Orientador: Jose Maria Campos dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T16:32:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_ElsonCesar_M.pdf: 10024919 bytes, checksum: 5229531ae57fbedd477ddafcf581d5b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma implementação e avaliação experimental da grandeza acustica denominada de Intensidade Acustica Supersonica (IAS), a qual permite determinar a parcela da intensidade acustica de uma fonte sonora que sera radiada para o campo distante. Tal grandeza permite quantificar de forma mais precisa a eficiencia de radiação ou não de radiadores acusticos na solução dos problemas de vibroacustica. A IAS origina-se da Holografia Acustica de Campo Proximo (Nearfield Acoustic Holography - NAH) e tem por objetivo identificar as regiões de uma fonte de ru?do que contribuem para a potencia sonora radiada para o campo distante (supersonica) filtrando, consequentemente, a parcela referente as ondas sonoras recirculantes e evanescentes (subsonicas). O trabalho apresenta uma breve revisão teorica dos fundamentos da holografia acustica plana usando a transformada de Fourier e sua extensão para obtenção da Intensidade Acustica Supersonica. Com base no NAH para sistemas em coordenadas Cartesiano (holografia plana) implementou-se em linguagem MatLab um algoritmo do calculo da IAS e simulações em estrutura plana do tipo placa foram realizadas. Os resultados simulados foram verificados atraves de medições experimentais em uma placa real com as mesmas propriedades, dimensões, condições iniciais e de contorno. Os resultados obtidos são analisados e discutidos / Abstract: This work presents an experimental implementation and evaluation of the acoustic parameter named Supersonic Acoustic Intensity (SAI) which permits determining the part of the acoustic intensity of sound source that will be radiate to farfield. This parameter permits quantify precisely the radiation efficiency or acoustic radiator to solve the vibroacoustic problems. SAI had origin from Nearfield Acoustic Holography (NAH) it has as objective identify the regions of the sound source that contribute to the sound power radiated to the far field (supersonic) filtered out as a result the part of the sound recirculating and evanescence waves (subsonic). The work presents a brief theoretical review of the planar acoustic holography fundaments using the Fourier Transformed and its extension to obtain the supersonic acoustic intensity. With base in the NAH for coordinates systems (planar holography) it was implemented in MatLab language an algorithm from the SAI calculus and simulation in planar structure type plate were achieved. The simulated results were verified through experimental measurements in a realistic plate with the same properties, dimension, initial conditions and boundaries. The results obtained are analyzed and discussed. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

A dispersão dos efluentes do emissário submarino de Santos foi estudada por meio de modelagem numérica, acoplando-se modelos hidrodinâmico, de dispersão no campo próximo e no campo distante. As simulações foram realizadas para o projeto original do emissário de 1979, para a nova configuração de 2009 e para terceiro arranjo sugerido por este estudo, que dobra o comprimento do duto em relação ao projeto original. As diluições foram modeladas em cenários ambientais com propriedades marinhas e estuarinas climatológicas de verão, juntamente com forçantes atmosféricas climatológicas da mesma estação, simulando ausência de vento, presença de vento médio e presença de vento médio seguido por passagem de frente fria climatológica (obtida por este estudo). Com as devidas validações do modelo hidrodinâmico, a diluição, tanto no campo próximo quanto no campo distante, foi fortemente regida pela estratificação da coluna dágua e pela velocidade das correntes. O cenário sem vento apresentou as maiores estratificações, menores velocidades e originou as menores diluições em oposição ao cenário que simulou a passagem de frente fria. Dentre os projetos de emissário analisados, aquele proposto por este estudo apresentou plumas com menores comprimentos horizontais e menores profundidades, atingindo a costa uma só vez. O projeto original e o novo que será implantado em 2009 apresentaram, comparativamente, plumas mais extensas e profundas, interceptando a costa em diversas situações. / Sewage plume dispersion for the Santos outfall was studied using numerical models, coupling hydrodynamic, near field and far field models. Experiments were conducted for the 1979 original outfall design, for the new 2009 outfall configuration and also for a third arrangement suggested here, which duplicates the emissary length comparatively to the original 1979 project. Dilutions were modeled in environmental sceneries with summer climatological estuarine and marine properties, together with climatological atmospheric forcing for the same season, simulating no wind conditions, mean wind forcing and mean wind followed by a climatological cold front (developed at this study) passage. After the appropriate hydrodynamic numerical model validation, the dilution, at the near field as well as at the far field, was strongly determined by the vertical water stratification and by the current velocities. The no-wind scenery presented the highest stratifications, smallest velocities and originated the smallest dilutions, in opposition to the cold-front-scenery. Among the sewage outfall projects considered, the one presented at this study showed the shallowest plumes, with the smallest horizontal lengths, reaching the coast only once. The original 1979 project and the 2009 configuration showed, comparatively, the deepest and widest plumes reaching the coast in several situations.

A dispersão dos efluentes do emissário submarino de Santos foi estudada por meio de modelagem numérica, acoplando-se modelos hidrodinâmico, de dispersão no campo próximo e no campo distante. As simulações foram realizadas para o projeto original do emissário de 1979, para a nova configuração de 2009 e para terceiro arranjo sugerido por este estudo, que dobra o comprimento do duto em relação ao projeto original. As diluições foram modeladas em cenários ambientais com propriedades marinhas e estuarinas climatológicas de verão, juntamente com forçantes atmosféricas climatológicas da mesma estação, simulando ausência de vento, presença de vento médio e presença de vento médio seguido por passagem de frente fria climatológica (obtida por este estudo). Com as devidas validações do modelo hidrodinâmico, a diluição, tanto no campo próximo quanto no campo distante, foi fortemente regida pela estratificação da coluna dágua e pela velocidade das correntes. O cenário sem vento apresentou as maiores estratificações, menores velocidades e originou as menores diluições em oposição ao cenário que simulou a passagem de frente fria. Dentre os projetos de emissário analisados, aquele proposto por este estudo apresentou plumas com menores comprimentos horizontais e menores profundidades, atingindo a costa uma só vez. O projeto original e o novo que será implantado em 2009 apresentaram, comparativamente, plumas mais extensas e profundas, interceptando a costa em diversas situações. / Sewage plume dispersion for the Santos outfall was studied using numerical models, coupling hydrodynamic, near field and far field models. Experiments were conducted for the 1979 original outfall design, for the new 2009 outfall configuration and also for a third arrangement suggested here, which duplicates the emissary length comparatively to the original 1979 project. Dilutions were modeled in environmental sceneries with summer climatological estuarine and marine properties, together with climatological atmospheric forcing for the same season, simulating no wind conditions, mean wind forcing and mean wind followed by a climatological cold front (developed at this study) passage. After the appropriate hydrodynamic numerical model validation, the dilution, at the near field as well as at the far field, was strongly determined by the vertical water stratification and by the current velocities. The no-wind scenery presented the highest stratifications, smallest velocities and originated the smallest dilutions, in opposition to the cold-front-scenery. Among the sewage outfall projects considered, the one presented at this study showed the shallowest plumes, with the smallest horizontal lengths, reaching the coast only once. The original 1979 project and the 2009 configuration showed, comparatively, the deepest and widest plumes reaching the coast in several situations.

El objeto de esta tesis se centra el estudio del comportamiento acústico de estructuras multicapa, utilizando como herramienta, entre otras, la denominada "Holografía acústica de campo cercano" (NAH, Nearfield Acoustical Holography). Las conclusiones obtenidas y las herramientas desarrolladas en este estudio tienen implicaciones en dos ámbitos, el aislamiento acústico con particiones ligeras multicapa, y la optimización de la radiación de sistemas electroacústicos basados en la vibración de un panel provocada por un elemento excitador de tipo dinámico (caso de los altavoces planos). El proceso para conseguir predicciones acertadas del comportamiento de estructuras multicapa, tanto desde el punto de vista de la aplicación acústica de la edificación, como el electroacústico (mejora de prestaciones de altavoces), debe partir, necesariamente de un conocimiento preciso de las características acústicas de los componentes, es decir, cada una de las capas. Este estudio constituye la primera fase de la investigación y del trabajo. La validación de las teorías sobre el aislamiento acústico lleva contigo el ensayo de diferentes materiales y configuraciones. El objeto es aumentar al máximo el índice de aislamiento de una cierta configuración, intentado disminuir en lo posible los costes. El estudio del comportamiento acústico de distintas configuraciones suele realizarse en cámara de transmisión. Los resultados de las medidas en estas condiciones no tienen por qué coincidir con los obtenidos con medidas "in situ", ya que las condiciones de montaje son hasta cierto punto incontrolables. Existen diversos trabajos donde se desarrollan los diferentes modelos, teorías y técnicas de medición con este fin, desde modelos y teorías para caracterizar materiales absorbentes hasta métodos de caracterización de materiales absorbentes medidos en el tubo de Kundt. También existen medidas de una determinado variable acústica, permiten obtener los parámetros de entrada necesarios para los progr / Escuder Silla, EM. (2005). Estudio del comportamiento acústico de estructuras multicapa mediante nah [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1860 / Palancia

Methoden der optischen Spektroskopie gestatten es, über die Licht-Materie-Wechselwirkung Aussagen über verschiedene Materialsysteme zu treffen. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurde das Potential von stationären und transienten optischen Methoden– u.a. der Nahfeldmikroskopie– zur qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse prototypischer Materialsysteme genutzt. Die Kombination von aufeinander abgestimmten organischen und anorganischen Materialien führt auf so genannte Hybridsysteme. Die Vielzahl verschiedener Halbleiter- und Molekülsysteme lässt eine Vielzahl möglicher Hybride zu. Diarylethene (DTE) bilden eine Klasse photochromer molekularer Systeme. In der Arbeit wird der Frage nach den fundamentalen optischen Eigenschaften und dem Schaltverhalten des hier vorliegenden prototypischen DTE nachgegangen. Die zweite untersuchte Klasse von Systemen sind Hybride, welche aus dem anorganischen Halbleiter Zinkoxid (ZnO) und einer molekularen Bedeckung bestehen. Bei den Untersuchungen dieser Hybride wurde der Frage nach den optisch induzierten physikalischen Prozessen an bzw. in der Grenzschicht zwischen der molekularen Bedeckung und dem anorganischen Halbleiter nachgegangen. Im Speziellen wurde ein exzitonischer Oberflächenzustand (SX) beobachtet. Die Anwendung zeitaufgelöster Tieftemperaturnahfeldmikroskopie deckt die Transporteigenschaften der SX entlang der Oberfläche auf. Weiterhin wurden prototypische Laserdioden auf der Basis des Halbleiters Galliumnitrid (GaN) untersucht. Der Unterschied zwischen den hier untersuchten GaN-Bauelementen liegt in der Materialzusammensetzung der in die Bauelemente integrierten Wellenleiter. Eine Optimierung der Wellenleiter kann zu einer Steigerung der Effizienz der Bauelemente führen. Die Analyse der Bauelemente erfolgte mit Methoden der Nahfeldmikroskopie. Die Experimente decken Unterschiede in der Struktur der Bauelemente auf und erlauben Messungen der in den Wellenleitern geführten Lasermoden. / Methods of optical spectroscopy allow for the investigation of diverse material systems via the interaction between light and matter. Stationary and transient methods of optical spectroscopy were exploited– particularly near-field scanning optical microscopy– for qualitative and quantitative analyses of prototypical material systems. The combination of organic and inorganic materials which are adapted to each other yields a so-called hybrid system. The wide range of different semiconductor materials and molecular systems available results in a multitude of hybrid systems. Diarylethenes (DTE) form one class of photoswitchable molecular systems. This work focuses on the fundamental optical properties and the photochromic switching behavior of a prototypical DTE species. The second class of investigated prototypical sample systems consists of the inorganic semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO) covered with molecular monolayers. The studies performed on this sample system focus on optically-induced physical processes localized at the interface between the inorganic semiconductor and the organic adlayer. In particular, a surface-excitonic state (SX) was investigated. The application of time-resolved low-temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy enables the monitoring of lateral SX transport along the organic-inorganic interface. The third prototypical sample class considered consists of two gallium nitride (GaN) diode lasers. The difference between the two investigated prototypical diode lasers is the different material composition of the waveguides integrated within the lasers. An optimization of the waveguide material composition may be used to increase the laser efficiency. Near-field scanning optical microscopy was used to analyze the two different diode lasers. The experiments show the structural differences between the distinct laser architectures and revealed the mode profiles of the waveguides within the diode lasers.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden neuartige integrierte Einzelphotonenquellen (EPQ) und ihre Anwendung für die Quanteninformationsverarbeitung entwickelt und untersucht. Die Erzeugung von Einzelphotonen basiert auf einzelnen Defektzentren in nanometergroßen Diamantkristallen mit einzigartigen optischen Eigenschaften: Stabilität bei Zimmertemperatur ohne optisches Blinken. Diamantkristalle mit Größen bis unter 20nm wurden mit neuartigen „pick-and-place“ Techniken (z.B. mit einem Atomkraftmikroskop) in komplexe photonische Strukturen integriert. Zwei unterschiedliche Ansätze für die Realisierung der neuartigen EPQ wurden verfolgt. Beim ersten werden fluoreszierende Diamantkristalle in nano- und mikrometergroße Faser-basierte oder resonante Strukturen in einem „bottom-up“ Ansatz integriert, dadurch werden zusätzliche optische Komponenten überflüssig und das Gesamtsystem ultra-stabil und wartungsfrei. Der zweite Ansatz beruht auf einem Festkörperimmersionsmikroskop (FIM). Seine Festkörperimmersionslinse wirkt wie eine dielektrische Antenne für die Emission der Defektzentren. Es ermöglicht die höchsten bisher erreichten Photonenzählraten von Stickstoff-Fehlstellen von bis zu 2.4Mcts/s und Einsammeleffizienzen von bis zu 4.2%. Durch Anwendung des FIM bei cryogenen Temperaturen wurden neuartige Anwendungen und fundamentale Untersuchungen möglich, weil Photonenraten signifikant erhöht wurden. Die Bestimmung der spektralen Diffusionszeit eines einzelnen Defektzentrums (2.2µs) gab neue Erkenntnisse über die Ursachen von spektraler Diffusion. Spektrale Diffusion ist eine limitierende Eigenschaft für die Realisierung von Quanteninformationsanwendungen. Das Tisch-basierte FIM wurde außerdem als kompakte mobile EPQ mit Ausmaßen von nur 7x19x23cm^3 realisiert. Es wurde für ein Quantenkryptographie-Experiment implementiert, zum ersten Mal mit Siliziumdefektzentren. Des Weiteren wurde ein neues Konzept für die Erzeugung von infraroten EPQ entwickelt und realisiert. / The presented thesis covers the development and investigation of novel integrated single photon (SP) sources and their application for quantum information schemes. SP generation was based on single defect centers in diamond nanocrystals. Such defect centers offer unique optical properties as they are room temperature stable, non-blinking, and do not photo-bleach over time. The fluorescent nanocrystals are mechanically stable, their size down to 20nm enabled the development of novel nano-manipulation pick-and-place techniques, e.g., with an atomic force microscope, for integration into photonic structures. Two different approaches were pursued to realize novel SP sources. First, fluorescent diamond nanocrystals were integrated into nano- and micrometer scaled fiber devices and resonators, making them ultra-stable and maintenance free. Secondly, a solid immersion microscope (SIM) was developed. Its solid immersion lens acts as a dielectric antenna for the emission of defect centers, enabling the highest photon rates of up to 2.4Mcts/s and collection efficiencies of up to 4.2% from nitrogen vacancy defect centers achieved to date. Implementation of the SIM at cryogenic temperatures enabled novel applications and fundamental investigations due to increased photon rates. The determination of the spectral diffusion time of a single nitrogen vacancy defect center (2.2µs) gave new insights about the mechanisms causing spectral diffusion. Spectral diffusion is a limiting property for quantum information applications. The table-top SIM was integrated into a compact mobile SP system with dimension of only 7x19x23cm^3 while still maintaining record-high stable SP rates. This makes it interesting for various SP applications. First, a quantum key distribution scheme based on the BB84 protocol was implemented, for the first time also with silicon vacancy defect centers. Secondly, a conceptually novel scheme for the generation of infrared SPs was introduced and realized.