The introduction of a regulatory framework in the area of collective management of rights in Nigeria must have been intended to strengthen the creative industry. Unfortunately, it has thrown this industry and in particular the music and film industries into a battle of a regulated against a non-regulated collective administration sector for upward of twenty (20) years. My choice of research on this topic could be attributed to the interest I developed while administering the collective administration desk at the Nigerian Copyright Commission. Serving on that desk afforded the opportunity to see the frustration of right owners who were being deprived the fruit of their labor, as the societies meant to collect and distribute royalties on their behalf were enmeshed in litigations and in the process, rarely paid any royalties to authors. Within this context, this research seeks to explore whether there is any merit in the continued existence of the current regulatory framework for collective management in Nigeria, and what the best operational framework for collective administration in Nigeria would be. A methodological approach entailing literature review of books, articles, journals, legislation, cases, reports of committees and interviews with experts was adopted, with critical analysis carried out on particularly the Nigerian Copyright Act, the Nigerian Copyright (collective management organisation) regulation, the South African Copyright Act, the South African Performers’ Protection Act, the South African Collecting Societies Regulation, as well as judicial decisions challenging certain provisions in the Nigerian legislation. It is hoped that this research will spur a desire for the need for supervisory and regulatory agencies of government to seek the national interest above all others in taking and making decisions that affect the collective administration of copyright and related rights. / Mercantile law / LL.M. (Intellectual Property)

針對外界流傳已久的中國威脅論，中國於2003年底開始推出「和平崛起」論述，主張中國以和平的方式崛起，並且旨在維護和平、以和平為目的。除了基於國際環境給予的動力與壓力之外，中國決策者對中國崛起的自信，以及期望建立一套新的國家發展論述促使和平崛起戰略的出台。中國建立了以和平崛起為目標的國家發展戰略，其中對外建構了一套和平崛起外交戰略，具體落實在大國外交、睦鄰外交、與發展中國家關係及多邊外交上。本研究自中國崛起的背景著手，從國際環境、國家實力與決策者認知理解中國提出和平崛起的原因、目的與特色，並觀察中國相應而生的具體外交作為。最後，本研究指出和平崛起外交戰略面臨到中美權力競逐與矛盾問題、中日安全困境與衝突利益問題、領海與資源爭議以及台灣問題的嚴格考驗。 / This dissertation focuses on the “peaceful rise” argument brought by China in the end of 2003. By contending that China will rise by peace, for peace, and peacefully, the so-called “peaceful rise” argument tried to counter “China threat” argument, which distributed for a long time. The making of China’s “peaceful rise” national strategy is motivated and forced by the international environment. On top of that, the confidence of Chinese decision-makers for a rising China provides power to the formation of the new national strategy as well as the expectation for a new national development discourse. Following the national development strategy which aims at a peacefully rising China, the “peaceful rise” diplomatic strategy was built by a series of concrete foreign policies, including “Big-power diplomacy,” “Good-neighboring diplomacy,” “Relations with developing countries,” and “Multi-lateral diplomacy”. This dissertation starts from the background of a rising China, comprehends the reason, goal and character of China’s “peaceful rise” by international environment, national power, and decision-maker’s cognitive approaches. Moreover, concrete foreign policies accompanying its national strategy are analyzed. Finally, this research finds that the peaceful rise diplomatic strategy needs to deal with certain challenges such as Sino-U.S. power struggle with conflicting issues, Sino-Japan security dilemma with conflicting issues, peripheral territorial sea and land disputes, and last but not least, the Taiwan problem.

Ce travail s’attache à étudier le droit des artistes interprètes à la protection de leur travail à l’ère numérique. La première partie de ce travail s’intéresse à la théorie des droits d’auteur, l’histoire des droits moraux, et à l’application de la théorie des droits moraux aux procès qui impliquent les artistes interprètes aux Etats-Unis, au Royaume-Uni, et en France. De plus, ce travail présente le droit international en la matière, y compris la Convention de Berne et le Traite de Beijing. La deuxième partie de ce travail examine l’histoire de l’industrie du cinéma. Plus spécifiquement, il se concentre sur l’histoire de l’industrie du cinéma aux Etats-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en France, en observant comment les progrès des technologies cinématographiques ont affecté les droits des acteurs de cinéma dans le domaine du droit national et international. La troisième partie de ce travail propose un Protocole au Traité de Beijing afin que créer un mécanisme pour diminuer les obstacles à l'accès à la justice qui empêchent les artistes interprètes de faire valoir leurs droits. La thèse se termine par uneréflexion sur les leçons qui peuvent être tirées de l'histoire et des pratiques actuelles des États-Unis, du Royaume-Uni et de la France en ce qui concerne les droits moraux des artistes interprètes, en recommandant que les trois pays fournissent à l'avenir des protections plus significatives aux artistes interprètes. / This work provides a broad study of the right of performing artists to protect their performances in the Internet era. The first part of this work explores the theoretical foundation of copyright law, the history of moral rights, and the application of the theory of moral rights to cases affecting performing artists in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. In addition, this work discusses relevant international law, including the Berne Convention and the Beijing Treaty. The second part of this work addresses the history of the movie industry. More specifically, it concentrates on the history of the film industry in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, observing how technological progress in filmmaking techniques have affected the rights of movie actors under both national and international law. The third part of this work proposes a Protocol to the Beijing Treaty that would create a mechanism to lower the barriers to justice that currently prevent performing artists from vindicating their rights. This work concludes with a reflection on the lessons that can be drawn from both the history and the current practices of the United States, the United Kingdom, and France with respect to the moral rights of performing artists, recommending that the three countries provide more significant protections to performing artists going forward.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T15:55:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leandro Maracahipes dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 3094765 bytes, checksum: a7fa8f585e1539956b511e26bdb50212 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T15:56:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leandro Maracahipes dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 3094765 bytes, checksum: a7fa8f585e1539956b511e26bdb50212 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T15:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leandro Maracahipes dos Santos - 2017.pdf: 3094765 bytes, checksum: a7fa8f585e1539956b511e26bdb50212 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The adoption of different ecological strategies is an important factor to determine the establishment and persistence of species in local communities. In general, the Cerrado is characterized by high fire frequency and poor soils. Generally under conditions of low fertility and high fire frequency the filtered species tend to have characteristics that represent adaptations to these environmental stresses. Considering that savanna species evolved under severe environmental filters, our aim was to evaluate how the adoption of different ecological strategies can determine the performance of the functional traits, the structure of the communities, and the relationship between a focal plant and its neighborhood. In this thesis work, which is divided into three chapters, we use three different scales to evaluate how species ecological strategies can determine the performance and establishment in local communities. In the first chapter, which is based on habitat scale, we evaluated how ecological strategies of generalist and specialist species of seasonal forest and savannas are fundamental for the establishment and persistence of the species in these habitats with marked differences in frequency in fire frequency and nutrient availability. In this chapter, we discuss that the different strategies adopted by species are in accordance to the limiting factors of the species occurrence in each of these environments. In the second chapter, which is based on community scale, we seek to understand how environmental gradients can determine different ecological strategies related to functional traits and density of individuals. We showed that the changes in trait values and density of individuals were more evident in the fertility gradient than toxicity, and that seasonal forest communities were more sensitive to changes savanna communities in both gradients. We also observed that species with conservative traits were associated with poor soils and species with acquisitive traits with more fertile soils. In the third chapter, which was developed at the individual scale, we discussed whether the characteristics and phylogenetic relationship of the neighboring plants influence leaf damage in trees and shrubs of savannas. In this chapter, we showed that the ecological and evolutionary distance between individual plants and neighboring plants does not determine the level of leaf damage by herbivores. We discussed that the dominance of generalist herbivores, co-evolution between plants and specialist herbivores, and preferential consumption of young leaves may be more important to determine the level of leaf damage than the neighboring context in which a given plant is inserted. / A adoção de diferentes estratégias ecológicas é um fator importante para determinar o estabelecimento e a persistência de espécies em comunidades locais. De maneira geral, o cerrado é caracterizado por uma alta frequência de fogo e solos pobres em nutrientes. Geralmente em condições de baixa fertilidade e alta frequência de fogo as espécies filtradas tendem a possuir características que representam adaptações a estes estresses ambientais. Considerando que as espécies de Cerrado se desenvolvem sob a atuação destes filtros ambientais, nosso objetivo foi avaliar como a adoção de diferentes estratégias ecológicas podem determinar a performance dos atributos funcionais, a estrutura das comunidades e a relação entre uma planta focal e sua vizinhança. Neste trabalho de tese, que está dividido em três capítulos, nós utilizamos três diferentes escalas para avaliar como estratégias ecológicas das espécies podem determinar seu desempenho e estabelecimento em comunidades locais. No primeiro capítulo que está baseado em uma escala de habitat, nós avaliamos como as estratégias ecológicas de espécies generalistas e especialistas de floresta estacional e cerrado sentido restrito são fundamentais para o estabelecimento e a persistência das espécies nestes habitats com diferenças marcantes em relação à frequência de fogo e disponibilidade de nutrientes. Neste capítulo, nós discutimos que as diferentes estratégias adotadas pelas espécies estão de acordo com os fatores limitantes da ocorrência de espécies em cada um destes ambientes. No segundo capítulo, que está baseado em escala de comunidades, nós buscamos compreender como os gradientes ambientais podem determinar diferentes estratégias ecológicas relacionadas aos atributos funcionais e a densidade de espécies. Nós demonstramos que as mudanças nos valores de atributos e densidade de espécies foram mais claras no gradiente de fertilidade do que toxicidade, e que comunidades de floresta estacional foram mais sensíveis a mudanças do que comunidades de cerrado sentido restrito em ambos os gradientes. Nós observamos também que espécies com atributos conservativos foram associados à solos pobres e espécies com atributos aquisitivos associado à solos mais férteis. Já no terceiro capítulo, que foi desenvolvido na escala de indivíduo, nós discutimos se as características e relação filogenética das plantas vizinhas influenciam o dano foliar em árvores e arbustos do cerrado. Neste capítulo, demonstramos que a distância ecológica e evolutiva entre plantas individuais e as plantas vizinhas não determina o nível de consumo foliar por herbívoros. Nós discutimos que a dominância de herbívoros generalistas, a co-evolução entre plantas e herbívoros especialistas, e o consumo preferencial de folhas jovens podem ser mais importante para determinar o nível de dano foliar do que o contexto de vizinhança em que uma dada planta está inserida.

The systemic model posits that informal social control directly reduces crime victimization and social networks indirectly reduce crime victimization through informal social control. While empirical testing of the systemic model advanced the theory, important analytical issues remain. First, social networks are inconsistently conceptualized and measured. Second, the conceptual relationship between social networks and informal social control remains unclear. This study addresses these issues by testing an alternative to the systemic model, including new constructs and hypotheses. The goal is to develop better indicators for the model and refine the theory, rethinking and deepening the existing theory about neighborhood effects on crime victimization. The data come from the 2002-2003 Seattle Neighborhoods and Crime Survey (N=2,200). Structural equation modeling (SEM), a multivariate statistical technique, was used to analyze these data. The SEM included five latent constructs (neighboring, neighborhood and non-neighborhood social networks, collective efficacy, and crime victimization) and six social structural variables (racially homogeneous neighborhood, resident tenure, household income, family disruption, male, and non-white ethnicity). One of my 9 hypotheses was supported; the remaining hypotheses were partly supported. The results support my argument that the systemic model is too simplistic, but the relationships among the variables are not exactly as I hypothesized. The results provide insight into the complexities of the systemic model and areas for future research.

The aim of this master thesis is to introduce a new technique for the design of cellular automata which will provide a better possibilities for the implementation and solving given problems in an environment of non-uniform automata. In this work, the theoretical foundations of cellular automata have been summarized and the possibilities of their design were examined using two evolutionary principles that have commonly been used - genetic algorithm and cellular programming. Two principally different issues were selected on which the possibilities and capabilities of these techniques were proven: the synchronization problem and the system of implementation of logic gates in an environment of cellular automata. Based on a review of the implementation properties and the initial results of usage of these methods a new design method for cellular automata was created - cellular evolution. The cellular evolution with its method of "prediction of the future state of surrounding cells" provides new possibilities in the design of cellular automata since it operates with structured genes which allow the gene to be active for a variety of cellular surroundings. In the conclusion of this work, all three methods were compared on two selected problems and their abilities were summarized in a detailed overview.

No description available.

Abstract This study addresses the justifications of the duration of copyright, the revenue-generating models in the music business, and the availability of digital music in Finland. The first goal was to understand how different stakeholders in the music industry relate to copyright and how they justify what they consider the optimal duration. The second goal was to map out the revenue-generating models in the music industry at a time when the consumption of music has changed from analogue to digital formats, from physical products to streaming services. The third goal was to find out the different ways in which digital music is available on the internet in Finland. The research material consists of survey research, half-structured theme interviews and documentary material. The applied research methods are theory- and material-based content analysis. The theoretical approaches utilized are the theory of justice by John Rawls, the theory of hegemony by Antonio Gramsci, the classical communication model by Roman Jakobson, and power theory by Lawrence Lessig. It uses as its interpretational theory the model of justification of copyright by Laura Leppämäki. The results state the following: The most common justification provided for the optimal duration of copyright is utilitarianism – advantage to society as a whole. The same justification is given by stakeholders who want to keep the duration as it stands, and also by those who wish to shorten it. Another common justification is to see copyright as a natural item of ownership, claimed by work, and especially as a subject of inheritance, preferably for two subsequent generations. The problems concerning the revenue-generating models in the digital world tend to focus on distribution of income on three different levels: record contracts; the distribution models of the streaming companies; and contracts between content sharing companies, record companies and rights organizations. The authors and artists have the weakest bargaining position in the negotiations. The results on availability of digital music show that digital music can be discovered via public services (music libraries), commercial services (streaming companies), and ad hoc societal services (peer-to-peer networks). The role of music libraries as a content provider has decreased since the majority of music consumption has altered to digital services. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimus käsittelee musiikin tekijänoikeuden keston perusteluja, musiikkialan ansaintalogiikoita ja digitaalisten musiikkiaineistojen saatavuutta Suomessa. Tarkoituksena oli hahmottaa, miten musiikkiteollisuuden eri osapuolet suhtautuvat tekijänoikeuteen ja miten ne perustelevat tekijänoikeuksien optimaalista kestoa. Tavoitteena oli myös kartoittaa musiikkialan ansaintalogiikat, jotka ovat muuttuneet siirryttäessä analogisesta musiikin kulutuksesta digitaaliseen musiikin kulutukseen, ennen kaikkea suoratoistopalveluihin. Kolmantena tehtävänä oli selvittää, millä tavoilla digitaalista musiikkia on saatavilla internetin välityksellä Suomessa. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu kyselytutkimuksesta, puolistrukturoiduista teemahaastatteluista sekä dokumenttiaineistosta. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin sekä teoria- että aineistolähtöistä sisällönanalyysia. Tutkimuksessa sovellettuja teorioita ovat John Rawlsin oikeudenmukaisuusteoria, Antonio Gramscin hegemoniateoria, Roman Jakobsonin klassinen kommunikaatiomalli ja Lawrence Lessigin valtateoria. Tutkimus käyttää tekijänoikeuksia koskevan tutkimuskysymyksen kohdalla tulkintateoriana Laura Leppämäen esittämää mallia oikeuksien perusteluista. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että sekä tekijänoikeuden nykyistä kestoa että sen lyhentämistä perustellaan ennen kaikkea utilitarismilla. Toinen keskeinen perustelukeino oli työn kautta teoksiin saatava omistusoikeus ja tämän omistusoikeuden kautta tarjoutuva mahdollisuus oikeuksien jättämiseen perintönä tekijän jälkipolville. Ansaintalogiikoiden kohdalla esiin nousi digitaalisesta myynnistä generoituvien tulojen jakamiseen liittyvät ongelmat, joita esiintyy niin musiikintekijöiden ja levy-yhtiöiden välisissä sopimuksissa, suoratoistopalvelujen sisäisissä maksumalleissa kuin internetin alustapalveluiden ja oikeudenhaltijoiden sekä heitä edustavien järjestöjen välisissä sopimuksissa. Heikoimmassa asemassa sopimuksia koskevissa neuvotteluissa ovat musiikintekijät ja artistit. Digitaalisen musiikkiaineiston saatavuuden kohdalla keskeisenä tuloksena on, että aineistoa on saatavilla julkisen palvelun eli yleisten musiikkikirjastojen, kaupallisten palveluiden eli suoratoistopalveluiden ja yhteisöllisten palveluiden eli vertaisverkkojen välityksellä. Musiikkikirjastojen rooli aineistojen tarjoajana on pienentynyt siirryttäessä analogisen musiikin kulutuksesta digitaalisen musiikin kulutukseen.

The introduction of a regulatory framework in the area of collective management of rights in Nigeria must have been intended to strengthen the creative industry. Unfortunately, it has thrown this industry and in particular the music and film industries into a battle of a regulated against a non-regulated collective administration sector for upward of twenty (20) years. My choice of research on this topic could be attributed to the interest I developed while administering the collective administration desk at the Nigerian Copyright Commission. Serving on that desk afforded the opportunity to see the frustration of right owners who were being deprived the fruit of their labor, as the societies meant to collect and distribute royalties on their behalf were enmeshed in litigations and in the process, rarely paid any royalties to authors. Within this context, this research seeks to explore whether there is any merit in the continued existence of the current regulatory framework for collective management in Nigeria, and what the best operational framework for collective administration in Nigeria would be. A methodological approach entailing literature review of books, articles, journals, legislation, cases, reports of committees and interviews with experts was adopted, with critical analysis carried out on particularly the Nigerian Copyright Act, the Nigerian Copyright (collective management organisation) regulation, the South African Copyright Act, the South African Performers’ Protection Act, the South African Collecting Societies Regulation, as well as judicial decisions challenging certain provisions in the Nigerian legislation. It is hoped that this research will spur a desire for the need for supervisory and regulatory agencies of government to seek the national interest above all others in taking and making decisions that affect the collective administration of copyright and related rights. / Mercantile law / LL.M. (Intellectual Property)

This master’s thesis describes the design and implementation of the application that created the basis set pieces "puzzle" according to the shape of the folded edges of the original image. This application is developed using Matlab. The work also describes how to create a database of actual pieces of the puzzle composite photo image. Closer was also focused on finding the characteristic section points, their segmentation and appropriate description. There is dismantled procedure for selecting the types of symptoms and their extraction. On the basis of suitably described pieces of segmented parts is designed and implemented the algorithm of comparing and grouping into clusters. Using the proposed method of visualization is then displayed in the resulting composite picture puzzle.