Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-08T20:06:20Z No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AproveitamentoAguaChuva.pdf: 4625408 bytes, checksum: 4fe13d5baf586d65079752f3b44c1fdb (MD5) Dissertacao_AproveitamentoAguaChuva_PROJETOS.pdf: 346617 bytes, checksum: 429d277d7fce3c820646488125d4690c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-12T16:01:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AproveitamentoAguaChuva.pdf: 4625408 bytes, checksum: 4fe13d5baf586d65079752f3b44c1fdb (MD5) Dissertacao_AproveitamentoAguaChuva_PROJETOS.pdf: 346617 bytes, checksum: 429d277d7fce3c820646488125d4690c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-12T16:01:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AproveitamentoAguaChuva.pdf: 4625408 bytes, checksum: 4fe13d5baf586d65079752f3b44c1fdb (MD5) Dissertacao_AproveitamentoAguaChuva_PROJETOS.pdf: 346617 bytes, checksum: 429d277d7fce3c820646488125d4690c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A Amazônia brasileira detém cerca de 69% da água doce disponível no Brasil, quantidade que acaba criando a ilusão de que não falta e nem faltará água na região, assim, a grande oferta deste recurso se torna um problema quando se trata da Gestão e Planejamento dos Recursos Hídricos na Amazônia, em função do uso perdulário e a falta de conservação dos mananciais, agravado pelo lançamento de resíduos líquidos sem tratamento. Falar em programas de conservação de água na Amazônia algumas décadas atrás e ainda hoje, com menor intensidade, é de certa forma estranha, devido à grande quantidade de água disponível e a cultura da abundância. Porém, com as mudanças climáticas, ssociada à crise da água no século XXI e o crescimento da consciência ambiental, surgiu um novo paradigma para o uso da água. Assim, a presente pesquisa busca discutir a importância do aproveitamento de água de chuva para fins não potáveis, visto o potencial de aproveitamento, ao longo de todo ano, devido o alto índice pluviométrico presente na região amazônica, variando, em média, de 119,6mm no mês de novembro a 441,6mm no mês de março. Foi verificado o potencial de aproveitamento de água da chuva, a partir das áreas dos telhados de alguns prédios, localizados na Universidade Federal do Pará – UFPA, Campus Guamá, também conhecido como Cidade Universitária Professor José da Silveira Netto. Os métodos utilizados para o dimensionamento do reservatório foram os de Rippl e o Interativo, sendo a verificação da viabilidade econômica feita através dos métodos do Valor Presente Líquido - VPL e payback descontado. Como resultado, obteve-se através do método de Rippl um volume superior a 1000 m³, enquanto que, pelo método interativo foi de no máximo 75 m³. A viabilidade econômica apresentou-se fragilizada em função do tempo de retorno ser superior a vida útil do sistema de aproveitamento de água de chuva. / The Brazilian Amazon has about 69% of available freshwater in Brazil, an amount which ends up creating the illusion that no lack of water and not lacking in the region, the large supply of this resource becomes a problem when it comes to the Management and Planning Water Resources in the Amazon, according to the wasteful use and lack of maintenance of stocks, compounded by the release of untreated wastewater. Speaking of water conservation programs in the Amazon a few decades ago and still today, with less intensity, is somewhat strange, given the large amount of water available and the culture of abundance. But with climate change associated with the water crisis in the century XXI and the growth of environmental awareness, a new paradigm for water use. Thus, this research discusses the importance of the use of rainwater for non-potable purposes, since the potential for exploitation, throughout the year, due to this high rainfall in the Amazon region, ranging, on average, 119.6 mm in months from November to 441.6 mm in March. It was verified the potential utilization of rainwater from the areas of the roofs of some buildings, located at the Federal University of Pará - UFPA, Campus Guamá, also known as City University Professor José da Silveira Netto. The methods used for sizing of the reservoir were the Rippl and Interactive, and economic viability checking done by the methods of Net Present Value - NPV and discounted payback. As a result, there was obtained by the method of Rippl a volume exceeding 1000 m³, while the interactive method was a maximum of 75 m³. The economic viability presented fragile as a function of time to return exceed the useful life of the utilization system for rain water.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:58:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Patrocinio de Britto.pdf: 5673631 bytes, checksum: f0957e0c826f9817101ebd36fcee7234 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-05 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The present research is aimed to study Coleção Curso Colegial Moderno , by the professor Scipione Di Pierro Neto with Ruy Madsen Barbosa and Luiz Mauro Rocha as partners, has come out during Modern Mathematics. This collection was considered as a reference at this period for being one of the first to be published at that time. Scipione Di Pierro Neto´s documents were consulted such as: his doctorate thesis and some interviews related to Modern Mathematics Movement in Brazil. These document analysis were based on Le Goff´s theory, that analyzes the many different ways of history production, and on the book collection in Choppin´s text (2000), that considers the ideological and cultural critics from books and its contents according to a epistemological or educational perspective. The Geometry teaching tendencies, at Modern Mathematics Movement, were to geometric changings, vectorials studies of spaces and also axioms Euclides´s changings. This research is aimed to analyze which of these tendencies were followed according to Coleção Curso Colegial Moderno . It was known that the authors followed some of its tendencies such as the use of the language set to introduce plane geometry at the first volume, and the geometric information at the second volume. It was also noticed that the books had a different look from the educational ones at that period; they used to have many well designed and illustrative pictures as well as very clear explanations with an easy language that could be understood by any student / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a Coleção Curso Colegial Moderno, de autoria do professor Scipione Di Pierro Neto em parceria com Ruy Madsen Barbosa e Luiz Mauro Rocha, publicada em tempos de Matemática Moderna. Essa coleção foi considerada como referência na época por ser uma das primeiras publicadas neste período. Foram consultados documentos do professor Scipione Di Pierro Neto, tais como: sua tese de doutorado e entrevistas relacionadas ao período da Matemática Moderna no Brasil. As análises dos documentos foram baseadas na teoria de Le Goff (1992), que analisa as diferentes formas de produção da história, e a análise da Coleção de livros no texto de Choppin (2000), que considera a crítica ideológica e cultural de livros e seus conteúdos segundo uma perspectiva epistemológica ou didática. As tendências para o ensino da Geometria, no Movimento da Matemática Moderna, eram voltadas para as transformações geométricas, estudos dos espaços vetoriais e modificações nos axiomas de Euclides. Essa pesquisa visa analisar quais dessas tendências foram seguidas na Coleção Curso Colegial Moderno. E foi constatado que os autores acompanharam algumas tendências do Movimento, como a utilização da linguagem dos conjuntos para introdução da geometria plana no primeiro volume, e as transformações geométricas no segundo volume. Notouse também que os livros tinham um visual diferente dos livros didáticos da época, pois apresentavam muitas figuras ilustrativas bem feitas e textos explicativos muito bem escritos, com uma linguagem acessível aos alunos

Bakgrund: Identifiering av immateriella tillgångar har visat sig vara ett problemfyllt område både för företagen och andra utövare. Tidigare studier har visat på att en stor del av köpeskillingen fördelats till goodwill vilket delvis kan vara ett resultat av immateriella tillgångar inte identifieras i tillräcklig utsträckning. Det har även påpekats att det finns ett stort svängrum inom regelverket som tillåter mycket individuella bedömningar.   Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka om det finns skillnader mellan branscher på den svenska marknaden avseende noterade företags identifiering av immateriella tillgångar vid det första redovisningstillfället efter rörelse-förvärv och i så fall vad orsakerna kan vara. Vi vill även undersöka om det går att urskilja en branschpraxis för identifiering av tillgångar och fördelning av köpeskillingen. Genomförande: Både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ undersökning har genomförts. Branschjämförelser har gjorts för genomförda rörelseförvärv på Stockholmsbörsen under perioden 2005 till 2011. Den kvalitativa undersökningen, har baserats på intervjuer med fyra värderingsexperter.   Resultat: Av undersökningen framgår att det finns skillnader för hur företagen fördelat köpeskillingen till de tre tillgångslagen immateriella tillgångar, goodwill och netto materiella tillgångar men att det är svårt att göra en koppling till branschpraxis. Från intervjuer har vi dock konstaterat att det sannolikt förekommer att företag följer varandra vilket kan förklara skillnader mellan branscher. Fördelningarna påverkas också i stor utsträckning av förvärvets väsentlighet i förhållande till företaget som helhet. / Background: Identification of intangible assets has proven to be a problematic area for both the companies and accountingproffessionals. Previous studies have shown that a large part of the purchase price was allocated to goodwill, which may partly be a result of intangible assets not being recognized sufficiently. It has also been pointed out that there is a wide range in the regulatory framework that allows a lot of individual assessments.   Aim: The aim is to examine whether there are differences between industries in the Swedish market for listed companies' identification of intangible assets at initial recognition for business combinations and, if so, what the reasons may be. We also want to investigate whether it is possible to discern an industry practice for the identification of assets and the allocation of the purchase price.   Completion: Both qualitative and quantitative research has been conducted. The quantitative part consists of industry comparisons of acquisitions on the Nasdaq OMX Stockholm listings Small, Mid, Large Cap during the period 2005 to 2011. The qualitative part is based on interviews with four valuation experts.   Results: The study shows that there are differences in how the companies divided the purchase price between the three asset classes intangible assets, goodwill and net tangible assets, but that it is difficult to make a connection to industry practice. From the interviews, we have found that it is likely that companies follow each other, which may explain the differences between industries. The distributions are also influenced largely by the acquisition materiality in relation to the company as a whole.

Azidotische Belastungen des Pansens gelten bei Milchkühen besonders in der Frühlaktation als weit verbreitet. Sie werden als subakute Pansenazidosen (SARA) für die häufigen Produktionskrankheiten verantwortlich gemacht. Ziele : dieser Untersuchungen waren a) die Kontrolle des Säure-Basen-Haushalt (SBH) bei HF- Hochleistungskühen im peripartalen Zeitraum zum Vorkommen von SARA, b) die Prüfung bewährter sowie neuer Methoden zur Pansensaftanalyse, c) die Analyse von SBH-Harnparametern sowie d) die Prüfung möglicher Beziehungen von Stoffwechselparametern im Blut zu SBH-Parametern im Pansensaft. Versuchsanordnung : In 10 Betrieben Niedersachsens wurden an je 10 Kühen Verlaufsuntersuchungen mit vier Proben/Tier durchgeführt: 1. Trockenstehperiode/Färsen -30 Tage ante partum (d a.p.) bis zur Kalbung; 2. 2 bis 7 Tage post partum (d p.p.); 3. in der Frühlaktation 8 bis 30 d p.p. und 4. in der Mittellaktation 80 bis 150 d p.p. Pansensaft vormittags mit Geishauser- Sonde gewonnen, Blut aus der V. jugularis externa sowie Harn per Blasenkathederisierung. Analysiert wurden im Pansensaft der pH-Wert, die Pufferkapazität als Titrationsbilanz über die Titrationsazidität und - alkalität, die Methylenblauprobe sowie die Sedimentaktivitätszeit (SAT), im Harn der pH-Wert, die Netto-Säure-Basen-Ausscheidung (NSBA) sowie der Basen-Säure-Quotient (BSQ) und im Blutserum Glukose, freie Fettsäuren (FFS), Betahydroxybutyrat (BHB), L-Laktat, Cholesterol, Protein, Albumin, Bilirubin, Harnstoff, Kreatinin, Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, ALP, ASAT, GLDH sowie die CK. Ergebnisse: Zwischen Kühen und Färsen wurden bei den gemessenen Parametern keine gesicherten Unterschiede festgestellt. Es gab auch keine Unterschiede zwischen den Betrieben. Die Pansen-pH-Werte bewegten sich von x= 6,8 (6,43/7,0;1./3. Quartil) zu Beginn des Trockenstehens über minimal x = 6,3 (5,9/6,7) 30 bis 60 d p.p. bis x = 6,6 (6,2/6,8) in der Mittellaktation. Sie lagen alle im physiologischen Bereich. 20 Kühe hatten Pansen-pH-Werte von < 5,8, 6 Kühe von < 5,5 und 21 Kühe von > 7,2. Damit kamen die Kühe der SARA-Definition, bezogen auf das einmalige Auftreten von pH-Werten < 5,8 bei einer Kuh, nahe; bezogen auf alle gemessenen Pansen-pH-Werte betrug der Anteil < 5,8 aber nur 9,8 %. Die Titrationsbilanz war in der Trockensteherperiode ausgeglichen; bei allen drei Kontrollen p.p. bestand ein Basendefizit. Die Pufferkapazität war in der 1. Woche p.p. und in der Frühlaktation vermindert. Panse-pH-Werte und Titrationsbilanz korrelierten sehr eng (r=0,98,p<0,001). Die Methylenblauprobe war a.p. mit x = 3:37 (2:22/4:59) Minuten am längsten, in der Mittellaktation mit 3:01 (2:25/4:30) Minuten am kürzesten und ingesamt physiologisch. Es gab keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Kontollzeiträumen. Die SAT war physiologisch und schwankte zwischen zwei und fünf Minuten ohne signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Entnahmezeiträumen. Im Harn lagen die NSBA mit x = 70 mmol/l (20/122 = 1./3.Quartil) und der BSQ mit x = 2,2 (1,6/2,8) nur bei den Frischmelkern unter den unteren Grenzwerten und deuteten die Gefahr von SARA an. Der Harn-pH-Wert war mit x = 7,98 (7,7/8,2) physiologisch. Von der Gesamtheit alle NSBA-Werte waren 37% < 83 mmol/l sowie 28,9% < 25 mmol/l; beim BSQ waren es 52,6% < 2,5 sowie 27,4% < 1,5. Die für die NSBA, den BSQ und den Harn-pH-Wert berechneten Sensivitäten und Spezifitäten für einen Pansen-pH-Wert < 5,8 liegen mit 44,8% und 64,5% (NSBA), 55,8% und 47,9% (BSQ) sowie 2,3% und 97% (Harn-pH-Wert) unter den diagnostischen Erfordernissen.Sie können somit keine sicheren Rückschlüsse auf den Pansenzustand geben. Bei den Blutbefunden wurden Kühe mit Pansen-pH-Werten < 5,8 (SARA) und >5,8 gegenüber gestellt. Die Korrelationskoeffizienten, die Sensitivität und die mittels Receiver-Operating-Characteristics Analysen ermittelten Flächen unter der Kurve zwischen Pansen-pH-Wert und den Blutparametern waren niedrig ( p> 0,05). Schlussfolgerung: Hochleistende HF-Kühe haben peripartal nicht zwangsläufig eine SARA. Die Titrationsbilanz ergänzt den Pansensaft-pH-Wert, ist routinemäßig aber nicht nötig. Im Harn liegen die NSBA und BSQ häufiger unter den Grenzwerten und korrelieren nicht gesichert mit dem Pansen-pH-Wert. Auch Blutparameter erlauben keine sichere Aussage über den Pansenzustand. Die Diagnose von SARA muss mit direkter Messung des Pansen-pH-Wertes gestellt werden.

A primeira parte deste estudo analisa, de forma comparada, “O Sobrado”, capítulo do romance histórico gaúcho O Continente (1949), por sua vez parte da trilogia O tempo e o vento, e sua adaptação cinematográfica, O Sobrado (1956), com o objetivo principal de estabelecer relações entre a caracterização do protagonista, Licurgo Cambará, e a representação da história. Seguindo a mesma metodologia, a segunda parte do trabalho analisa o romance Netto perde sua alma (1995) e sua adaptação cinematográfica homônima, com o objetivo principal de estabelecer relações entre a caracterização do protagonista, o general Antônio de Souza Netto, e a representação do passado. Levando em consideração o contexto de produção das obras, esta pesquisa também investiga a representação do gaúcho evidenciada pela caracterização dos protagonistas. As análises utilizam uma abordagem interdisciplinar, com ferramentas dos domínios da literatura e do cinema. Dentre estas, destacam-se a abordagem de cunho sociológico, que prima pela análise da representação da história como a pré-condição do presente, conforme os conceitos de Georg Lukács, e as de cunho textual, centradas na autorreflexividade e na problematização do ato de narrar, principalmente conforme as propostas de Linda Hutcheon e de Seymour Menton. Este trabalho também objetiva propor uma análise das adaptações cinematográficas que ultrapasse a discussão da fidelidade do filme em termos exclusivamente centrados no enredo do livro, propondo outros elementos de análise tais como a mise-en-scene, a fotografia, a edição, o som, etc., conforme os estudos de Robert Stam e David Bordwell. O estudo conclui que há mudanças significativas nas caracterizações de Licurgo e Netto, tanto nas adaptações dos livros para o cinema, como na forma de caracterização dos protagonistas com o passar de aproximadamente meio século, com desdobramentos e consequências para a representação do passado encontrada nestas obras, o que, em certa medida, sugere sua identificação com algumas tendências características de seu tempo. / The first part of this study analyzes, using a comparative approach, "O Sobrado", a chapter from the historical novel from the State of Rio Grande do Sul entitled O Continente (1949), itself part of the trilogy O tempo e o vento, and its film adaptation, O Sobrado (1956), aiming at establishing relations between the characterization of the main character, Licurgo Cambará, and the representation of history. Following the same methodology, the second part of this work analyzes the novel Netto perde sua alma (1995) and its homonymous film adaptation, especially aiming to establish relations between the characterization of the main character, general Antônio de Souza Netto, and the representation of the past. Taking into account the context of production of these novels and films, this study also intends to investigate the representation of the gaucho implied by the characterization of the main characters. The close analysis draws on a cross-disciplinary approach, including tools from the domain of literature and cinema. This study particularly uses a sociological approach to literature, which values analyses of the representation of history as the pre-condition of the present, according to the definitions developed by Georg Lukács, as well as a text-based one, focused on the self-reflexivity and the problematization of the act of telling, especially as proposed by Linda Hutcheon and Seymour Menton. It is also the aim of this study to analyze film adaptations so as go beyond a discussion of how faithful the movie was to the novel exclusively focused on its plot, thereby including other elements, such as mise-en-scene, photography, editing, and sound in the debate, especially according to the work developed by Robert Stam and David Bordwell. The study concludes that there have been significant changes in the characterizations of Licurgo and Netto, both in the adaptation of the books to the cinema and in the way the main characters were characterized over a period of approximately half a century, with implications and consequences for the representation of the past found in these works, which, to a certain extent, suggests how they relate to some trends and features that are characteristic of their time.

A primeira parte deste estudo analisa, de forma comparada, “O Sobrado”, capítulo do romance histórico gaúcho O Continente (1949), por sua vez parte da trilogia O tempo e o vento, e sua adaptação cinematográfica, O Sobrado (1956), com o objetivo principal de estabelecer relações entre a caracterização do protagonista, Licurgo Cambará, e a representação da história. Seguindo a mesma metodologia, a segunda parte do trabalho analisa o romance Netto perde sua alma (1995) e sua adaptação cinematográfica homônima, com o objetivo principal de estabelecer relações entre a caracterização do protagonista, o general Antônio de Souza Netto, e a representação do passado. Levando em consideração o contexto de produção das obras, esta pesquisa também investiga a representação do gaúcho evidenciada pela caracterização dos protagonistas. As análises utilizam uma abordagem interdisciplinar, com ferramentas dos domínios da literatura e do cinema. Dentre estas, destacam-se a abordagem de cunho sociológico, que prima pela análise da representação da história como a pré-condição do presente, conforme os conceitos de Georg Lukács, e as de cunho textual, centradas na autorreflexividade e na problematização do ato de narrar, principalmente conforme as propostas de Linda Hutcheon e de Seymour Menton. Este trabalho também objetiva propor uma análise das adaptações cinematográficas que ultrapasse a discussão da fidelidade do filme em termos exclusivamente centrados no enredo do livro, propondo outros elementos de análise tais como a mise-en-scene, a fotografia, a edição, o som, etc., conforme os estudos de Robert Stam e David Bordwell. O estudo conclui que há mudanças significativas nas caracterizações de Licurgo e Netto, tanto nas adaptações dos livros para o cinema, como na forma de caracterização dos protagonistas com o passar de aproximadamente meio século, com desdobramentos e consequências para a representação do passado encontrada nestas obras, o que, em certa medida, sugere sua identificação com algumas tendências características de seu tempo. / The first part of this study analyzes, using a comparative approach, "O Sobrado", a chapter from the historical novel from the State of Rio Grande do Sul entitled O Continente (1949), itself part of the trilogy O tempo e o vento, and its film adaptation, O Sobrado (1956), aiming at establishing relations between the characterization of the main character, Licurgo Cambará, and the representation of history. Following the same methodology, the second part of this work analyzes the novel Netto perde sua alma (1995) and its homonymous film adaptation, especially aiming to establish relations between the characterization of the main character, general Antônio de Souza Netto, and the representation of the past. Taking into account the context of production of these novels and films, this study also intends to investigate the representation of the gaucho implied by the characterization of the main characters. The close analysis draws on a cross-disciplinary approach, including tools from the domain of literature and cinema. This study particularly uses a sociological approach to literature, which values analyses of the representation of history as the pre-condition of the present, according to the definitions developed by Georg Lukács, as well as a text-based one, focused on the self-reflexivity and the problematization of the act of telling, especially as proposed by Linda Hutcheon and Seymour Menton. It is also the aim of this study to analyze film adaptations so as go beyond a discussion of how faithful the movie was to the novel exclusively focused on its plot, thereby including other elements, such as mise-en-scene, photography, editing, and sound in the debate, especially according to the work developed by Robert Stam and David Bordwell. The study concludes that there have been significant changes in the characterizations of Licurgo and Netto, both in the adaptation of the books to the cinema and in the way the main characters were characterized over a period of approximately half a century, with implications and consequences for the representation of the past found in these works, which, to a certain extent, suggests how they relate to some trends and features that are characteristic of their time.

A primeira parte deste estudo analisa, de forma comparada, “O Sobrado”, capítulo do romance histórico gaúcho O Continente (1949), por sua vez parte da trilogia O tempo e o vento, e sua adaptação cinematográfica, O Sobrado (1956), com o objetivo principal de estabelecer relações entre a caracterização do protagonista, Licurgo Cambará, e a representação da história. Seguindo a mesma metodologia, a segunda parte do trabalho analisa o romance Netto perde sua alma (1995) e sua adaptação cinematográfica homônima, com o objetivo principal de estabelecer relações entre a caracterização do protagonista, o general Antônio de Souza Netto, e a representação do passado. Levando em consideração o contexto de produção das obras, esta pesquisa também investiga a representação do gaúcho evidenciada pela caracterização dos protagonistas. As análises utilizam uma abordagem interdisciplinar, com ferramentas dos domínios da literatura e do cinema. Dentre estas, destacam-se a abordagem de cunho sociológico, que prima pela análise da representação da história como a pré-condição do presente, conforme os conceitos de Georg Lukács, e as de cunho textual, centradas na autorreflexividade e na problematização do ato de narrar, principalmente conforme as propostas de Linda Hutcheon e de Seymour Menton. Este trabalho também objetiva propor uma análise das adaptações cinematográficas que ultrapasse a discussão da fidelidade do filme em termos exclusivamente centrados no enredo do livro, propondo outros elementos de análise tais como a mise-en-scene, a fotografia, a edição, o som, etc., conforme os estudos de Robert Stam e David Bordwell. O estudo conclui que há mudanças significativas nas caracterizações de Licurgo e Netto, tanto nas adaptações dos livros para o cinema, como na forma de caracterização dos protagonistas com o passar de aproximadamente meio século, com desdobramentos e consequências para a representação do passado encontrada nestas obras, o que, em certa medida, sugere sua identificação com algumas tendências características de seu tempo. / The first part of this study analyzes, using a comparative approach, "O Sobrado", a chapter from the historical novel from the State of Rio Grande do Sul entitled O Continente (1949), itself part of the trilogy O tempo e o vento, and its film adaptation, O Sobrado (1956), aiming at establishing relations between the characterization of the main character, Licurgo Cambará, and the representation of history. Following the same methodology, the second part of this work analyzes the novel Netto perde sua alma (1995) and its homonymous film adaptation, especially aiming to establish relations between the characterization of the main character, general Antônio de Souza Netto, and the representation of the past. Taking into account the context of production of these novels and films, this study also intends to investigate the representation of the gaucho implied by the characterization of the main characters. The close analysis draws on a cross-disciplinary approach, including tools from the domain of literature and cinema. This study particularly uses a sociological approach to literature, which values analyses of the representation of history as the pre-condition of the present, according to the definitions developed by Georg Lukács, as well as a text-based one, focused on the self-reflexivity and the problematization of the act of telling, especially as proposed by Linda Hutcheon and Seymour Menton. It is also the aim of this study to analyze film adaptations so as go beyond a discussion of how faithful the movie was to the novel exclusively focused on its plot, thereby including other elements, such as mise-en-scene, photography, editing, and sound in the debate, especially according to the work developed by Robert Stam and David Bordwell. The study concludes that there have been significant changes in the characterizations of Licurgo and Netto, both in the adaptation of the books to the cinema and in the way the main characters were characterized over a period of approximately half a century, with implications and consequences for the representation of the past found in these works, which, to a certain extent, suggests how they relate to some trends and features that are characteristic of their time.

Azidotische Belastungen des Pansens gelten bei Milchkühen besonders in der Frühlaktation als weit verbreitet. Sie werden als subakute Pansenazidosen (SARA) für die häufigen Produktionskrankheiten verantwortlich gemacht. Ziele : dieser Untersuchungen waren a) die Kontrolle des Säure-Basen-Haushalt (SBH) bei HF- Hochleistungskühen im peripartalen Zeitraum zum Vorkommen von SARA, b) die Prüfung bewährter sowie neuer Methoden zur Pansensaftanalyse, c) die Analyse von SBH-Harnparametern sowie d) die Prüfung möglicher Beziehungen von Stoffwechselparametern im Blut zu SBH-Parametern im Pansensaft. Versuchsanordnung : In 10 Betrieben Niedersachsens wurden an je 10 Kühen Verlaufsuntersuchungen mit vier Proben/Tier durchgeführt: 1. Trockenstehperiode/Färsen -30 Tage ante partum (d a.p.) bis zur Kalbung; 2. 2 bis 7 Tage post partum (d p.p.); 3. in der Frühlaktation 8 bis 30 d p.p. und 4. in der Mittellaktation 80 bis 150 d p.p. Pansensaft vormittags mit Geishauser- Sonde gewonnen, Blut aus der V. jugularis externa sowie Harn per Blasenkathederisierung. Analysiert wurden im Pansensaft der pH-Wert, die Pufferkapazität als Titrationsbilanz über die Titrationsazidität und - alkalität, die Methylenblauprobe sowie die Sedimentaktivitätszeit (SAT), im Harn der pH-Wert, die Netto-Säure-Basen-Ausscheidung (NSBA) sowie der Basen-Säure-Quotient (BSQ) und im Blutserum Glukose, freie Fettsäuren (FFS), Betahydroxybutyrat (BHB), L-Laktat, Cholesterol, Protein, Albumin, Bilirubin, Harnstoff, Kreatinin, Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, ALP, ASAT, GLDH sowie die CK. Ergebnisse: Zwischen Kühen und Färsen wurden bei den gemessenen Parametern keine gesicherten Unterschiede festgestellt. Es gab auch keine Unterschiede zwischen den Betrieben. Die Pansen-pH-Werte bewegten sich von x= 6,8 (6,43/7,0;1./3. Quartil) zu Beginn des Trockenstehens über minimal x = 6,3 (5,9/6,7) 30 bis 60 d p.p. bis x = 6,6 (6,2/6,8) in der Mittellaktation. Sie lagen alle im physiologischen Bereich. 20 Kühe hatten Pansen-pH-Werte von < 5,8, 6 Kühe von < 5,5 und 21 Kühe von > 7,2. Damit kamen die Kühe der SARA-Definition, bezogen auf das einmalige Auftreten von pH-Werten < 5,8 bei einer Kuh, nahe; bezogen auf alle gemessenen Pansen-pH-Werte betrug der Anteil < 5,8 aber nur 9,8 %. Die Titrationsbilanz war in der Trockensteherperiode ausgeglichen; bei allen drei Kontrollen p.p. bestand ein Basendefizit. Die Pufferkapazität war in der 1. Woche p.p. und in der Frühlaktation vermindert. Panse-pH-Werte und Titrationsbilanz korrelierten sehr eng (r=0,98,p<0,001). Die Methylenblauprobe war a.p. mit x = 3:37 (2:22/4:59) Minuten am längsten, in der Mittellaktation mit 3:01 (2:25/4:30) Minuten am kürzesten und ingesamt physiologisch. Es gab keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Kontollzeiträumen. Die SAT war physiologisch und schwankte zwischen zwei und fünf Minuten ohne signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Entnahmezeiträumen. Im Harn lagen die NSBA mit x = 70 mmol/l (20/122 = 1./3.Quartil) und der BSQ mit x = 2,2 (1,6/2,8) nur bei den Frischmelkern unter den unteren Grenzwerten und deuteten die Gefahr von SARA an. Der Harn-pH-Wert war mit x = 7,98 (7,7/8,2) physiologisch. Von der Gesamtheit alle NSBA-Werte waren 37% < 83 mmol/l sowie 28,9% < 25 mmol/l; beim BSQ waren es 52,6% < 2,5 sowie 27,4% < 1,5. Die für die NSBA, den BSQ und den Harn-pH-Wert berechneten Sensivitäten und Spezifitäten für einen Pansen-pH-Wert < 5,8 liegen mit 44,8% und 64,5% (NSBA), 55,8% und 47,9% (BSQ) sowie 2,3% und 97% (Harn-pH-Wert) unter den diagnostischen Erfordernissen.Sie können somit keine sicheren Rückschlüsse auf den Pansenzustand geben. Bei den Blutbefunden wurden Kühe mit Pansen-pH-Werten < 5,8 (SARA) und >5,8 gegenüber gestellt. Die Korrelationskoeffizienten, die Sensitivität und die mittels Receiver-Operating-Characteristics Analysen ermittelten Flächen unter der Kurve zwischen Pansen-pH-Wert und den Blutparametern waren niedrig ( p> 0,05). Schlussfolgerung: Hochleistende HF-Kühe haben peripartal nicht zwangsläufig eine SARA. Die Titrationsbilanz ergänzt den Pansensaft-pH-Wert, ist routinemäßig aber nicht nötig. Im Harn liegen die NSBA und BSQ häufiger unter den Grenzwerten und korrelieren nicht gesichert mit dem Pansen-pH-Wert. Auch Blutparameter erlauben keine sichere Aussage über den Pansenzustand. Die Diagnose von SARA muss mit direkter Messung des Pansen-pH-Wertes gestellt werden.

Countries' long-term climate targets are described by different concepts who, over time, have become increasingly dependent on negative emissions technologies (NETs) in order for the targets to be reached. This thesis is a cross country comparison, examining similarities and differences in the concepts used by seven countries to express their long-term climate targets, focusing on their plans for implementing NETs. The empirical material was collected from interviews with experts from each country. Concepts in long-term climate targets can have various interpretations and there are uncertainties about what emissions that are covered within the different concepts. NETs are crucial for achieving any type of net-zero target however they are in nascent stages, except for forest management, and there are several factors affecting the possibilities to implement NETs. It is important not to focus too much on NETs to comply with the long-term climate targets, NETs should function as a complement to emissions reduction and target the unavoidable emissions. We recommend that countries clarify what emissions are included within their concept, set out specific targets for NETs and lastly put a great effort into clarifying policy instruments related to NETs. / Ländernas långsiktiga klimatmål beskrivs av olika begrepp som är beroende av negativa utsläppstekniker för att målen ska nås. Denna avhandling är en jämförelse mellan sju länder där ländernas likheter och skillnader undersöks genom deras val av begrepp och även deras planer för att implementera tekniker för att nå negativa utsläpp. Det empiriska materialet samlades in från intervjuer med experter från varje land. Begrepp i de långsiktiga klimatmålen kan ha olika tolkningar och det råder osäkerhet om vilka utsläpp som täcks upp inom de olika begreppen. Negativa utsläppstekniker är avgörande för att uppnå alla typer av netto-nollmål men de befinner sig i väldigt tidiga faser av utveckling, förutom skog som redan finns på plats och det finns flera faktorer som påverkar möjligheterna att implementera negativa utsläppstekniker. Det är viktigt att inte fokusera för mycket på negativa utsläppstekniker för att uppfylla de långsiktiga klimatmålen, de bör fungera som ett komplement till utsläppsminskning och rikta in sig på de oundvikliga utsläppen. Vi rekommenderar att länder klargör vilka utsläpp som ingår i begreppen, fastställer specifika mål för negativa utsläppstekniker och slutligen satsar mycket på att klargöra policyinstrument relaterade till negativa utsläppstekniker.

Transition delay in boundary-layer flows is achieved via reactive control of flow instabilities, i.e. Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) waves. Adaptive and model-based control techniques are investigated by means of direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experiments. The action of actuators localised in the wall region is prescribed based on localised measurement of the disturbance field; in particular, plasma actuators and surface hot-wire sensors are considered. Performances and limitations of this control approach are evaluated both for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) disturbance scenarios. The focus is on the robustness properties of the investigated control techniques; it is highlighted that static model-based control, such as the linear-quadratic- Gaussian (LQG) regulator, is very sensitive to model-inaccuracies. The reason for this behaviour is found in the feed-forward nature of the adopted sensor/actuator scheme; hence, a second, downstream sensor is introduced and actively used to recover robustness via an adaptive filtered-x least-mean-squares (fxLMS) algorithm. Furthermore, the model of the flow required by the control algorithm is reduced to a time delay. This technique, called delayed-x least-mean-squares (dxLMS) algorithm, allows taking a step towards a self-tuning controller; by introducing a third sensor it is possible to compute on-line the suitable time-delay model with no previous knowledge of the controlled system. This self-tuning approach is successfully tested by in-flight experiments on a motor-glider. Lastly, the transition delay capabilities of the investigated control con- figuration are confirmed in a complex disturbance environment. The flow is perturbed with random localised disturbances inside the boundary layer and the laminar-to-turbulence transition is delayed via a multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) version of the fxLMS algorithm. A positive theoretical net-energy- saving is observed for disturbance amplitudes up to 2% of the free-stream velocity at the actuation location, reaching values around 1000 times the input power for the lower disturbance amplitudes that have been investigated. / I den här avhandlingen har reglertekniska metoder tillämpats för att försena omslaget från ett laminärt till ett turbulent gränsskikt genom att dämpa tillväxten av små instabiliteter, så kallade Tollmien-Schlichting vågor. Adaptiva och modellbaserade metoder för reglering av strömning har undersökts med hjälp av numeriska beräkningar av Navier-Stokes ekvationer, vindtunnelexperiment och även genom direkt tillämpning på flygplan. Plasmaaktuatorer och varmtrådsgivare vidhäftade på ytan av plattan eller vingen har använts i experimenten och modellerats i beräkningarna. Prestanda och begränsningar av den valda kontrollstrategin har utvärderats för både tvådimensionella och tredimensionella gränsskiktsinstabiliteter. Fokus har varit på metodernas robusthet, där vi visar att statiska metoder som linjär-kvadratiska regulatorer (LQG) är mycket känsliga för avvikelser från den nominella modellen. Detta beror främst på att regulatorer agerar i förkompenseringsläge (”feed-foward”) på grund av strömningens karaktär och placeringen av givare och aktuatorer. För att minska känsligheten mot avvikelser och därmed öka robustheten har en givare införts nedströms och en adaptiv fXLMS algoritm (filtered-x least-mean-squares) har tillämpats.                  Vidare har modelleringen av fXLMS-algoritmen förenklats genom att ersätta överföringsfunktionen mellan aktuatorer och givare med en lämplig tidsfördröjning.  Denna  metod som kallas för dxLMS (delayed-x least-mean-squares) kräver att ytterligare en givare införs långt uppströms för att kunna uppskatta hastigheten på de propagerande instabilitetsvågorna. Denna teknik har tillämpats framgångsrikt för reglering av gränsskiktet på vingen av ett segelflygplan. Slutligen har de reglertekniska metoderna testas för komplexa slumpmässiga tredimensionella störningar som genererats uppströms lokalt i gränsskiktet. Vi visar att en signifikant försening av laminärt-turbulentomslag äger rum med hjälp av en fXLMS algoritm. En analys av energibudgeten visar att för ideala aktuatorer och givare kan den sparade energiåtgången på grund av minskad väggfriktion vara upp till 1000 gånger större än den energi som använts för reglering.