Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MetS among different African populations using the new Joint Statement Criteria. Hereafter we aimed to determine whether waist or neck circumference is the best predictor of MetS risk after ethnic, gender and age-specific cut-points were developed. Lastly, we aimed to determine whether afore-mentioned cut-point can predict albumin:creatinine ratio as a marker of target organ damage. Methods: The study sample (N=409) comprised of urban African (men, N=101; women, N=99) and Caucasian (men, N=101; women, N=108) teachers from the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda Education district in the North-West Province, South Africa. Participants were aged between 25 and 65 years. Anthropometric measurements, albumin:creatinine ratio and other markers of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) (systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP and DBP], glucose, triglycerides [TG] and high density lipoprotein [HDL]) were determined. Results: Africans (65 and 63 % for men and women) and Caucasian men (73%) showed high prevalence of MetS; ROC analysis determined neck circumference (NC) cut-points of 39 and 35 cm for young and older African men, 32 and 35 cm for young and older African women, 40 and 41 cm for Caucasian men and 34 and 33 cm for Caucasian women. This NC cut-point can be used to determine metabolic syndrome risk in all groups, except in African women; ROC developed waist circumference (WC) cut-points were 91 cm for all African male groups, 84, 81 and 84 cm for young, older and total group of African women. Suggested WC cut-points for Caucasian men were 93 cm for the young group and 97 cm for older as well as total Caucasian male groups, while cut-points for Caucasian women were 87 cm, 79 cm and 84 cm for young, older and total Caucasian women. These WC cut-points were good measures of metabolic syndrome risk in all groups; neither cut-point of WC nor NC could increase the risk of albumin:creatinine ratio. Conclusion: African women as a group present with few MetS risk factors and glucose is associated with renal function risk in Africans; NC cut-points may be used as an additional anthropometric marker to predict the metabolic syndrome in a South African cohort, but not in African women; WC cutpoints demonstrated to be good predictors of the metabolic syndrome in the same South African cohort, especially among men; WC would seem to be the best measure of MetS risk in all African populations, although NC can also be used for this purpose in all African populations, except in African women. / Thesis (PhD (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MetS among different African populations using the new Joint Statement Criteria. Hereafter we aimed to determine whether waist or neck circumference is the best predictor of MetS risk after ethnic, gender and age-specific cut-points were developed. Lastly, we aimed to determine whether afore-mentioned cut-point can predict albumin:creatinine ratio as a marker of target organ damage. Methods: The study sample (N=409) comprised of urban African (men, N=101; women, N=99) and Caucasian (men, N=101; women, N=108) teachers from the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda Education district in the North-West Province, South Africa. Participants were aged between 25 and 65 years. Anthropometric measurements, albumin:creatinine ratio and other markers of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) (systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP and DBP], glucose, triglycerides [TG] and high density lipoprotein [HDL]) were determined. Results: Africans (65 and 63 % for men and women) and Caucasian men (73%) showed high prevalence of MetS; ROC analysis determined neck circumference (NC) cut-points of 39 and 35 cm for young and older African men, 32 and 35 cm for young and older African women, 40 and 41 cm for Caucasian men and 34 and 33 cm for Caucasian women. This NC cut-point can be used to determine metabolic syndrome risk in all groups, except in African women; ROC developed waist circumference (WC) cut-points were 91 cm for all African male groups, 84, 81 and 84 cm for young, older and total group of African women. Suggested WC cut-points for Caucasian men were 93 cm for the young group and 97 cm for older as well as total Caucasian male groups, while cut-points for Caucasian women were 87 cm, 79 cm and 84 cm for young, older and total Caucasian women. These WC cut-points were good measures of metabolic syndrome risk in all groups; neither cut-point of WC nor NC could increase the risk of albumin:creatinine ratio. Conclusion: African women as a group present with few MetS risk factors and glucose is associated with renal function risk in Africans; NC cut-points may be used as an additional anthropometric marker to predict the metabolic syndrome in a South African cohort, but not in African women; WC cutpoints demonstrated to be good predictors of the metabolic syndrome in the same South African cohort, especially among men; WC would seem to be the best measure of MetS risk in all African populations, although NC can also be used for this purpose in all African populations, except in African women. / Thesis (PhD (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Grupo DASA / LabPasteur / Existem vÃrios mÃtodos clÃnicos de avaliaÃÃo da obesidade, sendo mais utilizados na prÃtica o IMC e a medida da circunferÃncia abdominal (CA), esta Ãltima refletindo obesidade central. Estudos recentes tÃm sugerido que uma distribuiÃÃo de gordura no segmento corporal superior tambÃm pode ter relaÃÃo com aumento do risco cardiovascular (RCV). Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as circunferÃncias cervical (CC) e escapular (CE) como marcadores clÃnicos de obesidade superior e relacionÃ-las com outros dados antropomÃtricos e fatores de RCV. Foram avaliados 88 indivÃduos, de outubro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009, no CSAM-SMS/UFC; 24/88 (27,3%) eram do sexo masculino e 64/88 (72,7%) eram do sexo feminino. As principais mÃdias encontradas foram: idade (anos) - 39,1  10,9 (homens - 36,5  10,1 e mulheres - 40,0  11,1; p = 0,2); IMC (kg/mÂ) - 28,9  4,7 (homens - 28,7  4,6 e mulheres - 29,0  4,8); CC (cm) â 35  3,4 (homens â 39  2,6 e mulheres 33,5  2,0); CE (cm) - 94,1  8,4 (homens - 99,8  8,2 e mulheres - 92,0  7,4); CA (cm) - 94,2  11,3 (homens - 98,7  11,0 e mulheres - 92,6  11,0). Neste grupo, 38/88 (43,2%) indivÃduos preenchiam os critÃrios de SM da IDF. Encontrou-se correlaÃÃo (p<0,05) entre a CC e os seguintes parÃmetros: CA, circunferÃncia braquial (CB), CE, IMC, relaÃÃo cintura quadril (RCQ), relaÃÃo cervical coxa, pressÃo arterial sistÃlica (PAS), pressÃo arterial diastÃlica (PAD), Ãcido Ãrico, TGO, TGP, ferritina, HDL - colesterol, triglicÃrides e glicemia jejum; com a CE foram encontradas as seguintes correlaÃÃes: CA, CB, IMC, RCQ, PAS, Ãcido Ãrico, &#61543;GT, TGO, TGP, ferritina, HDL - colesterol, triglicÃrides, glicemia jejum e HOMA-IR. O uso das CC e CE como parÃmetros clÃnicos de obesidade superior neste grupo de indivÃduos mostrou correlaÃÃo com outros parÃmetros antropomÃtricos de obesidade, com componentes da SM e com exames laboratoriais marcadores de patologias associadas à SM, como hiperuricemia e doenÃa gordurosa nÃo-alcoÃlica. Estes dados sugerem que o uso destas circunferÃncias e, particularmente da CC, poderà ter um papel importante na avaliaÃÃo da obesidade e da SM, considerando a sua simplicidade e facilidade de execuÃÃo. Existe a necessidade de mais estudos para a confirmaÃÃo destes dados e para definiÃÃo de possÃveis pontos de corte da CC e CE em ambos os sexos, que possam predizer sobrepeso, obesidade e SM. / There are several clinical methods to evaluate obesity, it being used mainly the body mass index (BMI) and the waist circumference (WC), this one reflecting central obesity. Recent studies have suggested that an upper body obesity distribution also have relationship with high cardiovascular risk (CVR). This study aimed to evaluate neck circumference (NC) and scapular circumference (SC) as upper body obesity indexes, and their relationships with others anthropometrics parameters and CVR factors. Eighty-eight adults voluntaries were evaluated, since 2008 October to 2009 January, at the CSAM-SMS/UFC; 24/88 (27,3%) were males and 64/88 (72,7%) were females. The main means were: age - 39,1  10,9 years old (men - 36,5  10,1 and women - 40,0  11,1; p=0,2); BMI (kg/mÂ) - 28,9  4,7 (men - 28,7  4,6 and women - 29,0  4,8); NC (cm)- 35  3,4 (men â 39  2,6 and women - 33,5  2,0); SC (cm)- 94,1  8,4 (men - 99,8  8,2 and women - 92,0  7,4); WC (cm) - 94,2  11,3 (men - 98,7  11,0 and women â 92,6  11,0). In this group, 38/88 (43,2%) voluntaries had metabolic syndrome (MS) (IDF criteria). There was a significant correlation (p<0,05) between NC and: WC, braquial circumference (BC), SC, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), SBP, DBP, uric acid, AST, ALP, ferritin, HDL-Chol, triglycerides and fasting glucose; and with SC: WC, BC, BMI, WHR, SBP, uric acid, &#61543;GT, AST, ALP, ferritin, HDL-Chol, triglycerides, fasting glucose and HOMA. NC and SC as upper body obesity indexes in this group showed correlations with other obesity anthropometrics parameters, with MS components and with laboratories parameters of MS associated diseases, hyperuricemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. These data suggest the utility these circumferences and, particularly NC, would be an important tool to evaluated obesity and MS, due your simplicity and easy execution. However, subsequent studies are necessary to confirm these data and to define NC and SC cut points in both sexes to predict overweight, obesity and MS.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major public health problems nowadays in Africa. From prospective studies, it is also known that risk factors for CVDs start early in life and increase morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan African adults. Mostly the risk factors of CVDs are malnutrition and hypertension. Economic development in South Africa leads to lifestyle changes that contribute to a high prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and malnutrition. However, little is known about the relationship of anthropometric indicators and BP in children from the developing countries. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine the association between anthropometrics indicators and BP among rural children in Ellisras area of Limpopo province, South Africa. All 1961 children (n=1029 boys, n=932 girls) aged 5-12 years underwent anthropometric and BP measurements using standard procedure. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to assess the ability of anthropometric indicators to discriminate children with high BP. ROC was used to determine the area under curve (AUC), cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity for underweight in children for each age and gender. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between anthropometric indicators and BP. ROC curve showed that height (AUC = 0.700, 95%Cl 0.581 to 0.818), SH (AUC= 0.690, 95%Cl 0.573 to 0.786) and SH/H (AUC=0.670, 95% 0.533 to 0.807) can significantly (P<0.05) identify Ellisras children with hypertension. AUC for neck circumference (NC) (0.698), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) (0.677) and body mass index (BMI) (0.636) for boys were statistically significant (P<0.05) for high systolic blood pressure (SBP), while in girls AUC of BMI was not significant (P>0.05) for high diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The regression analysis showed a positive significant (P<0.05) association of SBP with NC (β=0.764, 95%CI 0.475 to 1.052) and MUAC (β=1.286, 95% Cl 0.990 to 1.581) for unadjusted and adjusted age and gender. NC (β=0.628 95% Cl 0.303 to 0.953) and MUAC (β=1.351 95% CI 1.004 to 1.697) showed a significant association with SBP. However, MUAC had a significant association with DBP for both unadjusted and adjusted age and gender. Sitting height (SH) was significantly associated with SBP (β = 0.134, 95% Cl 0.210 to 0.416) and DBP (β = 0.088, 95% Cl 0.086 to 0.259) for unadjusted. After adjusted for age and gender, SH was significantly associated with both SBP (β = 0.161, 95% Cl 0.220 to 0.532) and DBP (β = 0.101, 95% Cl 0.066 to 0.329). There was a positive significant association between BP and anthropometric indicators in this population study, though the association of DBP and NC disappeared after adjustments for age and gender. Furthermore, there is a positive significant association between DBP and SBP with the components of height amongst Ellisras rural children. NC and MUAC are the simplest techniques with good interrater reliability and could be used to screen underweight in children. / Vrije University, Amsterdam, The netherlands University of Limpopo National Research Foundation (NRF)

No description available.

Introducción: La circunferencia de cuello (CCu) es una medida útil para evaluar riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo fue determinar la correlación y establecer los mejores puntos de corte que correspondan entre CCu e Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y Circunferencia de Cintura (CCi). Métodos: Se utilizó la base de datos de Perú del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS). Se evaluó por sexo: (i) la correlación de Pearson entre CCu e IMC y CCi, (ii) la Sensibilidad (Se) y Especificidad (Sp) para sobrepeso y obesidad (IMC) y para obesidad central (CCi), con el Índice de Youden. Resultados: Se encontró correlación fuerte por sexo entre CCu y CCi (hombres: r=0,81 y mujeres: r=0,80) y moderada entre CCu e IMC (r=0,80 y r=0,76 respectivamente). El punto de corte para definir sobrepeso/obesidad por CCu (IMC≥25.0 kg/m2) en hombres fue 36,95 cm y en mujeres 32,85 cm (Se: 81% y 78%; Sp: 77% y 88%, respectivamente), para obesidad (IMC≥30.0 kg/m2) fue 39,15 cm para hombres y 33.85 cm para mujeres (Se: 92% y 88%; Sp: de 84% y 73%, respectivamente) y para obesidad central fue 38,65 cm en hombres y 32,75 cm para mujeres (Se: 80% y 77%; Sp: de 89% y 89%, respectivamente). Conclusión: Se encontró una correlación fuerte entre CCu y CCi y moderada entre CCu e IMC. La CCu es una medida práctica y poco invasiva. Podría ser usada en salud pública para identificar riesgo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. / Background: Neck circumference (NC) is being used lately to identify the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation and establish the best cut-off points that correspond between NC and Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC). Methods: Data were obtained from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS). The following were evaluated by sex: (i) Pearson's correlation between NC and BMI and WC, (ii) Sensitivity (Se) and Specificity (Sp) for overweight and obesity (BMI) and for central obesity (WC), with the Index of Youden. Results: A strong correlation by sex was found between NC and WC (men: r = 0.81 and women: r = 0.80, respectively) and a moderate correlation between NC and BMI (r = 0.80 and r = 0.76 respectively). The cutoff points to define overweight /obesity by NC (BMI≥25.0 kg / m2) in men was 36.95 cm and in women 32.85 cm (Se: 81% and 78%; Sp: 77% and 88%, respectively) and for obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg / m2) it was 39.15 cm for men and 33.85 cm for women (Se: 92% and 88%; Sp: 84% and 73%, respectively). For central obesity, the cutoff points is 38.65 cm for men and 32.75 cm for women (Se: 80% and 77%; Sp: 89% and 89%, respectively). Conclusion: A strong correlation was found between NC and WC and a moderate one between NC and BMI. The NC is a practical and minimally invasive measure that could be used in public health to identify the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases. / Tesis

No description available.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka och jämföra kvinnor och män i åldersgrupperna 30-39 år respektive 40-49 år avseende antropometriska mått samt prestation på GIH:s hälsotester. En vidare målsättning var att undersöka om det förekom några skillnader mellan två separata testtillfällen. Frågeställningarna har varit om resultaten på hälsotesterna skiljer sig mellan könen, åldersgrupperna samt mellan två separata testtillfällen. Metod Totalt fullföljde 41 deltagare GIH:s hälsotester, av dem var 20 kvinnor och 21 män mellan 30-49 år. Det enda som krävdes för att delta var att man uppfattade sig själv som frisk. Personer som tidigare haft stroke, hjärtinfarkt eller opererats på grund av hjärtproblem har inte inkluderats, ej heller gravida och personer med ledbesvär. Testerna utfördes på LTIV (Laboratoriet för tillämpad idrottsvetenskap) mellan februari och mars 2016. Resultat Signifikanta skillnader mellan de två separata testtillfällena noterades för några av styrketesterna framför allt hos männen: axelpressar, handgrip och stolresningar. Mellan könen sågs signifikanta skillnader i de antropometriska måtten, samt i flera konditions- och styrketester. Bland dessa kunde signifikant högre värden ses för kvinnorna än för männen i ryggstyrketestet.  Signifikanta skillnader mellan åldersgrupperna 30-39 år och 40-49 år sågs näst intill endast för kvinnor. De yngre jämfört med de äldre kvinnorna presterade bättre i flera av testerna, de vägde mindre och hade mindre kroppsmått. Slutsats Det framkom vanligtvis inte några signifikanta skillnader mellan det första och andra testtillfället, med enstaka undantag. När så är fallet behövs bara ett test utföras initialt inför en period med exempelvis fysisk aktivitet som senare kanske ska följas upp med ett återtest. Skillnader mellan könen och olika åldersgrupper framkom i vissa tester men inte i alla. Resultaten i denna studie beror bland annat på urvalet av individer. Eftersom att syftet med den här studien har varit att endast utföra de tester som ingår i GIH:s hälsotester har inga tester lagts till eller exkluderats. I arbetet diskuteras bland annat hur optimala testerna är som ett mått på hälsa. För att effektivisera hälsotestundersökningar framöver behöver nödvändigtvis inte alla tester utföras.