對於台灣的自創品牌廠商來說，當其上市新產品時，除了生產的技術面之外，如何透過行銷活動在國際市場上建立品牌知名度，將產品銷售給顧客也同樣非常重要。本研究主要之目的即在確認影響台灣廠商行銷溝通行為之情境因素，並且探討這些情境因素如何來影響廠商之行銷溝通行為。 　本研究將情境因素分為三大類，包括：（一）產品特性---產品嶄新度（二）品牌特性---品牌權益（三）公司特性---市場導向、行銷能力、國際化程度與自有品牌運用程度；在行銷溝通行為方面，本研究則從以下三個層面來做探討，包括：（一）資源運用層面---溝通努力之相對程度（二）訊息層面---訊息可見度、溝通組合廣度、訊息一致性（三）國際化導向---訊息之當地化程度。 　研究的結果發現，會影響企業行銷溝通之相對努力程度的情境因素有產品嶄新度與自有品牌運用程度。當產品嶄新度愈高，則行銷溝通之相對努力程度也會愈高；當企業之自有品牌運用程度愈高，則行銷溝通之相對努力程度也會愈高。 　影響訊息可見度之情境因素為產品嶄新度、企業之行銷能力與自有品牌運用程度。當產品嶄新度愈高，則訊息可見度愈低；當企業之行銷能力愈高，則訊息之可見度愈高；當企業之自有品牌運用程度愈高，則訊息之可見度愈低。 　會影響溝通組合廣度的情境因素為企業之市場導向程度、國際化程度。當企業之市場導向程度愈高，則溝通組合廣度愈廣；當企業之國際化程度愈高，則溝通組合之廣度愈低。會影響訊息一致性之情境因素有產品嶄新度、品牌權益、市場導向程度與國際化程度。當產品之嶄新度愈高，則訊息之一致性愈低；當品牌權益愈高，則訊息之一致性愈低；當企業之市場導向程度愈高，則訊息之一致性愈低；當企業之國際化程度愈高，則訊息之一致性愈高。 　會影響訊息當地化程度之情境因素有產品嶄新度與行銷能力。當產品之嶄新度愈高，則訊息之當地化程度愈高；當企業之行銷能力愈高，則訊息之當地化程度愈高。

Takeuchi與Nonaka (1986)的研究指出，新產品對利潤的貢獻由七十年代的四分之一提升至八十年代的三分之一；Haas(1989)則指出，在美國的製造業中，有40%的營收來自新產品的銷售，32%的利潤亦來自於新產品的貢獻新產品對利潤的貢獻；而國內相關研究也有類似的結果。雖然新產品的開發上市對公司的貢獻如此大，但相對上，新產品的失敗率也相當高；Booz，Allen 與 Hamilton(1982)估計消費品失敗率約30%，工業品約為40%；Edgett等(1992)調查在英國的本土與日本廠商，發現英國廠商的新產品失敗率為45.7%，日本為40.2%，並認為產品的失敗率三十年來沒有明顯的改善，若從創意的產生到上市評估，則失敗率更高(須滕文德，民80)。新產品發展過程之管理為新產品成功的重要因素之一，但過去文獻多僅及於新產品發展過程之完整性，對於新產品發展過程之資源配置的研究較少，影響資源配置型態之因素為何？以及資源配置型態與新產品發展績效之關係為何？此關係又將受那些情境因素影響？即為本研究的主要動機。 經由文獻探討後，本研究將影響新產品發展過程資源配置之因素分為四大類：產品的創新性、新產品策略、組織規模、環境因素。除研究新產品發展過程資源配置之影響因素外，綜合其他學者之研究，發現資源配置與新產品之績效有顯著的關係存在，故本研究亦將延續此一主軸，更進一步發掘資源配置與各影響因素之配合對新產品發展績效之衝擊。 由於本研究所研究之部份主題牽涉公司之商業機密，且資源投入之衡量需由相當經驗之主管人員填答，因此本研究將採用便利抽樣之方式，尋求有意願配合之廠商，進行本研究之問卷調查。總計發出348份問卷(包括郵寄與親自發放)，實際回收167份問卷，去除資料填答不全之無效問卷35份，實際有效問卷為132份，回收率為38%。 本研究以新產品發展過程之資源配置的結果進行分群，經由集群分析後，可區分為三種不同的資源負荷集群：「市場資源負荷型」、「技術資源負荷型」、「製造資源負荷型」。然後再以因素分析，從新產品策略、組織資源及環境因素此三大類可能影響因素、19題問項中，萃取出7個因素，再分析此七因素及產品創新性之影響。 研究發現，影響新產品發展過程之資源配置型態的因素則包括：「產品創新性」、「市場需求的成長與規模」、「新產品策略」、「產品特性」、「可用研發資源」及「競爭優勢」。「組織資源」及「新產品開發成本」對資源配置型態並無顯著影響。由此結果可發現，組織資源的多寡並非資源配置決策者所考慮的主要因素之一，反而應該是組織資源的配置決策過程或決策的組織等組織特質較有可能影響資源的配置。 本研究以資源配置型態為自變數，以整體績效為應變數進行分析，結果發現「市場資源配置」型態的新產品發展績效明顯高於「製造資源配置」，而「技術資源配置」型態的新產品發展績效則介於其中，檢定結果並不顯著。而此一關係又受到下列情境因素的影響：「產品創新性」、「產品特性」、「競爭優勢」及「新產品開發成本」。 第一章　緒論……………………………………………………...……1 第一節 研究背景與動機……………………………………….……1 第二節 研究目的……………………………………………….……5 第三節 研究前題與研究範圍………………………………….……7 第四節 研究限制……………………………………………….……9 第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………...…..11 第一節 新產品之定義………………………………………….…..12 第二節 新產品發展過程……………………………………….…..17 第三節 新產品發展過程資源配置………………………………..30 第四節 新產品發展績效……………………………….…………..37 第五節 新產品策略……………………………….………………..42 第六節 影響新產品發展過程之資源配置因素……………….…..46 第三章 研究設計……………………………….……………….…..53 第一節 研究架構……………………………….…………………..53 第二節 變數定義、變數衡量與問卷設計…………………….…..55 第三節 研究假設……………………………….…………………..65 第四節 研究對象與資料分析方法………………………………..72 第四章 研究發現--影響新產品發展過程資源配置之因素………..76 第一節 回收問卷基本資料分析……………………………….…..76 第二節 問卷之信度與效度分析……………………………….…..79 第三節 新產品發展過程資源配置型態…………………………..81 第四節 影響新產品發展過程資源配置因素之分析………….…..85 第五節 新產品發展過程資源配置型態與影響因素之關係….…..91 第五章 研究發現--資源配置型態與發展績效之關係……………106 第一節 資源配置型態與發展績效之關係…………………….…107 第二節 影響資源配置與新產品發展績效關係之因素……….…109 第六章 結論與建議……………………………….……………..…119 第一節 研究發現……………………………….…………………119 第二節 理論與實務涵意……………………………….…………129 第三節 對後續研究之建議……………………………….………132 參考文獻……………………………….…………………………..…135 附錄一 問卷……………………………….……………………..…148 附錄二 個案……………………………….……………………..…153 附錄三 附表……………………………….……………………..…166 / The contribution of new product is more and more important for the growth of company today, but the rate of failure of new products is at least 30% (Booz, Allen and Hamilton, 1982; Edgett et al., 1992). There-fore, the management of new product development (NPD) process must be devoted more attention. There were many researches discussing NPD process, but it's hard to find out the researches regarding the resources allocation of NPD process. Resources allocation is a important part of implementation of new product strategy. This study identifies three type of resources allocation of NPD process: Market-resources-load, Tech-nology-resources-load, Manufacturing-resources-load. In addition, the factors influencing the choice of the type of resources allocation includes: the degree of innovation of new product, the growth and the size of market demand, new product strategy, features of new product, available R&D resources, relative competitive advantage. According to the evaluation of respondents, the performance of Market-resources-load resources allocation is better than others, but this relation is contingent under different situations such as the degree of innovation of new product, features of new product, relative competitive advantage, the cost of developing new product.

This paper concerns about key business process in the production companies, namely, the new product development. The object of this thesis has been to create a tool to estimate the risk of the new product development. To reach this goal, current tools used to deciding the risk must have been explored. As the best tool, appropriate for assessing the risk of new product development has proved the Bayesian Network. This paper explains the construction of the Bayesian network and shows the way how to generate the probabilities in the network to be accurate for the risk estimation. Based on this theoretical knowledge has been built an information system, which estimates the risk of the new products and administer the risks.

I dagens digitala värld har artificiell intelligens (AI) ett omvälvande inflytande som påverkar människors liv och arbete. Företagens användande av AI hittar ständigt nya områden där det förändrar och skapar möjligheter som tidigare varit otänkbara. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur AI kan användas inom nyproduktutveckling (NPD) för små och medelstora företag (SME) för att förbättra effektiviteten i NPD-processen genom att studera möjligheter och hinder för utökad användning samt hur SME kan gå till väga för att applicera AI i NPD-processen. Syftet är baserat på ett fallföretags behov av större kunskap på området inför utökad användning av AI i verksamheten och NPD-processen i synnerhet. En fallstudie har genomförts hos ett projektorganiserat fallföretag specialiserat på NPD och tillhörande kategorin SME med kunder främst inom industrisektorn. Studiens syfte är baserat på fallföretagets behov av större kunskap på området inför utökad användning av AI i verksamheten och NPD-processen i synnerhet. En kvalitativ insamling av empiriskt material har gjorts genom litteraturstudie och genomförande av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultaten har analyserats och diskuterats och lett fram till studiens slutsatser med rekommendationer, så att studiens frågeställningar har besvarats. Fallföretaget använder generativ AI som sökverktyg i dagsläget och vill utöka användningen av AI till NPD-processen, men ser säkerhetsaspekten och avsaknad av AI-anpassad dataskyddsförordning (GDPR) som stora hinder. Studien undersöker valda metoder och verktyg med AI som skulle kunna användas inom NPD för att automatisera och effektivisera processen från idé till färdig produkt. Studiens resultat visar potential till förbättring och effektivisering av NPD-processen med hjälp av AI, men också att oklarheter finns som kan bero på att AI ännu är nytt inom NPD för SME. / In today's digital world, artificial intelligence (AI) has a transformative impact on people's lives and work. Companies' use of AI continuously finds new areas where it transforms and creates opportunities previously unimaginable. This study explores how AI can be used in New Product Development (NPD) for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME) to improve efficiency by examining opportunities and obstacles for expanded use, and how SME can apply AI in the NPD process. This aim is based on a case company's need for greater knowledge before expanding the use of AI in its operations, particularly in NPD. A case study was conducted at a project-based company specialized in NPD, categorized as an SME with customers primarily in the industrial sector. The study’s aim is based on the case company's need for greater knowledge before expanding the use of AI in its operations, particularly in NPD. A qualitative collection of empirical material was conducted through a literature review and semi-structured interviews. The results were analysed and discussed, leading to conclusions with recommendations, ensuring that the research questions were answered. The case company currently uses generative AI as a search tool and wishes to extend AI use to the NPD process but identifies security concerns and the lack of an AI-adapted General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) solution as significant barriers. The study examines selected methods and AI tools that could be used in NPD to automate and streamline the process from idea to finished product. The results indicate potential improvements and efficiencies in the NPD process with AI, but also highlight uncertainties since AI is still new within NPD for SME.

Innovation requires an ambidextrous knowledge creation strategy, which is defined as the simultaneous pursuit of both exploration and exploitation. A temporal ambidexterity strategy is one in which an organizational unit dynamically balances its investments in exploration and exploitation over time. This thesis provides new insights on various factors which should be considered when developing and executing a temporal ambidexterity strategy. In the Essay 1, I empirically examine the impact of exploration, exploitation and learning from cumulative innovation experience on the likelihood of successfully versus unsuccessfully generating a breakthrough innovation. The data sample, based on patents in the biomedical device industry, is drawn from the National Bureau of Economic Research patents database. I demonstrate three important tenets for developing a theory of temporal ambidexterity. First, I confirm, as conceptually expected, that when pursued independently, exploration and exploitation have opposing variance-generating versus variance-reducing impacts on innovation performance, respectively. Second, I find that when pursued jointly exploration and exploitation have a negative interaction effect on innovation performance. Third, I show that the benefits of ambidexterity accrue in the long-term, as a result of learning from prior failure experience. However, I demonstrate that prior failure experience and exploitation are jointly necessary, but not independently sufficient, for learning from failure to occur. In Essay 2, I introduce a dynamic optimization model of temporal ambidexterity. I examine the optimal sequencing of exploration and exploitation knowledge creation activities throughout the innovation process. I consider how an innovation manager’s optimal dynamic investments in exploration and exploitation are driven by the innovation team’s knowledge creation capabilities and prior innovation experience, and by the manager’s short-term and long-term innovation risk objectives. The results demonstrate the conditions under which various temporal ambidexterity strategies endogenously arise. Finally, in Essay 3, I extend the single firm model introduced in Essay 2, to develop a model of temporal ambidexterity for two firms jointly pursuing knowledge creation and knowledge-sharing under co-opetition. Here, I consider how co-opetition, that is, cooperative knowledge-sharing with a competitor, impacts a firm’s optimal ambidextrous knowledge creation strategy. I consider two-way knowledge sharing, and I assume that each firm freely reveals its knowledge to its competitor, without receiving compensation. The dynamic analytical results contribute to the open questions regarding optimal knowledge-sharing strategies under co-opetition, by demonstrating under what conditions knowledge-sharing with a co-opetitive partner is beneficial. Importantly, I also analytically examine the factors which drive empirically observed alliance dysfunctions, wherein organizations delay knowledge-sharing and withhold information from their alliance partners.

Driven by the highly cyclical nature of their increasingly commoditised product offerings, many capital goods manufacturers are seeing the benefits of delivering services integrated with their core product offerings. Whilst existing research is almost unanimous in advocating the value of a servitization strategy, understanding how these product-service systems (PSSs) can be developed and delivered remains a significant challenge. The closely related PSS field, which has its heritage in the environmental and social science disciplines, is more mature in this area and a number of models have been proposed. The research reported within this thesis contributes to knowledge by investigating whether the approaches to PSS development, reported within the PSS literature, reflects the PSS development practice of servitized manufacturers. More specifically, soft systems methodology was used to explore the delivery of PSSs within the UK railway industry in order to gain an understanding of the implications for developing new PSSs. With this understanding, the existing approaches to PSS development were evaluated with respect to one servitized manufacturer through an in-depth single case study. The findings highlighted a number of significant differences between the practice of the servitized manufacturer and the literature. A survey was used to investigate whether the differences were generalisable to a larger sample of servitized manufacturers. The findings point towards the simplification of the reported phases within PSS development and the inclusion of a number of previously unreported processes and activities. Based on these results a new model of PSS development is proposed to better reflect the practice of servitized manufacturers. The model, consisting of four phases and seventeen processes, was operationalised in the form of a workbook and tested through application. Applying the workbook resulted in the successful creation of a number of new PSS concepts.

<p>Given today’s industry dynamics, new service development is becoming increasingly important to the competitiveness, growth, and survival of organizations. Unfortunately, new service development has proven to be a complex and difficult task. Numerous reasons are stated in the literature such as the difficulty of understanding and anticipating latent customer needs and insufficient market research techniques. To facilitate proactive learning about the customer, recent findings stress customer involvement in the development process and observations of customers in real action.</p><p>The overall objective of the dissertation is to contribute to an increased knowledge of customer involvement, i.e., the role of customers as contributors and co-creators in new service development. The thesis draws on theory from market and learning orientation in conjunction with a service-centered model, and provides an extensive review of literature on customer involvement in innovation. In five separate studies, this doctor’s thesis addresses the customer’s role in innovation activities in various industries (e.g., Staffing Services, Airline Services, and Mobile Telecommunication services).</p><p>In this thesis it is argued that interaction is not only the focal point of services, but also the essence of customer involvement. A special emphasis is put on supporting techniques as these are the means by which customer information and knowledge are created. In addition, results are provided showing that customer involvement in innovation pays off. Companies that engage in collaborative innovation with customers can expect improved customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and profit margin.</p>

Dans la littérature marketing qui s'intéresse à l'adoption d'une innovation par les consommateurs, le processus d'adoption n'est expliqué le plus souvent que par le degré d'innovativité des personnes. Tandis que les caractéristiques perçues du nouveau produit peuvent davantage expliquer son adoption que les variables individuelles comme l'ont déjà montré certains travaux. Notre recherche se situe alors dans cette deuxième perspective et contribue à l'explication des mécanismes cognitifs et sensoriels d'adoption d'un nouveau produit en prenant le soin de distinguer les effets des attributs extrinsèques et intrinsèques de celui-ci. De plus, nous avons constaté que la plupart des travaux utilisent des mesures uniques et immédiates alors qu'il apparaît nécessaire de recourir à des mesures répétées. Nous mettons alors en œuvre dans cette recherche des protocoles méthodologiques longitudinaux. Ainsi, trois expérimentations montrent que l'information non-sensorielle sur la modification d'un attribut constitutif d'un produit alimentaire (la teneur en alcool d'un vin) crée des attentes de qualité moins élevées que l'information non-sensorielle sur l'attribut non transformé. Cependant, la perception de cette première information non-sensorielle n'est pas assez négative pour diminuer la qualité perçue globale du nouveau produit qui reste proche de celle du produit habituel. Par conséquent, tant sur le plan gustatif que sur le plan conceptuel, le nouveau produit, ici le vin à teneur réduite en alcool, semble acceptable, en tout cas, tant qu'il ne s'éloigne pas trop des limites de la catégorie de produits à laquelle il appartient / In the marketing literature which focuses on innovation adoption by consumers, the adoption process is explained mostly by consumer innovativeness. However, some research works show that the new product's perceived cues can better explain its adoption than individual characteristics. Our work lies in the latter perspective and contributes to explain cognitive and sensory mechanisms of adoption, making a careful distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic effects of new product cues. Moreover, most research works use unique and immediate measurements while it appears necessary to make repeated measurements. Therefore, we implement longitudinal methodologies in this research. Three experimentations show lower quality expectations with the modified non-sensory cue (reduced alcohol content) than with the usual non-sensory cue (normal alcohol content). However, perception of this non-sensory information on modification is not sufficiently negative to reduce the overall perceived quality of the new product which remains close to that of the regular product. Therefore, both judging by its taste and conceptually, a new food product (i.e. low-alcohol wine) seems acceptable, at least as long as it does not move away too far from limits of the products category to which it belongs.

This article investigates the practical application of open innovation principles within industrial new product development (NPD). Previous research on open innovation has primarily focused on the notion as such and not yet on how to integrating the principles of open innovation with well- established models for NPD. We aim to help close this knowledge gap. The purpose of this study is to explore how firms can benefit from opening up the NPD process by integrating the principles of open innovation with the well-known and widespread Stage-Gate model. To do this, previous literature is studied in combination with case study data investigating the existing occurrences and potential opportunities of employing the principles of open innovation within NPD at a firm within the upstream Oil &amp;amp; Gas business. Our empirical study shows that there are great virtues in the systematization of the already occasionally occurring open innovation practices. Additionally, a noticeable desire to pursue a more open approach to NPD was identified among the respondents. The results of this study allowed the enactment of a practitioner-oriented work model which exploits the advantages of “openness” while simultaneously capturing the benefits deriving from the systematic and structured approach implied by the Stage- Gate model. Furthermore, by opening up the Stage-Gate model, yet another opportunity is exposed: to allow the work model to facilitate a systematic adjustment of the way value is created and captured within the company (I.e. its business model and its underlying core capabilities) to the external environmental dynamics. This aspect is further included in the new work model. The main implications of this study are that is indicates great opportunities and possibilities in opening up the NPD process. It further introduces an easy applicable work model that facilitates the opening. Moreover, our results apply not only to firms within the Oil &amp;amp; Gas industry, but to all NPD processes where a Stage-Gate methodology is employed. / <p>Validerat; 20101217 (root)</p>

This master's thesis is focused on evaluation of product innovation of Johnson & Johnson company. Main objective of this thesis is to analyse new product launch campaign of COMPEED brand. Furthermore, based on outputs from own marketing research and analyses of data provided, evaluate suitability of chosen marketing strategy, find reasons why innovation was not successful and propose recommendations to achieve set goals.