Les rétinopathies ischémiques (RI) sont la cause majeure de cécité chez les personnes âgées de moins de 65 ans. Il existe deux types de RIs soit la rétinopathie du prématuré (ROP) ainsi que la rétinopathie diabétique (RD). Les RIs sont décrites en deux phases soit la phase de vasooblitération, marquée par une perte importante de vaisseaux sanguins, et une phase de néovascularisation secondaire à lʼischémie menant à une croissance pathologique de vaisseaux. Cette seconde phase peut générer des complications cliniques telles quʼun oedème dans lʼhumeur vitré ainsi que le détachement de la rétine chez les patients déjà atteints dʼune RI. Les traitements approuvés pour les RIs visent à réduire la formation des vaisseaux pathologiques ou lʼoedème; mais ceux-ci malheureusement ne règlent pas les problèmes sous-jacents tels que la perte vasculaire et lʼischémie. La rétine est un tissu hautement vascularisé qui contribue à lʼirrigation et à lʼhoméostasie des neurones. Lʼinteraction neurovasculaire, comprenant de neurones, vaisseaux et cellules gliales, contribue au maintien de cette homéostasie. Durant le développement, les neurones et les cellules gliales jouent un rôle important dans la vascularisation de la rétine en sécrétant des facteurs qui stimulent l'angiogenèse. Cependant, nos connaissances sur lʼinteraction neurovasculaire dans les RIs sont limitées. En identifiant les interactions importantes entre les cellules composant cette unité neurovasculaire dans la rétine, nous pourrons viser des cibles qui engendreront une revascularisation seine afin de diminuer les signes pathologiques chez les patients atteints dʼune RI. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à mieux expliquer cette interaction neurovasculaire en soulignant des concepts importants propres aux RIs. En utilisant un modèle de rétinopathie induite par lʼoxygène chez la souris, qui reproduit les caractéristiques importantes de la ROP (et en certaines instances, la RD), nous identifions quelques molécules clés jouant un rôle significatif dans les RIs soit la sémaphorine 3A (sema3A), lʼIL-1β, ainsi que le récepteur PAR2. Nos résultats démontrent que Sema3A, sécrétée par les cellules ganglionnaires rétiniennes (CGRs) durant une ischémie, empêche la revascularisation normale et que cette expression est induite par lʼIL-1β provenant des microglies activées. En bloquant Sema3A directement ou via lʼinhibition de lʼIL- 1β, nous remarquons une revascularisation seine ainsi quʼune diminution importante des vaisseaux pathologiques. Cela nous indique que Sema3A est impliquée dans la guidance vasculaire et quʼelle contribue à la pathogenèse des RIs. Lʼactivation de façon exogène de PAR2, identifié aussi comme régulateur du récepteur de lʼIL-1β (IL- 1RI) sur les CGRs, se traduit par une diminution séquentielle de lʼIL-1RI et de Sema3A ce qui mène également à une revascularisation seine. En conclusion, ces travaux soulignent lʼimportance de lʼinteraction neurovasculaire ainsi que la guidance vasculaire dans les RIs. Ils renforcent lʼimportance de la communication entre neurone, vaisseau et microglie dans la pathogenèse des RIs. Finalement, nous identifions quelques molécules clés qui pourront servir comme cibles afin de lutter contre lʼischémie qui cause des problèmes vasculaires chez les patients atteints dʼune RI. / Ischemic retinopathies (IRs), namely, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), are the major cause of blindness in persons under the age of 65. IRs are biphasic disorders described by an initial vasoobliterative phase marked by a persistent microvascular degeneration, which leads to ischemia. Retinal ischemia, secondary to vessel loss, incites a second neovascularization phase represented by an aberrant, misdirected neovessel formation into the vitreous, which can cause adverse clinical complications including vitreous hemorrhaging and tractional retinal detachment. While current treatments aim at reducing vitreous/retinal hemorrhaging and/or pathological pre-retinal neovascularization, these regimens fail to address the underlying problem; that is, microvascular decay and retinal ischemia. The retina is a highly metabolic tissue that requires a significant amount of nutrients and oxygen. This is supplied by an intricate and highly regulated vascular network required to maintain homeostasis and proper function. The intricate cellular interactions in the neurovascular unit – the consortium of vessel, neurons and support glia – are required for regulating and maintaining homeostasis under normal conditions. However, the understanding of how this unit functions under ischemic stress, that which is seen in patients suffering from IRs, is not well defined. The present work underlines several important concepts of neurovascular coupling in IRs in efforts to identify potential therapeutic agents that may help curb retinal ischemia by stimulating normal revascularization. Using a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), which reproduces the salient features of ROP (and in some instances DR), we identified key players involved in generating the pathophysiological signatures associated with IRs; namely, semaphorin3A (Sema3A), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). Our results show that neuronal-derived Sema3A, secreted by ischemic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), acts as a potent vaso-repulsive molecules that impedes normal revascularization. Activated microglia contribute to this process by secreting IL-1β, which induces paracrine release of Sema3A expression contributing to microvascular decay as well as pathological pre-retinal neovascularization. Inhibition of Sema3A or IL-1β translates to rapid revascularization and, as a result, a significant reduction in pathological neovessel formation. These results demonstrate that Sema3A is directly involved in vascular guidance and precipitates the pathophysiological features associated with IRs. PAR2, found on RGCs, was also identified as a key regulatory mechanism involved in dampening IL-1β induced Sema3A mediated vascular decay by reducing IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI). Exogenous activation of neuronal PAR2 translates to a sequential reduction of both IL-1RI and Sema3A resulting in accelerated revascularization and consequentially pre-retinal neovascularization. In conclusion, these studies highlight the importance of neurovascular coupling associated with IRs. Herein, we demonstrate the consorted interaction between neuron, vessel and glia and its impact on shaping the retinal vasculature during disease. Moreover, we underscore the significant impact of neuronal guidance cues in manifesting the salient vascular features of IRs. Finally, we identify key players that may serve as potential therapeutic avenues in curbing retinal ischemia in efforts to reduce vascular complications associated with IRs.

Introdução: A correção anatômica da transposição das grandes artérias após o período neonatal demanda a preparação prévia do ventrículo subpulmonar, com bandagem do tronco pulmonar, para induzir a hipertrofia ventricular. Estudos experimentais prévios demonstraram que a sobrecarga sistólica intermitente determina uma hipertrofia ventricular mais eficiente, em relação à bandagem convencional (fixa) do tronco pulmonar. Os mecanismos adaptativos envolvidos no retreinamento do ventrículo subpulmonar ainda não estão completamente estabelecidos, pois se sabe que, além da hipertrofia e hiperplasia das células contráteis, também células do interstício e vasos sofrem alterações fenotípicas. Permanece indefinida a taxa ideal de incremento, tanto da matriz extracelular quanto da vascularização do miocárdio na situação do retreinamento ventricular, para suportar a resistência sistêmica. Objetivo: Avaliar a adaptação do ventrículo subpulmonar no que se refere a apoptose e estímulo à neovascularização miocárdica em resposta à sobrecarga pressórica contínua versus intermitente, obtida pela bandagem ajustável do tronco pulmonar de cabritos jovens. Método: Foram utilizados 21 cabritos hígidos, com idade de 30 a 60 dias e pesos comparáveis, divididos em três grupos: Controle (n = 7, sem sobrecarga sistólica), Contínuo (n = 7, sobrecarga sistólica contínua do VD), Intermitente (n = 7, 12 horas/dia de sobrecarga sistólica intermitente do VD). A sobrecarga sistólica do VD foi mantida por 96 horas no grupo Contínuo e por quatro períodos de 12 horas, alternados com 12 horas de descanso, no grupo intermitente. Os animais do grupo Controle foram submetidos ao implante do dispositivo de bandagem, o qual foi mantido desinsuflado. As medidas hemodinâmicas foram tomadas diariamente, antes e após o ajuste da sobrecarga sistólica. Avaliações ecocardiográficas foram realizadas no pré-operatório e no final do protocolo de estudo. Após 96 horas de estudo, os animais foram mortos para avaliação dos parâmetros morfológicos (peso e conteúdo de água das massas cardíacas e análise imuno-histoquímica da apoptose e da expressão do VEGF). Resultados: Ao final do protocolo, o ecocardiograma revelou uma diferença significativa da espessura do VD no grupo Intermitente (+129,2%), quando comparado ao grupo Contínuo (+58,2%; p < 0,001) e de ambos os grupos de estudo quando comparados ao grupo Controle (p < 0,001). Sob a análise morfológica, ambos os grupos de estudo apresentaram ganho de magnitude semelhante nas massas do VD (Intermitente: + 115,8%; Contínuo: + 90,8%; p < 0,0001) e do septo (Intermitente: +55,8%; Contínuo: + 45,4%; p < 0,047), em relação ao grupo Controle, apesar do menor tempo de sobrecarga pressórica no grupo Intermitente. O protocolo de sobrecarga sistólica do VD não influenciou a massa muscular do VE. Houve um discreto aumento do conteúdo de água do VD (Contínuo: +3,5%, Intermitente: +4,6%) e do septo (ambos os grupos de estudo: +3,5%) em relação ao grupo Controle (p < 0,002). A expressão do VEGF foi maior no VD do grupo Intermitente (2,89% ± 0,41%; p=0,005) em relação ao VD dos demais grupos (Controle: 1,43% ± 0,18%; Contínuo: 1,80% ± 0,19%). A expressão desta molécula no miocárdio do VD do grupo Intermitente foi também maior que o do VE e septo dentro do mesmo grupo (p < 0,050). Não houve diferença na expressão do VEGF das demais massas cardíacas (VE: p > 0,252; Septo: p > 0,740). Em relação à apoptose, não foram observadas diferenças significativas no miocárdio do VD dos três grupos (Caspase: p=0,784; TUNEL: p=0,374). Conclusões: Ambos os grupos de estudo desenvolveram hipertrofia miocárdica do VD, não acompanhada de edema miocárdico importante ou apoptose. No entanto, a sobrecarga sistólica intermitente promoveu maior expressão do VEGF no miocárdio do VD. Esta associação entre sinalização de proliferação vascular e hipertrofia tem implicações importantes quando se objetiva preparar um ventrículo para suportar pressões sistêmicas, uma vez que o desejável é que a proliferação vascular ocorra de forma sustentada, permitindo uma hipertrofia do VD mais eficiente / Introduction: Surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries beyond the neonatal period needs a previous pulmonary artery band to promote left ventricular hypertrophy thereby preparing the ventricle. Experimental studies have demonstrated that intermittent systolic overload causes a more efficient ventricular hypertrophy, as compared to traditional pulmonary artery banding. The adaptive mechanisms involved in the subpulmonary ventricle retraining are not completely established. Nevertheless, besides the hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the contractile cardiomyocytes, noncontractile cells (vascular and interstitial) from the stimulated ventricle also present structural phenotype changes. It remains unclear the ideal increasing rate of the myocardial interstitium as well as capillary vessel proliferation in the process of ventricular retraining before undertaking the arterial switch. Objective: This study sought to assess adaptive changes of the subpulmonary ventricle in regards to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and apoptosis in young goats submitted to continuous versus intermittent systolic overload by means of an adjustable pulmonary artery band. Methods: 21 young goats were separated into 3 groups: Control (no systolic overload), Continuous (96-hour continuous systolic overload), and Intermittent (four 12-hour periods of systolic overload paired with a 12-hour resting period). Systolic overload was adjusted to achieve a 0.7 RV / aortic pressure ratio. Hemodynamic evaluations were performed before and after systolic overload every day postoperatively. Echocardiograms were obtained preoperatively and at the end of protocol. After the study period, the animals were humanely killed for morphologic assessment, apoptosis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Results: Echocardiography revealed a marked increase in RV wall thickness in the Intermittent group (+129.2%), compared with the Continuous group (+58.2%; p<0.001), as well as both trained groups compared to Control group (p < 0.001). Regardless of the shorter systolic overload exposure of Intermittent group, both study groups had a similar increase in RV mass (Intermittent: + 115.8%; Continuous: +90.8%; p < 0.001), and septal mass (Intermittent: + 55.8%; Continuous: + 45.4%; p < 0.047), compared with the Control group. No significant changes in the left ventricle mass were seen. There was a negligible but significant increase in water content of RV (Continuous: +3.5%, Intermittent: +4.6%) and septal masses (both study groups: +3.5%) compared with that in the Control group (p < 0.002). RV VEGF expression was greater in the Intermittent group (2.89% ± 0.41%) than in the Continuous (1.80% ± 0.19%) and Control (1.43% ± 0.18%) groups (p < 0.023). VEGF expression in the myocardium of the right ventricle in the Intermittent group was also greater than that in the left ventricle and septum within the same group (p < 0.050). There was no significant difference in VEGF expression between the other cardiac sections or within the Control and Continuous groups. Regarding apoptosis, there were no significant changes in the RV myocardium of the three groups (Caspase: p=0,784; TUNEL: p=0,374). Conclusions: Both study groups have developed RV hypertrophy with no apoptosis or relevant myocardial edema. Nevertheless, intermittent systolic overload causes upregulation of VEGF expression in the subpulmonary ventricle, an adaptation that provides a mechanism for increased myocardial perfusion during the rapid myocardial hypertrophy of young goats. The association of the marked increase in RV mass and increased angiogenesis signaling has an important implication on the subpulmonary ventricle retraining protocol by promoting a compensatory growth of the coronary vasculature, allowing for a more efficient hypertrophy

Células mesenquimais indiferenciadas humanas foram obtidas por digestão enzimática e centrifugação do produto de lipoaspiração, expandidas in vitro, e implantadas no tecido subcutâneo de camundongos atímicos. No grupo I, cada animal recebeu o implante de uma membrana de 0,25cm2 de ácido glicólico e carbonato de trimetileno semeada com 1 x 106 destas células .No grupo II, cada um recebeu a injeção de 0,2ml de gel de ácido hialurônico reticulado contendo o mesmo número destas células. Com três semanas de implante, células humanas e vasos foram identificados nos dois carreadores. Entretanto, com oito semanas, somente no gel de ácido hialurônico as células humanas e os vasos estavam presentes / Human undifferentiated mesenchymal cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion and centrifugation of the product of liposuction. These cells were expanded, in vitro, and implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice. In group I, each animal received the implant of a 0,25cm2 membrane of glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate, seeded with 1 x 106 of these cells. In group II, each one received 0,2 ml of cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel containing the same amount of these cells. With three weeks of implantation, human cells and vessels were identified in both carriers. However, with eight weeks of implantation, only in hyaluronic acid gel human cells and vessels were present

O crescimento e a progressão tumorais estão associados à indução da angiogênese. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a imunoexpressão do VEGF e a densidade de microvasos em adenocarcinomas gástricos. Espécimes cirúrgicos de 89 pacientes submetidos à ressecção gástrica com dissecção linfonodal a D2 foram analisados quanto à densidade microvascular tumoral. Testes imunohistoquímicos foram realizados utilizando-se os anticorpos CD31, CD34, Fator VIII e VEGF através do método da streptavidina-biotina. Os vasos foram contados nas áreas de maior vascularização tumoral e o VEGF foi graduado de 0 a 3, de acordo com a intensidade da imunocoloração. Os resultados imunohistoquímicos foram comparados com os dados patológicos e de extensão loco-regional da doença. Sessenta pacientes (67,4%) eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi 59,9 (±13,8) anos. Os tumores foram classificados em tipo intestinal em 62 casos (69,7%) e em difuso em 27 (30%). Onze pacientes (12,4%) apresentaram tumores precoces. A densidade microvascular apresentou média de 67,8 (±31,5) para o anticorpo CD31 e 94,2 (±39,0) para o CD34. A média do número de vasos corados pelo Fator VIII foi 9,2 (±8,2). Houve uma correlação entre os resultados imunohistoquímicos para CD31 e CD34, com r=0,57 e p=0,01. Segundo o VEGF os tumores foram: grau 0 = 16 (18%), I = 48 (53,9%), II = 16 (18%) e III = 9 (10,1%). Não houve associação entre a DMV e os dados patológicos: tipo histológico, grau de diferenciação, tamanho do tumor, invasão da parede gástrica, metástases linfonodais e metástase à distância. A imunoexpressão do VEGF foi associada com alta DMV (p=0,03) e com o estádio tumoral - TNM (p=0,003). Os resultados deste estudo permitiram concluir que a coloração imunohistoquímica com o Fator VIII não é segura como um marcador de células endoteliais; que os anticorpos CD31 e CD34 foram úteis na avaliação da DMV; e que a imunoexpressão do VEGF pode identificar um comportamento biológico mais agressivo / Tumor growth and progression, particularly in aggressive and malignant tumors, are associated with the induction of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of VEGF immunoexpression and microvascular density in gastric adenocarcinomas. Specimens from eightynine patients who underwent gastric resection with DII lymph node dissection were analyzed regarding microvascular density of the tumors. Immunohistochemistry for CD31, CD34, Factor VIII and VEGF were performed using the streptavidin-biotin-method. The vessels were counted in a hot spot area of the tumors and VEGF was categorized as grade 0 to III, according to the intensity. Immunohistochemical results were compared to pathological data and loco-regional extension of the disease. In the results of 89 patients, sixty (67.4%) were men, and the mean age was 59.9 ± 13.8 years. The tumors were classified as intestinal type in 62 (69.7%) and diffuse in 27 (30.3%). Eleven (12.4%) were early gastric tumors. Microvascular density showed a mean of 67.8 (± 31.5) for CD31 and 94.2 (± 39) for CD34 vessels. The mean number of vessels revealed by the antibody Fator VIII was 9.2 (± 8.2). There was a correlation between immunohistochemistry for CD31 and CD34, r = 0.57, p < 0.01. The tumors were classified for VEGF as: grade 0 = 16 (18%); I = 48 (53,9%); II = 16 (18%) and III = 9 (10,1%). There was no association between immunohistochemistry and pathological data including: histologic type, grade of differentiation, tumor size, tumor depth, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. However, VEGF immunoexpression was associated with high microvascular density (p = 0,03) and there was an association between the immunoexpression of VEGF and the tumor stage - TNM (p = 0,003). It was concluded that immunohistochemical staining for anti-Factor VIII was not reliable as a microvascular density marker; CD31 and CD34 were useful to demonstrate microvascular density and VEGF immunoexpression may identify tumors with more aggressive biological behavior

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciamatosbisellichicote_tese.pdf: 6274386 bytes, checksum: 571eca1fa48891d23de56db3c1872459 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-17 / Tumor growth and progression depend on angiogenesis, a process that involves the formation of new blood vessels from a preexisting vascular endothelium. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mitogen for endothelial cells and its overexpression is associated with tumor growth and metastasis. However, the selection of a alternative splicing site at the end of the exon 8 of VEGF gene results in a sister-family of isoforms, VEGFxxxb, that seems to have anti-angiogenic proprieties. Objectives: The aim of this work was to quantitatively analyze the expressions of VEGF gene isoforms generated by alternative splicing in samples of head and neck squamous cells carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues, and to determine the effect of regulatory proteins in the control of VEGF gene splicing. Methods: The levels of VEGFxxx e VEGFxxxb mRNA and the splicing regulatory proteins SRp55, SRp40, ASF/SF2 and SRPK1 were quantified by real time quantitative PCR. Results: The overexpression of both VEGF isoforms (VEGFxxx and VEGFxxxb) was observed in head and neck squamous cells carcinoma related to normal tissue samples. A positive correlation between VEGFxxx and VEGFxxxb expression was observed in head and neck tumors. Splicing factor ASF/SF2 presented higher expression in tumors when compared to normal tissues. Pharynx tumors presented overexpression of VEGFxxx. VEGFxxxb was underexpressed in oral cavity tumors. Overexpression of both VEGF isoforms was observed in aggressive tumors. There was a positive correlation among ASF/SF2, SRp55 and SRp40 proteins and both VEGF isoforms, and among SRPK1 protein and ASF/SF2, SRp55 and SRp40 in tumor tissues. Conclusions: The results suggest that both VEGF isoforms play a role in angiogenesis promotion in head and neck tumors. VEGF isoforms present differential expression related to the anatomic sites of tumor and tumor aggressiveness. ASF/SF2, SRp55 and SRp40 proteins are involved in the regulation of the VEGF gene splicing mechanism. / O crescimento e a progressão de tumores dependem da angiogênese, processo de formação de novos vasos sanguíneos a partir de um endotélio vascular preexistente. O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) é um potente mitógeno de células endoteliais e o aumento de sua expressão é associado com crescimento tumoral e metástase. Entretanto, a seleção do sítio alternativo de splicing na extremidade 3 do éxon 8 do gene VEGF resulta em uma família-irmã de isoformas, VEGFxxxb, as quais parecem possuir propriedades anti-angiogênicas. Objetivos: A finalidade deste trabalho foi analisar quantitativamente a expressão de isoformas do gene VEGF geradas por splicing alternativo e de proteínas reguladoras de splicing do gene VEGF em amostras de carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço e tecidos normais adjacentes. Método: Os níveis de RNA mensageiro das isoformas VEGFxxx e VEGFxxxb e das proteínas reguladoras de splicing SRp55, SRp40, ASF/SF2 e SRPK1 foram quantificados por PCR quantitativo em tempo real. Resultados: Expressão elevada de ambas as isoformas de VEGF (VEGFxxx e VEGFxxxb) foi observada nas amostras de carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço quando comparadas às amostras de tecido normal. Correlação positiva entre a expressão de VEGFxxx e VEGFxxxb foi observada em tumores de cabeça e pescoço. O fator de splicing ASF/SF2 apresentou maior expressão em tumores em relação aos tecidos normais. Tumores de faringe apresentaram expressão mais elevada de VEGFxxx em relação aos outros sítios anatômicos. VEGFxxxb apresentou expressão reduzida em tumores de cavidade oral. Expressão elevada de ambas as isoformas de VEGF foi observada em tumores mais agressivos. Correlação positiva foi observada entre as proteínas ASF/SF2, SRp55 e SRp40 e ambas as isoformas de VEGF e entre a proteína SR quinase SRPK1 e ASF/SF2, SRp55 e SRp40 nos tecidos tumorais. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que ambas as isoformas de VEGF atuam na promoção da angiogênese em tumores de cabeça e pescoço. As isoformas de VEGF apresentam expressão diferencial em relação ao sítio anatômico e em relação à progressão da doença. As proteínas ASF/SF2, SRp55 e SRp40 estão envolvidas na regulação do mecanismo de splicing alternativo do gene VEGF.

<strong>Background:</strong> Our laboratory identified ELTD1, an orphan GPCR belonging to the adhesion GPCR family (aGPCR), as a novel regulator of angiogenesis and a potential anti-cancer therapeutic target. ELTD1 is normally expressed in both endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and expression is significantly increased in the tumour vasculature. The aim of this project was to analyse ELTD1's function in endothelial cells and its role in breast cancer. <strong>Method:</strong> 62 sequenced vertebrate genomes were interrogated for ELTD1 conservation and domain alterations. A phylogenetic timetree was assembled to establish time estimates for ELTD1's evolution. After ELTD1 silencing, mRNA array profiling was performed on primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and validated with qPCR and confocal microscopy. ELTD1's signalling was investigated by applying the aGPCR ‘Stinger/tethered-agonist Hypothesis'. For this, truncated forms of ELTD1 and peptides analogous to the proposed tethered agonist region were designed. FRET-based 2^nd messenger (Cisbio IP-1;cAMP) and luciferase-reporter assays (NFAT; NFÎoB; SRE; SRF-RE; CREB) were performed to establish canonical GPCR activation. To further investigate ELTD1's role in endothelial cells, ELTD1 was stably overexpressed in HUVECS. Functional angiogenesis assays and mRNA array profiling were then performed. To investigate ELTD1 in breast cancer, a panel of cell lines representative of all molecular subtypes were screened using qPCR. Furthermore, an exploratory pilot study was performed on matched primary and regional nodal secondary breast cancers (n=43) which were stained for ELTD1 expression. Staining intensity was then scored and compared with relapse free survival and overall survival. <strong>Results:</strong> ELTD1 arose 435 million years ago (mya) in bony fish and is present in all subsequent vertebrates. ELTD1 has 3 evolutionary variants of which 2 are most common: one variant with 3 EGFs and a variant with 2 EGFs. Additionally, ELTD1 may be ancestral to members of aGPCR family 2. HUVEC mRNA expression profiling after ELTD1 silencing showed upregulation of the mitochondrial citrate transporter SLC25A1, and ACLY which converts cytoplasmic citrate to Acetyl CoA, feeding fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and acetylation. A review of lipid droplet (fatty acid and cholesterol) accumulation by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry (FACS) revealed no changes with ELTD1 silencing. Silencing was also shown to affect the Notch pathway (downregulating the Notch ligand JAG1 and target gene HES2; upregulating the Notch ligand DLL4) and inducing KIT, a mediator of haematopoietic (HSC) and endothelial stem cell (ESC) maintenance. Signalling experiments revealed that unlike other aGPCRs, ELTD1 does not couple to any canonical GPCR pathways (Gαi, Gαs, Gαq, Gα12/13). ELTD1 overexpression in HUVECS revealed that ELTD1 induces an endothelial tip cell phenotype by promoting sprouting and capillary formation, inhibiting lumen anastomoses in mature vessels and lowering proliferation rate. There was no effect on wound healing or adhesion to angiogenesis associated matrix components. Gene expression changes following ELTD1 overexpression included upregulation of angiogenesis associated ANTRX1 as well as JAG1 and downregulation of migration associated CCL15 as well as KIT and DLL4. In breast cancer, none of the representative breast cancer cell lines screened expressed ELTD1. ELTD1 breast cancer immunohistochemistry revealed higher levels of vascular ELTD1 staining intensity within the tumour stroma contrasted to normal stroma and expression within tumour epithelial cells. Additionally, ELTD1 expression in tumour vessels was differentially expressed between the primary breast cancer microenvironment and that of the matched regional node. Due to the small size of the pilot study population, survival comparisons between the various subgroups did not yield significant results. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> ELTD1 is a novel regulator of endothelial metabolism through its suppression of ACLY and the related citrate transporter SLC25A1. ELTD1 also represses KIT, which is known to mediate haematopoietic and endothelial progenitors stem cell maintenance, a possible mechanism through which endothelial cells maintain terminal endothelial differentiation. ELTD1 does not signal like other adhesion GPCRS with CTF and FL forms of ELTD1 not signalling canonically. Additionally, ELTD1 regulates various functions of endothelial cell behaviour and function, inducing an endothelial tip cell phenotype and is highly evolutionarily conserved. Lastly, ELTD1 is differentially expressed in tumour vessels between primary breast cancer and regional nodal metastases and is also expressed in a small subset of breast cancer cells in vivo despite no cancer cell lines expressing ELTD1. The pilot study investigating ELTD1 in the primary breast cancer and regional involved nodes will be followed up with a larger study including the investigation of ELTD1 in distant metastases.

No description available.

Introdução: A correção anatômica da transposição das grandes artérias após o período neonatal demanda a preparação prévia do ventrículo subpulmonar, com bandagem do tronco pulmonar, para induzir a hipertrofia ventricular. Estudos experimentais prévios demonstraram que a sobrecarga sistólica intermitente determina uma hipertrofia ventricular mais eficiente, em relação à bandagem convencional (fixa) do tronco pulmonar. Os mecanismos adaptativos envolvidos no retreinamento do ventrículo subpulmonar ainda não estão completamente estabelecidos, pois se sabe que, além da hipertrofia e hiperplasia das células contráteis, também células do interstício e vasos sofrem alterações fenotípicas. Permanece indefinida a taxa ideal de incremento, tanto da matriz extracelular quanto da vascularização do miocárdio na situação do retreinamento ventricular, para suportar a resistência sistêmica. Objetivo: Avaliar a adaptação do ventrículo subpulmonar no que se refere a apoptose e estímulo à neovascularização miocárdica em resposta à sobrecarga pressórica contínua versus intermitente, obtida pela bandagem ajustável do tronco pulmonar de cabritos jovens. Método: Foram utilizados 21 cabritos hígidos, com idade de 30 a 60 dias e pesos comparáveis, divididos em três grupos: Controle (n = 7, sem sobrecarga sistólica), Contínuo (n = 7, sobrecarga sistólica contínua do VD), Intermitente (n = 7, 12 horas/dia de sobrecarga sistólica intermitente do VD). A sobrecarga sistólica do VD foi mantida por 96 horas no grupo Contínuo e por quatro períodos de 12 horas, alternados com 12 horas de descanso, no grupo intermitente. Os animais do grupo Controle foram submetidos ao implante do dispositivo de bandagem, o qual foi mantido desinsuflado. As medidas hemodinâmicas foram tomadas diariamente, antes e após o ajuste da sobrecarga sistólica. Avaliações ecocardiográficas foram realizadas no pré-operatório e no final do protocolo de estudo. Após 96 horas de estudo, os animais foram mortos para avaliação dos parâmetros morfológicos (peso e conteúdo de água das massas cardíacas e análise imuno-histoquímica da apoptose e da expressão do VEGF). Resultados: Ao final do protocolo, o ecocardiograma revelou uma diferença significativa da espessura do VD no grupo Intermitente (+129,2%), quando comparado ao grupo Contínuo (+58,2%; p < 0,001) e de ambos os grupos de estudo quando comparados ao grupo Controle (p < 0,001). Sob a análise morfológica, ambos os grupos de estudo apresentaram ganho de magnitude semelhante nas massas do VD (Intermitente: + 115,8%; Contínuo: + 90,8%; p < 0,0001) e do septo (Intermitente: +55,8%; Contínuo: + 45,4%; p < 0,047), em relação ao grupo Controle, apesar do menor tempo de sobrecarga pressórica no grupo Intermitente. O protocolo de sobrecarga sistólica do VD não influenciou a massa muscular do VE. Houve um discreto aumento do conteúdo de água do VD (Contínuo: +3,5%, Intermitente: +4,6%) e do septo (ambos os grupos de estudo: +3,5%) em relação ao grupo Controle (p < 0,002). A expressão do VEGF foi maior no VD do grupo Intermitente (2,89% ± 0,41%; p=0,005) em relação ao VD dos demais grupos (Controle: 1,43% ± 0,18%; Contínuo: 1,80% ± 0,19%). A expressão desta molécula no miocárdio do VD do grupo Intermitente foi também maior que o do VE e septo dentro do mesmo grupo (p < 0,050). Não houve diferença na expressão do VEGF das demais massas cardíacas (VE: p > 0,252; Septo: p > 0,740). Em relação à apoptose, não foram observadas diferenças significativas no miocárdio do VD dos três grupos (Caspase: p=0,784; TUNEL: p=0,374). Conclusões: Ambos os grupos de estudo desenvolveram hipertrofia miocárdica do VD, não acompanhada de edema miocárdico importante ou apoptose. No entanto, a sobrecarga sistólica intermitente promoveu maior expressão do VEGF no miocárdio do VD. Esta associação entre sinalização de proliferação vascular e hipertrofia tem implicações importantes quando se objetiva preparar um ventrículo para suportar pressões sistêmicas, uma vez que o desejável é que a proliferação vascular ocorra de forma sustentada, permitindo uma hipertrofia do VD mais eficiente / Introduction: Surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries beyond the neonatal period needs a previous pulmonary artery band to promote left ventricular hypertrophy thereby preparing the ventricle. Experimental studies have demonstrated that intermittent systolic overload causes a more efficient ventricular hypertrophy, as compared to traditional pulmonary artery banding. The adaptive mechanisms involved in the subpulmonary ventricle retraining are not completely established. Nevertheless, besides the hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of the contractile cardiomyocytes, noncontractile cells (vascular and interstitial) from the stimulated ventricle also present structural phenotype changes. It remains unclear the ideal increasing rate of the myocardial interstitium as well as capillary vessel proliferation in the process of ventricular retraining before undertaking the arterial switch. Objective: This study sought to assess adaptive changes of the subpulmonary ventricle in regards to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and apoptosis in young goats submitted to continuous versus intermittent systolic overload by means of an adjustable pulmonary artery band. Methods: 21 young goats were separated into 3 groups: Control (no systolic overload), Continuous (96-hour continuous systolic overload), and Intermittent (four 12-hour periods of systolic overload paired with a 12-hour resting period). Systolic overload was adjusted to achieve a 0.7 RV / aortic pressure ratio. Hemodynamic evaluations were performed before and after systolic overload every day postoperatively. Echocardiograms were obtained preoperatively and at the end of protocol. After the study period, the animals were humanely killed for morphologic assessment, apoptosis and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Results: Echocardiography revealed a marked increase in RV wall thickness in the Intermittent group (+129.2%), compared with the Continuous group (+58.2%; p<0.001), as well as both trained groups compared to Control group (p < 0.001). Regardless of the shorter systolic overload exposure of Intermittent group, both study groups had a similar increase in RV mass (Intermittent: + 115.8%; Continuous: +90.8%; p < 0.001), and septal mass (Intermittent: + 55.8%; Continuous: + 45.4%; p < 0.047), compared with the Control group. No significant changes in the left ventricle mass were seen. There was a negligible but significant increase in water content of RV (Continuous: +3.5%, Intermittent: +4.6%) and septal masses (both study groups: +3.5%) compared with that in the Control group (p < 0.002). RV VEGF expression was greater in the Intermittent group (2.89% ± 0.41%) than in the Continuous (1.80% ± 0.19%) and Control (1.43% ± 0.18%) groups (p < 0.023). VEGF expression in the myocardium of the right ventricle in the Intermittent group was also greater than that in the left ventricle and septum within the same group (p < 0.050). There was no significant difference in VEGF expression between the other cardiac sections or within the Control and Continuous groups. Regarding apoptosis, there were no significant changes in the RV myocardium of the three groups (Caspase: p=0,784; TUNEL: p=0,374). Conclusions: Both study groups have developed RV hypertrophy with no apoptosis or relevant myocardial edema. Nevertheless, intermittent systolic overload causes upregulation of VEGF expression in the subpulmonary ventricle, an adaptation that provides a mechanism for increased myocardial perfusion during the rapid myocardial hypertrophy of young goats. The association of the marked increase in RV mass and increased angiogenesis signaling has an important implication on the subpulmonary ventricle retraining protocol by promoting a compensatory growth of the coronary vasculature, allowing for a more efficient hypertrophy

O crescimento e a progressão tumorais estão associados à indução da angiogênese. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a imunoexpressão do VEGF e a densidade de microvasos em adenocarcinomas gástricos. Espécimes cirúrgicos de 89 pacientes submetidos à ressecção gástrica com dissecção linfonodal a D2 foram analisados quanto à densidade microvascular tumoral. Testes imunohistoquímicos foram realizados utilizando-se os anticorpos CD31, CD34, Fator VIII e VEGF através do método da streptavidina-biotina. Os vasos foram contados nas áreas de maior vascularização tumoral e o VEGF foi graduado de 0 a 3, de acordo com a intensidade da imunocoloração. Os resultados imunohistoquímicos foram comparados com os dados patológicos e de extensão loco-regional da doença. Sessenta pacientes (67,4%) eram do sexo masculino e a média de idade foi 59,9 (±13,8) anos. Os tumores foram classificados em tipo intestinal em 62 casos (69,7%) e em difuso em 27 (30%). Onze pacientes (12,4%) apresentaram tumores precoces. A densidade microvascular apresentou média de 67,8 (±31,5) para o anticorpo CD31 e 94,2 (±39,0) para o CD34. A média do número de vasos corados pelo Fator VIII foi 9,2 (±8,2). Houve uma correlação entre os resultados imunohistoquímicos para CD31 e CD34, com r=0,57 e p=0,01. Segundo o VEGF os tumores foram: grau 0 = 16 (18%), I = 48 (53,9%), II = 16 (18%) e III = 9 (10,1%). Não houve associação entre a DMV e os dados patológicos: tipo histológico, grau de diferenciação, tamanho do tumor, invasão da parede gástrica, metástases linfonodais e metástase à distância. A imunoexpressão do VEGF foi associada com alta DMV (p=0,03) e com o estádio tumoral - TNM (p=0,003). Os resultados deste estudo permitiram concluir que a coloração imunohistoquímica com o Fator VIII não é segura como um marcador de células endoteliais; que os anticorpos CD31 e CD34 foram úteis na avaliação da DMV; e que a imunoexpressão do VEGF pode identificar um comportamento biológico mais agressivo / Tumor growth and progression, particularly in aggressive and malignant tumors, are associated with the induction of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of VEGF immunoexpression and microvascular density in gastric adenocarcinomas. Specimens from eightynine patients who underwent gastric resection with DII lymph node dissection were analyzed regarding microvascular density of the tumors. Immunohistochemistry for CD31, CD34, Factor VIII and VEGF were performed using the streptavidin-biotin-method. The vessels were counted in a hot spot area of the tumors and VEGF was categorized as grade 0 to III, according to the intensity. Immunohistochemical results were compared to pathological data and loco-regional extension of the disease. In the results of 89 patients, sixty (67.4%) were men, and the mean age was 59.9 ± 13.8 years. The tumors were classified as intestinal type in 62 (69.7%) and diffuse in 27 (30.3%). Eleven (12.4%) were early gastric tumors. Microvascular density showed a mean of 67.8 (± 31.5) for CD31 and 94.2 (± 39) for CD34 vessels. The mean number of vessels revealed by the antibody Fator VIII was 9.2 (± 8.2). There was a correlation between immunohistochemistry for CD31 and CD34, r = 0.57, p < 0.01. The tumors were classified for VEGF as: grade 0 = 16 (18%); I = 48 (53,9%); II = 16 (18%) and III = 9 (10,1%). There was no association between immunohistochemistry and pathological data including: histologic type, grade of differentiation, tumor size, tumor depth, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. However, VEGF immunoexpression was associated with high microvascular density (p = 0,03) and there was an association between the immunoexpression of VEGF and the tumor stage - TNM (p = 0,003). It was concluded that immunohistochemical staining for anti-Factor VIII was not reliable as a microvascular density marker; CD31 and CD34 were useful to demonstrate microvascular density and VEGF immunoexpression may identify tumors with more aggressive biological behavior

Células mesenquimais indiferenciadas humanas foram obtidas por digestão enzimática e centrifugação do produto de lipoaspiração, expandidas in vitro, e implantadas no tecido subcutâneo de camundongos atímicos. No grupo I, cada animal recebeu o implante de uma membrana de 0,25cm2 de ácido glicólico e carbonato de trimetileno semeada com 1 x 106 destas células .No grupo II, cada um recebeu a injeção de 0,2ml de gel de ácido hialurônico reticulado contendo o mesmo número destas células. Com três semanas de implante, células humanas e vasos foram identificados nos dois carreadores. Entretanto, com oito semanas, somente no gel de ácido hialurônico as células humanas e os vasos estavam presentes / Human undifferentiated mesenchymal cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion and centrifugation of the product of liposuction. These cells were expanded, in vitro, and implanted subcutaneously in athymic mice. In group I, each animal received the implant of a 0,25cm2 membrane of glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate, seeded with 1 x 106 of these cells. In group II, each one received 0,2 ml of cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel containing the same amount of these cells. With three weeks of implantation, human cells and vessels were identified in both carriers. However, with eight weeks of implantation, only in hyaluronic acid gel human cells and vessels were present