Alternativo de Comunicação.

Cette thèse analyse les stratégies de traduction et l’acquisition de connaissances à partir d’entretiens et de questionnaires envoyés à des traducteurs techniques indépendants. L’objectif est de voir si les stratégies de traduction sont influencées par des facteurs que le traducteur peut plus ou moins maîtriser et si l’expérience, la formation en traduction et-ou dans un domaine et, les langues de travail jouent aussi un rôle. Il apparaît que la pression du temps influence la décision d’accepter ou de refuser une traduction et que sous cette pression, le traducteur ne consulte pas les mêmes documents, acquiert moins de connaissances et, passe moins de temps à l’archivage. Le manque de sources pose des problèmes aux traducteurs de langues peu répandues. La création terminologique, l’analyse du texte, l’aide de la source humaine et l’archivage des informations sont plus systématiques pour ces traducteurs que pour ceux de langues répandues. Le traducteur spécialisé attache moins d’importance à la technicité du texte de départ que celui sans spécialisation, achète plus de documents et évalue plus facilement le temps qu’il consacrera à la recherche documentaire. Les « jeunes » traducteurs voient un lien fort entre la technicité du texte et sa difficulté, préfèrent utiliser des sources donnant des réponses immédiates aux problèmes, consultent et achètent moins de sources sur support papier que les traducteurs expérimentés. Internet a marginalisé l’utilisation et les achats de sources sur support papier mais ne permet pas forcément de se spécialiser. Avec Internet, le client accorde des délais plus courts et les traducteurs acceptent de traduire des textes plus techniques. / This thesis analyzes translation strategies and knowledge acquisition. It is based on interviews and questionnaires from a sample of freelance technical translators. The purpose is to investigate if translation strategies are influenced by factors translators can handle more or less, such as experience, training and working languages. It appears that time pressure has an influence on the decision to accept or refuse a translation. When under pressure, translators do not use the same documents, get less knowledge and spend less time storing information. The lack of documents is problematic for translators whose languages are rarely spoken and read in their working environment. They create more terms in the target language and analyze the source text more in-depth than translators of widespread languages ; they also get help from the human source and store information more often than translators of widespread languages. Specialized translators give more importance to the technicity of the source text than non-specialized translators ; they buy more documents and are more able to assess the time they will take to do documentary research. “Young” translators think there is a strong link between the technicity of the source text and its level of difficulty. They also prefer to directly use documents matching what they look for, use and buy less paper documents than experienced translators. Translators use and buy less paper documents, and accept to translate more technical texts than during the pre-Internet period. Clients also give them shorter deadlines than before.

The purpose of this thesis is to critically examine how W.V. Quine, Michael A. Bishop and J.D. Trout confront the normativity objection against naturalized epistemology. In Chapter One, normativity in epistemology is introduced, followed by a brief look over Quine’s grievances against the traditional approach to epistemology. Quine rejects traditional epistemology and assimilates epistemology with science. The second chapter assesses how Quine naturalizes epistemology, and the third chapter evaluates his engineering response against the normativity objection. Bishop and Trout’s theory, founded upon the Aristotelian Principle, concentrates on reasoning and epistemic excellence instead of belief justification. Strategic Reliabilism’s attempt to dissolve the naturalistic challenge and resolve the normativity objection is inspected in Chapter Four. The final chapter, succinctly, summarizes its preceding chapters and ends by suggesting a closer exploration of the link between epistemology and cognitive sciences, to better understand the underlying mechanics of the objections that face naturalized epistemology. / Graduate / 0422 / 0621 / soushi@gmail.com

La réception plurielle du développement durable interpelle et interroge. Malléable, il fédère les différents acteurs de la société qui l’utilisent à différentes fins, traduisant ainsi la difficulté de la définition de sa nature juridique. Est-il un droit contraignant impliquant des obligations ? Au moyen de quel mécanisme peut-il être respecté ? A partir de ces interrogations, se dessine tout l’intérêt juridique devant être porté au développement durable. Du point de vue académique, il nous permet de concilier la philosophie naturaliste du droit avec sa traduction dans l’ordre juridique. Décloisonnant les branches du droit, il crée des interactions entre les différents foyers normatifs dans un ordre qui apparaît sous la forme d’un réseau. De par cette circulation, le développement durable se présente comme une force créatrice de droits à travers lesquels il tend à devenir un droit objectif. Du point de vue humain, il reconnaît la possibilité de croire à un avenir pour notre postérité. Au-delà, il se présente comme un droit du vivant promis à évoluer de génération en génération, constituant déjà en lui-même l’expression du patrimoine dont nous héritons de nos ancêtres et destiné au futur. / The plural reception of the sustainable development questions us. Malleable it federates the various actors who use in various purposes so translating the difficulty of the definition of its legal nature. Is it a binding law implying obligations ? How can it be respected? From these questions, he appears all the interest of the legal study of the sustainable development. From the academic point of view, he links the naturalistic philosophy of the right with his translation in the legal legal network. Which decompartmentalizes areas of law, he creates interactions wich each other. The sustainable development creating the right and tends to become a blinding law.From the human point of view, he recognizes the possibility of believing in a future for our offspring. Beyond, he appears as a right of alive promised to evolve from generation to generation, already establishing in himself the expression of the heritage of which we inherit from our ancestors and intended for the future.