Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da localização da enterocolite necrosante neonatal na mortalidade de recém-nascidos (RN) submetidos à laparotomia exploradora. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva de 141 recém-nascidos com ECN submetidos consecutivamente à laparotomia exploradora no período de novembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005. Foram avaliados dados epidemiológicos, localização e extensão da doença, crescimento intra-uterino e o número de óbitos no período de 60 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados: Setenta e quatro (52,5%) crianças eram do sexo masculino, com peso médio de nascimento de 1.589 ± 665 gramas, com idade gestacional média de 33,6 ± 2,9 semanas. Prematuridade ocorreu em 84,4% (119/141) dos RN. Cinqüenta e sete (40,4%) eram pequenos para a idade gestacional. Óbito ocorreu em 68 crianças (48,2%). Na análise bivariada, observou-se que o comprometimento do jejuno-íleo foi associado com alta mortalidade (20 óbitos - 76,9%; OR = 20; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 4,6 - 96,3; p < 0,001) e que a doença no jejuno estava associada à maior extensão da ECN. Entretanto, no modelo de regressão logística múltipla com controle individual de cada variável, a doença no jejuno-íleo (OR = 0,61; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,06 - 6,14; p = 0,68) e no intestino grosso (OR = 2,91; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,81 - 10,50; p = 0,10) não foram consideradas fatores de risco para o óbito. Conclusões: Em análise adequada, com controle isolado de cada variável estudada, a mortalidade foi independente da localização da ECN no intestino delgado ou no intestino grosso. Porém, a localização da doença no jejuno foi um marcador de maior extensão da ECN e, conseqüentemente, de pior prognóstico. Extensão difusa da doença e recém-nascidos PIG foram os mais importantes fatores de risco de ocorrência de óbito nesses recém-nascidos submetidos à cirurgia. / Aim of the study: To evaluate the effect of disease site on the mortality rate of newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Methods: Prospective cohort of 141 consecutive newborns with NEC who underwent laparotomy from November 1991 to December 2005. The study variables included epidemiologic data, disease site and extent, intrauterine growth, and number of deaths in the 60 days after operation. The protocol was approved by the institution’s Research Ethics Committee. Main results: Seventy-four (52.5%) infants were male. Mean birth weight was 1,589 ± 665 g, and mean gestational age was 33.6 ± 2.9 weeks. One-hundred and nineteen (84.4%) newborns were premature. Small for gestational age was observed in 57 (40.4%). Sixty-eight (48.2%) infants died. Bivariate analysis revealed that involvement of the jejunum and ileum was associated with high mortality rates (20 deaths, 76.9%; OR = 20; 95% 95% CI = 4.6 – 96.3; p < 0.001), and that involvement of the jejunum was associated with greater disease extent. After controlling for individual variables, logistic regression showed that the mortality associated with jejunum and ileum involvement (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.06 - 6.14; p = 0.68) did not differ from that associated with large bowel involvement (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 0.81 – 10.50; p = 0.10); however, jejunum involvement remained significantly associated with disease extent. Conclusions: NEC-related mortality in newborns undergoing laparotomy was not influenced by disease site (small or large bowel). However, jejunum involvement was a marker of greater disease extent and therefore of poor prognosis. Diffuse disease extent and small for gestational age were the most important markers of risk of death in NEC newborns submitted to surgery.

Aim: To verify the efficiency of non-nutritive and nutritive sucking on newborn preterm infants who received oral sensory-motor stimulation before and during the provision of food via orogastric tube. Methods: The sample consisted of 29 subjects, small or appropriate for gestational age, born between 28 and 33 weeks of gestation admitted to the NICU of an university hospital. These were distributed among three groups: two groups received oral sensory-motor stimulation at different times (GA, moments before feeding via orogastric tube; GB during feeding via orogastric tube)and control group (GC). During this step, non-nutritive and nutritive sucking speech pathology evaluations were conducted by, and during these moments, the following were checked: anthropometric measurements, body weight gain, oral primitive reflexes, behavior, signs of stress, oxygen saturation and heart rate, feeding behavior (competence and overall transfer) and suction blocks referring to the weeks of stimulation. Results: In the speech therapy evaluations, it was found that the maturation of the orofacial structures and functions, as determined by the advancing of gestational age, influenced the tasks of sucking. In the evaluation of the stomatognathic system, GA and GB performed better in the posture of the lips. In the latest assessment of non-nutritive sucking, there was a variation in performance among the groups on the signs of stress: GB had a lower incidence of yawning; GA and GC did not present hiccups; and GB and GC showed no gasping. On the evaluations of nutritive sucking, GA and GB showed fewer signs of stress: on the first evaluation (coloring inadequate language and movement) and the second evaluation (general and perioral cyanosis). On the feeding competence at the end of the first week, after the release for oral feeding, the GB had the best performance. Conclusion: The pre-term newborn in the stimulus groups (GA and GB) demonstrated a lower incidence of signs of stress in non-nutritive and nutritive sucking compared to GC. The data presented by GB suggest that the most suitable moment for conducting the oral sensory-motor stimulation is during the provision of feed via orogastric tube. / Objetivos: Verificar a eficiência da sucção não-nutritiva e nutritiva de recémnascidos pré-termo que receberam estimulação sensório-motora oral antes e durante a oferta de alimento via sonda orogástrica. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por 29 sujeitos, pequenos ou adequados para a idade gestacional, nascidos entre 28 e 33 semanas de idade gestacional, internados na UTI neonatal de um Hospital Universitário. Foram distribuídos entre três grupos: dois grupos receberam estimulação sensório-motora oral em momentos diferentes (GA, momentos antes de alimentar-se via sonda orogástrica; GB durante alimentação via sonda orogástrica), e grupo controle, que não recebeu estimulação (GC). Foram realizadas avaliações fonoaudiológicas de sucção não-nutritiva e nutritiva em três momentos: quando do ingresso no estudo, na liberação para a alimentação por via oral e na alta. Nestas avaliações verificou-se: medidas antropométricas, ganho ponderal, reflexos primitivos orais, estado comportamental, sinais de estresse, saturação de oxigênio e frequência cardíaca, comportamento alimentar (competência e taxa de transferência) e blocos de sucção referentes às semanas de estimulação. Resultados: Nas avaliações fonoaudiológicas, verificou-se que a maturação das funções e estruturas orofaciais, determinadas pelo avanço da idade gestacional, influenciou nas tarefas de sucção. Na avaliação do sistema estomatognático, o GA e o GB apresentaram melhor desempenho na postura de lábios. Na última avaliação da sucção não-nutritiva, houve variação entre o desempenho dos grupos quanto aos sinais de estresse: GB apresentou menor ocorrência de bocejo; GA e GC não apresentaram soluço; e GB e GC não apresentaram suspiro. Para as avaliações de sucção nutritiva, o GA e o GB apresentaram menos sinais de estresse: primeira avaliação (coloração e movimentação inadequada de língua) e na segunda avaliação (coloração e cianose perioral). Na competência alimentar ao final da primeira semana, após liberação de via oral, o GB apresentou melhor desempenho. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos prétermo pertencentes aos grupos de estímulo (GA e GB) demonstraram menor ocorrência de sinais de estresse na sucção não-nutritiva e nutritiva em relação ao GC. Os dados apresentados pelo GB sugerem que o momento mais adequado para realização do estímulo sensório-motor oral é durante a alimentação por sonda orogástrica.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da localização da enterocolite necrosante neonatal na mortalidade de recém-nascidos (RN) submetidos à laparotomia exploradora. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva de 141 recém-nascidos com ECN submetidos consecutivamente à laparotomia exploradora no período de novembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005. Foram avaliados dados epidemiológicos, localização e extensão da doença, crescimento intra-uterino e o número de óbitos no período de 60 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados: Setenta e quatro (52,5%) crianças eram do sexo masculino, com peso médio de nascimento de 1.589 ± 665 gramas, com idade gestacional média de 33,6 ± 2,9 semanas. Prematuridade ocorreu em 84,4% (119/141) dos RN. Cinqüenta e sete (40,4%) eram pequenos para a idade gestacional. Óbito ocorreu em 68 crianças (48,2%). Na análise bivariada, observou-se que o comprometimento do jejuno-íleo foi associado com alta mortalidade (20 óbitos - 76,9%; OR = 20; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 4,6 - 96,3; p < 0,001) e que a doença no jejuno estava associada à maior extensão da ECN. Entretanto, no modelo de regressão logística múltipla com controle individual de cada variável, a doença no jejuno-íleo (OR = 0,61; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,06 - 6,14; p = 0,68) e no intestino grosso (OR = 2,91; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,81 - 10,50; p = 0,10) não foram consideradas fatores de risco para o óbito. Conclusões: Em análise adequada, com controle isolado de cada variável estudada, a mortalidade foi independente da localização da ECN no intestino delgado ou no intestino grosso. Porém, a localização da doença no jejuno foi um marcador de maior extensão da ECN e, conseqüentemente, de pior prognóstico. Extensão difusa da doença e recém-nascidos PIG foram os mais importantes fatores de risco de ocorrência de óbito nesses recém-nascidos submetidos à cirurgia. / Aim of the study: To evaluate the effect of disease site on the mortality rate of newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Methods: Prospective cohort of 141 consecutive newborns with NEC who underwent laparotomy from November 1991 to December 2005. The study variables included epidemiologic data, disease site and extent, intrauterine growth, and number of deaths in the 60 days after operation. The protocol was approved by the institution’s Research Ethics Committee. Main results: Seventy-four (52.5%) infants were male. Mean birth weight was 1,589 ± 665 g, and mean gestational age was 33.6 ± 2.9 weeks. One-hundred and nineteen (84.4%) newborns were premature. Small for gestational age was observed in 57 (40.4%). Sixty-eight (48.2%) infants died. Bivariate analysis revealed that involvement of the jejunum and ileum was associated with high mortality rates (20 deaths, 76.9%; OR = 20; 95% 95% CI = 4.6 – 96.3; p < 0.001), and that involvement of the jejunum was associated with greater disease extent. After controlling for individual variables, logistic regression showed that the mortality associated with jejunum and ileum involvement (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.06 - 6.14; p = 0.68) did not differ from that associated with large bowel involvement (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 0.81 – 10.50; p = 0.10); however, jejunum involvement remained significantly associated with disease extent. Conclusions: NEC-related mortality in newborns undergoing laparotomy was not influenced by disease site (small or large bowel). However, jejunum involvement was a marker of greater disease extent and therefore of poor prognosis. Diffuse disease extent and small for gestational age were the most important markers of risk of death in NEC newborns submitted to surgery.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da localização da enterocolite necrosante neonatal na mortalidade de recém-nascidos (RN) submetidos à laparotomia exploradora. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva de 141 recém-nascidos com ECN submetidos consecutivamente à laparotomia exploradora no período de novembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005. Foram avaliados dados epidemiológicos, localização e extensão da doença, crescimento intra-uterino e o número de óbitos no período de 60 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados: Setenta e quatro (52,5%) crianças eram do sexo masculino, com peso médio de nascimento de 1.589 ± 665 gramas, com idade gestacional média de 33,6 ± 2,9 semanas. Prematuridade ocorreu em 84,4% (119/141) dos RN. Cinqüenta e sete (40,4%) eram pequenos para a idade gestacional. Óbito ocorreu em 68 crianças (48,2%). Na análise bivariada, observou-se que o comprometimento do jejuno-íleo foi associado com alta mortalidade (20 óbitos - 76,9%; OR = 20; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 4,6 - 96,3; p < 0,001) e que a doença no jejuno estava associada à maior extensão da ECN. Entretanto, no modelo de regressão logística múltipla com controle individual de cada variável, a doença no jejuno-íleo (OR = 0,61; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,06 - 6,14; p = 0,68) e no intestino grosso (OR = 2,91; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,81 - 10,50; p = 0,10) não foram consideradas fatores de risco para o óbito. Conclusões: Em análise adequada, com controle isolado de cada variável estudada, a mortalidade foi independente da localização da ECN no intestino delgado ou no intestino grosso. Porém, a localização da doença no jejuno foi um marcador de maior extensão da ECN e, conseqüentemente, de pior prognóstico. Extensão difusa da doença e recém-nascidos PIG foram os mais importantes fatores de risco de ocorrência de óbito nesses recém-nascidos submetidos à cirurgia. / Aim of the study: To evaluate the effect of disease site on the mortality rate of newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Methods: Prospective cohort of 141 consecutive newborns with NEC who underwent laparotomy from November 1991 to December 2005. The study variables included epidemiologic data, disease site and extent, intrauterine growth, and number of deaths in the 60 days after operation. The protocol was approved by the institution’s Research Ethics Committee. Main results: Seventy-four (52.5%) infants were male. Mean birth weight was 1,589 ± 665 g, and mean gestational age was 33.6 ± 2.9 weeks. One-hundred and nineteen (84.4%) newborns were premature. Small for gestational age was observed in 57 (40.4%). Sixty-eight (48.2%) infants died. Bivariate analysis revealed that involvement of the jejunum and ileum was associated with high mortality rates (20 deaths, 76.9%; OR = 20; 95% 95% CI = 4.6 – 96.3; p < 0.001), and that involvement of the jejunum was associated with greater disease extent. After controlling for individual variables, logistic regression showed that the mortality associated with jejunum and ileum involvement (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.06 - 6.14; p = 0.68) did not differ from that associated with large bowel involvement (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 0.81 – 10.50; p = 0.10); however, jejunum involvement remained significantly associated with disease extent. Conclusions: NEC-related mortality in newborns undergoing laparotomy was not influenced by disease site (small or large bowel). However, jejunum involvement was a marker of greater disease extent and therefore of poor prognosis. Diffuse disease extent and small for gestational age were the most important markers of risk of death in NEC newborns submitted to surgery.

Introdução: o cateter central de inserção periférica (CCIP) tornou-se amplamente utilizado nas unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) na última década em razão da facilidade de sua instalação, permitindo a infusão de soluções endovenosas vesicantes, irritantes, hiperosmolares e de longa duração em veias centrais. Uma das complicações mais temidas relacionadas ao uso do CCIP é infecção de corrente sanguínea associada ao cateter cujo diagnóstico se confirma somente após a sua remoção, com o resultado de cultura da ponta do dispositivo e o resultado de hemocultura periférica do neonato. Objetivo: determinar a incidência de remoção por suspeita de infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada ao CCIP e identificar os seus fatores de risco. Metodologia: coorte prospectiva composta por neonatos com CCIP internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de um hospital privado da cidade de São Paulo no período de 31 de agosto de 2010 a 30 de agosto de 2012. As variáveis de exposição analisadas foram às relacionadas às características demográficas e clinicas dos neonatos, procedimentos relacionados à inserção do cateter, tipo de terapia intravenosa infundida pelo CCIP e o tempo de permanência do cateter. O desfecho analisado foi o motivo de remoção do cateter - eletivo ou por suspeita de infecção. Os dados obtidos de registros de prontuário foram armazenados em planilha Microsoft Excel 2010® e analisados com o software Stata 11,1. Foram determinadas medidas de tendência central e dispersão para as variáveis contínuas e frequências absolutas e relativas para as variáveis nominais. A existência de associação entre as variáveis de exposição e desfecho foi determinada pelo teste Qui-quadrado (teste 2), exato de Fisher e t Student. As variáveis com valor p < 0,05 foram incluídas na análise multivariada com regressão de Poisson. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi p < 0,05 com intervalo de confiança de 95%. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da instituição campo do estudo. Resultados: A coorte inicial foi composta por 551 neonatos com CCIP e atenderam os critérios de elegibilidade, 401. A incidência de remoção por suspeita de infecção associada ao cateter foi 13,7%. A média de permanência de cateteres removidos por suspeita de infecção foi de 16,4 dias e dos removidos eletivamente, 11,7 dias, valor p=0,0001. Os fatores de risco para remoção por suspeita de infecção foram os diagnósticos de distúrbio hidroeletrolítico, RR 3.04. IC95%[1,727-5,054], valor p = 0,000 e apnéia, RR 2,38, IC95% [1,105-4,564], valor p = 0,016. As variáveis, média da idade gestacional corrigida superior a 32 semanas, RR 0,893, IC95% [0,832-0,956], valor p = 0,002 e o uso de cateter monolúmen de silicone, RR 0,278, IC95% [0,128-0,536], valor p = 0,000 se configuraram como fatores de proteção para remoção por suspeita de infecção associada ao CCIP. Dos 72 cateteres removidos por suspeita de infecção, 3 (4,2%)apresentaram confirmação de infecção do cateter. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que os diagnósticos identificados como fatores de risco devem ser incluídos no protocolo assistencial como fatores preditores de remoção por suspeita de infecção. Estes recém-nascidos necessitam ser especialmente monitorados em busca de sinais de infecção. Além disso, a escolha do tipo de dispositivo CCIP deve ser objeto de mais investigações, bem como os critérios de decisão para remoção do CCIP, por suspeita de infecção, tendo em vista a reduzida frequência de confirmação de infecção entre os cateteres removidos por suspeita. / Introduction: The peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line) has become widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in the last decades due to its ease installation and to allow infusion of vesicant, irritant and hiperosmolar solutions by long period in central veins. One of the most feared complications related to the use of PICC lines is the catheter associated bloodstream infection, which is confirmed after its removal with the result of catheter\'s tip culture and the results of neonate peripheral blood culture. Objective: to determine the incidence of removal due to PICC-line associated bloodstream infection and identify its risk factors. Methods: a prospective cohort of neonates with PICC line hospitalized in a NICU of a private hospital of the city of São Paulo. Data were collected from August 31st, 2010 to August 30th, 2012. The independent variables analyzed were related to demographic and clinical characteristics of newborns, procedures related to insertion of catheter, type of intravenous therapy infused and the catheter dwell time. The outcome variable analyzed was the reason for catheter removal elective or due to PICC-line suspected bloodstream infection. Data were obtained from the medical charts and stored in Microsoft Excel 2010 ® spreadsheet. Statistics analysis was conducted in the software Stata 11.1®. The continuous variables were showed by central and dispersion tendency measures and for qualitative variables, the data were showed by absolute and relative frequencies. The association between independent and outcome variables was determined by chi-square test (2), Fisher exact and t Student. Variables with p <0.05 were included in Poisson multivariate regression model. The level of statistical significance adopted was p<0.05 with a confidence interval of 95%. The research project was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the hospital where the study was carried out. Results: the initial cohort was composed of 551 neonates with PICC-line and 401 met the eligibility criteria. The incidence of suspected catheter associated bloodstream infection removal was 13.7%. The mean dwell time of PICC removed due suspicious of infection was 16,4 days and due to elective removal was 11,7 days, p value=0,0001. The risk factors for catheter-associated bloodstream infection identified were the diagnosis of hydroelectrolytic disorder, RR 3.04, CI95% [1.727 - 5.054], p value= 0.000 and diagnose of apnea, RR 2.38, CI95% [1.105 - 4.564], p value=0.016. The variables identified as protective factors for removal due suspected infection were: corrected gestational age of more than 32 weeks, RR 0.893, CI95% [0.832 - 0.956], p value=0.002 and single-lumen silicone catheter, RR 0.278, CI95% [0.128 - 0.536], p value= 0.000. From 72 catheters removed due to PICC-line suspicious of bloodstream infection, the infection was confirmed only to 3 (4.2%)of them. Conclusion: The results suggested that the diagnosis identified as risk factors should be included in the protocol of PICC lines management as predictors for removal due to suspected of infection. These neonates need to be carefully monitored for signs of infection. Moreover, choosing the most appropriate type of PICC should be further investigated, as well as the criteria to support the decision of removing the catheter considering the low number of confirmed catheter-associated infection.

Le but de cette thèse a été d'explorer certains des mécanismes relatifs à la perception de la prosodie linguistique. Cet intérêt provient du fait que la prosodie, qui est portée dans le signal acoustique par les indices d'intensité, durée et pitch, pourrait guider les nourrissons dans l'apprentissage des mots et de leur ordre dans les phrases. Nous avons donc étudié un mécanisme qui pourrait sous-tendre ces capacités prosodiques précoces : la loi iambo-trochaïque (iambic-trochaic law : ITL). L'ITL (Woodrow, 1909; Hayes, 1995; Nespor et al., 2008) est un des principes d'organisation de la perception auditive qui a été proposé comme ayant un rôle important non seulement dans la perception chez l'adulte, mais aussi pendant l'acquisition du langage chez le nourrisson. L'ITL postule une préférence générale pour le regroupement des éléments sonores (syllabes, notes musicales...) en paires, en fonction des variations d'intensité, de tonalité (pitch) ou de durée de ces éléments : les sons forts ou aigus marquent le début de groupes de pattern trochaïque (fort-faible ou aigu-grave), alors que les sons longs marquent la fin de groupes de pattern iambique (court-long). Toutefois, les langues diffèrent dans leur façon d'utiliser ces indices acoustiques pour marquer la proéminence prosodique dans les mots et dans les syntagmes. Par exemple, le français ne possède pas d'accent lexical mais un accent au niveau du syntagme où la dernière syllabe est allongée, ce qui crée un contraste court-long (pattern iambique basé sur la durée). A l'inverse, en anglais ou en allemand, l'accent lexical est en général sur la première syllabe, qui est plus forte et/ou plus aigüe, ce qui induit un pattern trochaïque basé sur l'intensité ou le pitch. L'environnement linguistique pourrait donc interagir avec l'ITL. Cette thèse s'articule en deux axes. D'une part, dans une tâche de segmentation / reconnaissance de paires de syllabes, nos données montrent que des sensibilités à l'ITL sont présentes chez l'adulte (Exp. 1) et le nourrisson de 7,5 mois (Exp. 2), français et allemands. De faibles différences cross-linguistiques entre les deux groupes sont retrouvées pour le groupement basé sur l'intensité. D'autre part, à l'aide de la NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy), nous avons mesuré les réponses d'activité cérébrale chez des nouveau-nés et mis en évidence que des sensibilités à l'ITL sont présentes à la naissance et déjà influencées par la langue entendue in utero (Exp. 3-6). Pour finir, nous avons exploré de quelle manière l'environnement linguistique influence les compétences de discrimination de patterns rythmiques d'accentuation des mots chez des nourrissons de 10 mois (Exp. 7). Nos résultats révèlent que des nourrissons bilingues apprenant le français et une langue avec un accent lexical variable sont capables de discriminer des patterns d'accentuation contrairement aux monolingues français. Pris ensemble, nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension de l'origine développementale de l'ITL, de sa modulation par l'environnement linguistique et du développement langue-spécifique du traitement et des préférences rythmiques. / The goal of this doctoral dissertation was to explore the mechanisms underlying linguistic prosodic perception. Prosody is carried in the speech signal by a number of acoustic cues, including duration, intensity and pitch. Importantly for language acquisition, prosody could help infants learn words and word order in their native language. Therefore, we studied a mechanism that could support these early prosodic abilities: the iambic/trochaic law (ITL). The ITL (Woodrow, 1909; Hayes, 1995; Nespor et al., 2008) is a mechanism that organizes auditory perception and was proposed to have an important role not only in adult speech perception but also in language acquisition in infancy. The ITL states that sounds (e.g., syllables, musical notes, etc.) contrasting in intensity/pitch form pairs with initial prominence, i.e., a trochaic pattern (strong-weak or high-low), and those contrasting in duration form pairs with final prominence, i.e., an iambic pattern (short-long). However, languages differ in how these acoustic cues mark prosodic prominence both at the level of words and of phonological phrases. For example, French has no lexical stress but has phrase-final stress, the last syllable of the phrase being lengthened, creating a short-long pattern (duration-based iambic pattern). Conversely, in English or in German, lexical stress is usually on the first syllable, which has higher intensity and/or pitch (intensity- or pitch-based trochaic pattern). Listeners' language background is therefore likely to interact with the ITL bias. This thesis is divided into two main parts. First, in a segmentation / syllable pair recognition task, we found that sensitivity to the ITL was present in French and German adults (Exp. 1) and 7.5-month-old infants (Exp. 2). We found weak cross-linguistic differences between the two language groups for the intensity grouping in adults and infants. Secondly, using NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy), we measured cortical responses in newborns and demonstrated that sensitivity to the ITL was present at birth and were already influenced by the language the infants heard in utero (Exp. 3-6). Finally, we observed how language background influences the ability to discriminate lexical stress patterns in 10-month-olds (Exp. 7). Our findings show that bilingual infants simultaneously learning French and a language with variable lexical stress were able to discriminate stress patterns whereas monolingual French infants could not. Taken together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the developmental origin of the ITL, its modulation by linguistic experience, and language-specific processing and rhythmic preferences.

Das Atemnotsyndrom (ANS) ist eine der häufigsten Atemwegserkrankungen von Frühgeborenen. Es ist bei Kindern, die nach der Geburt auf neonatologischen Intensivstationen betreut werden, häufig behandlungsbedürftig. Daher gibt es für das ANS einen etablierten und gut untersuchten Diagnostik- und Behandlungsalgorithmus. Zur Diagnostik dienen insbesondere eine klinische Untersuchung und eine Röntgenaufnahme des Thorax. Diese Röntgenuntersuchung ist allerdings mit verschiedenen Belastungen für Patienten und Personal verbunden, wobei vorrangig die ionisierende Strahlung zu nennen ist. Um diese Strahlenexposition bei den Kindern zu verringern, sollte in dieser Arbeit untersucht werden, wie exakt die Diagnosestellung des ANS mittels Lungenultraschall möglich ist. Zusätzlich sollte analysiert werden, ob die Ergebnisgenauigkeit des Lungenultraschalls beim ANS von bestimmten Faktoren abhängig ist und wie stark die klinische Symptomatik der Kinder mit dem bildmorphologischen Schweregrad des ANS übereinstimmt. In dieser Promotionsarbeit wurden 65 Neu- und Frühgeborene der neonatologischen Intensivstation der Universitätsklinik Leipzig retrospektiv untersucht. Dabei konnten wir zeigen, dass die bildmorphologischen Ergebnisse der Neonatologen und Radiologen häufig miteinander übereinstimmten. Die Ergebnisgenauigkeit war besonders hoch, wenn die Kinder ein geringes Gestationsalter aufwiesen, mit einer Atemhilfe versorgt waren oder zusätzlich Sauerstoff mit einer FiO2>0,25 erhielten. Der Lungenultraschall war nur in geringem Ausmaß vom jeweiligen Untersucher abhängig. Die Höhe der FiO2 war am besten geeignet, um den klinischen Schweregrad des ANS abschätzen zu können. Aufgrund der guten Studienlage und unserer exzellenten Ergebnisse empfehlen wir die Verwendung des Lungenultraschalls als zusätzliche Untersuchungstechnik bei der ANS-Diagnostik. Als alleinige Diagnostik ist die Lungensonographie besonders bei der Verlaufs- und Therapiekontrolle des ANS geeignet.:1 Bibliographische Beschreibung 2 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 3 Einleitung 3.1 Entstehung des Atemnotsyndroms 3.2 Diagnose des Atemnotsyndroms 3.3 Symptome des Atemnotsyndroms 3.4 Therapie des Atemnotsyndroms 3.5 Vor- und Nachteile der Diagnostik 3.6 Ziele der Arbeit 4 Methoden 4.1 Patienteneinschluss 4.2 Ablauf 4.3 Auswertung der Röntgenbilder und Technik der sonographischen Untersuchung 4.4 Erhebung der klinischen Daten 4.5 Grundlagen der sonographischen Untersuchung 4.6 Statistische Auswertung 5 Ergebnisse 5.1 Basis- und Geburtsdaten 5.2 Untersuchungsdaten 5.2.1 Klinische Daten 5.2.2 Röntgen- und Sonographiebefunde 5.2.2.1 Befunde des Radiologen 5.2.2.2 Befunde des Neonatologen 5.2.2.3 Vergleich der Befunde des Radiologen und Neonatologen 5.2.2.4 Korrelation zwischen Röntgen- und Sonographiebefunden 5.2.2.5 Korrelation zwischen klinischem Index und Röntgen- sowie Sonographiebefunden 5.2.2.6 Vergleich der Röntgen- und Ultraschallbefunde in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Basisdaten der Neugeborenen 5.3 Qualität der Befunde 5.3.1 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der drei Neonatologen mit dem Radiologen 5.3.2 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der drei Neonatologen untereinander 6 Diskussion 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Literaturverzeichnis 9 Anhang 9.1 Tabelle mit klinischen Daten der Neugeborenen 9.2 Selbständigkeitserklärung 9.3 Lebenslauf 9.4 Danksagung

Le but de cette thèse a été d'explorer certains des mécanismes relatifs à la perception de la prosodie linguistique. Cet intérêt provient du fait que la prosodie, qui est portée dans le signal acoustique par les indices d'intensité, durée et pitch, pourrait guider les nourrissons dans l'apprentissage des mots et de leur ordre dans les phrases. Nous avons donc étudié un mécanisme qui pourrait sous-tendre ces capacités prosodiques précoces : la loi iambo-trochaïque (iambic-trochaic law : ITL). L'ITL (Woodrow, 1909; Hayes, 1995; Nespor et al., 2008) est un des principes d'organisation de la perception auditive qui a été proposé comme ayant un rôle important non seulement dans la perception chez l'adulte, mais aussi pendant l'acquisition du langage chez le nourrisson. L'ITL postule une préférence générale pour le regroupement des éléments sonores (syllabes, notes musicales...) en paires, en fonction des variations d'intensité, de tonalité (pitch) ou de durée de ces éléments : les sons forts ou aigus marquent le début de groupes de pattern trochaïque (fort-faible ou aigu-grave), alors que les sons longs marquent la fin de groupes de pattern iambique (court-long). Toutefois, les langues diffèrent dans leur façon d'utiliser ces indices acoustiques pour marquer la proéminence prosodique dans les mots et dans les syntagmes. Par exemple, le français ne possède pas d'accent lexical mais un accent au niveau du syntagme où la dernière syllabe est allongée, ce qui crée un contraste court-long (pattern iambique basé sur la durée). A l'inverse, en anglais ou en allemand, l'accent lexical est en général sur la première syllabe, qui est plus forte et/ou plus aigüe, ce qui induit un pattern trochaïque basé sur l'intensité ou le pitch. L'environnement linguistique pourrait donc interagir avec l'ITL. Cette thèse s'articule en deux axes. D'une part, dans une tâche de segmentation / reconnaissance de paires de syllabes, nos données montrent que des sensibilités à l'ITL sont présentes chez l'adulte (Exp. 1) et le nourrisson de 7,5 mois (Exp. 2), français et allemands. De faibles différences cross-linguistiques entre les deux groupes sont retrouvées pour le groupement basé sur l'intensité. D'autre part, à l'aide de la NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy), nous avons mesuré les réponses d'activité cérébrale chez des nouveau-nés et mis en évidence que des sensibilités à l'ITL sont présentes à la naissance et déjà influencées par la langue entendue in utero (Exp. 3-6). Pour finir, nous avons exploré de quelle manière l'environnement linguistique influence les compétences de discrimination de patterns rythmiques d'accentuation des mots chez des nourrissons de 10 mois (Exp. 7). Nos résultats révèlent que des nourrissons bilingues apprenant le français et une langue avec un accent lexical variable sont capables de discriminer des patterns d'accentuation contrairement aux monolingues français. Pris ensemble, nos résultats contribuent à la compréhension de l'origine développementale de l'ITL, de sa modulation par l'environnement linguistique et du développement langue-spécifique du traitement et des préférences rythmiques. / The goal of this doctoral dissertation was to explore the mechanisms underlying linguistic prosodic perception. Prosody is carried in the speech signal by a number of acoustic cues, including duration, intensity and pitch. Importantly for language acquisition, prosody could help infants learn words and word order in their native language. Therefore, we studied a mechanism that could support these early prosodic abilities: the iambic/trochaic law (ITL). The ITL (Woodrow, 1909; Hayes, 1995; Nespor et al., 2008) is a mechanism that organizes auditory perception and was proposed to have an important role not only in adult speech perception but also in language acquisition in infancy. The ITL states that sounds (e.g., syllables, musical notes, etc.) contrasting in intensity/pitch form pairs with initial prominence, i.e., a trochaic pattern (strong-weak or high-low), and those contrasting in duration form pairs with final prominence, i.e., an iambic pattern (short-long). However, languages differ in how these acoustic cues mark prosodic prominence both at the level of words and of phonological phrases. For example, French has no lexical stress but has phrase-final stress, the last syllable of the phrase being lengthened, creating a short-long pattern (duration-based iambic pattern). Conversely, in English or in German, lexical stress is usually on the first syllable, which has higher intensity and/or pitch (intensity- or pitch-based trochaic pattern). Listeners' language background is therefore likely to interact with the ITL bias. This thesis is divided into two main parts. First, in a segmentation / syllable pair recognition task, we found that sensitivity to the ITL was present in French and German adults (Exp. 1) and 7.5-month-old infants (Exp. 2). We found weak cross-linguistic differences between the two language groups for the intensity grouping in adults and infants. Secondly, using NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy), we measured cortical responses in newborns and demonstrated that sensitivity to the ITL was present at birth and were already influenced by the language the infants heard in utero (Exp. 3-6). Finally, we observed how language background influences the ability to discriminate lexical stress patterns in 10-month-olds (Exp. 7). Our findings show that bilingual infants simultaneously learning French and a language with variable lexical stress were able to discriminate stress patterns whereas monolingual French infants could not. Taken together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the developmental origin of the ITL, its modulation by linguistic experience, and language-specific processing and rhythmic preferences.

Stabilisation and resuscitation in the delivery room is an integral part of the care of extremely premature newborns. The main task is to support essential life functions and to facilitate the adaptation of the immature organism to the extrauterine life. The current recommendations are well defined for the full term and late preterm newborns, but there is a lack of targeted recommendations for the stabilisation and resuscitation of extremely premature newborns. The research part of the submitted thesis summarises the most important results of clinical research performed in 2010-2015 at the Department of Neonatology of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, VFN and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague. The research evaluates the efficacy and side effects of the currently recommended methods of stabilisation and resuscitation of extremely premature neonates in the delivery room and presents some new and potentially useful techniques for delivery room care. A significant output of this work is the recommendation for practice, structured according to the gestational age of extremely premature newborns. The proposed guideline is based on our results of partial clinical trials and aims to improve the current level of stabilisation and resuscitation of extremely premature newborns...

Estudo transversal, analítico que objetivou analisar o acesso do recém-nascido (RN), após o nascimento, ao atendimento de enfermagem na rede básica em um município paulista. Participaram RN usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) nascidos e residentes no município de Ribeirão Preto-SP no período de 01 de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2014. Os dados foram obtidos das planilhas do Programa Floresce uma Vida, do Programa de Saúde da Criança da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SMS). Variáveis estudadas foram: tipo de unidade de atendimento, idade do RN, peso ao nascer, idade materna, paridade, número de consultas pré-natal realizadas, encaminhamento do RN para serviço especializado, realização da triagem neonatal e da vacina BCG. O processamento foi realizado a partir do gerenciamento do banco de dados do Floresce uma Vida, sendo utilizado o programa Statistica versão 12.0. Na fase descritiva da análise, buscou-se informações que identificassem melhoria no acesso aos serviços de saúde, contemplando o atendimento da criança na primeira semana de vida. Na fase analítica, foram verificadas associações entre as variáveis peso ao nascer, idade materna e paridade e a variável acesso dos RN às ações de enfermagem na rede básica. Para a distribuição espacial dos dados referentes ao acesso às ações de enfermagem, procedeu-se ao cálculo da porcentagem das ações de enfermagem ocorridas segundo as áreas de abrangência dos serviços de saúde da Atenção Primária do município. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (CAAE nº 47836115.5.0000.5393) (Ofício nº 152/2015). No período estudado, nasceram 41.267 crianças, das quais 22.463 (54,4%) são usuárias SUS. Foram registradas 19.234 (85,6%) consultas de enfermagem, 19.376 (86,3%) vacinas BCG e 19.769 (88,0%) triagens neonatais. Através da análise espacial, observou-se que os Distritos de Saúde Leste e Central foram os que apresentaram menor porcentagem de realização das ações de enfermagem, inclusive quando se analisa a realização dos três procedimentos no mesmo dia. Ações preconizadas para a primeira semana de vida, como triagem neonatal, vacina BCG e consulta de enfermagem, apresentaram cobertura inferior ao esperado, principalmente quando se analisa a realização destas três ações no mesmo dia. Dentre as crianças que não realizaram esses três procedimentos no mesmo dia, identificou-se, como maioria, aquelas que apresentaram peso adequado ao nascer e cujas mães, com idade entre 20 e 34 anos, realizaram sete ou mais consultas de pré-natal. As informações obtidas através do estudo constituem-se instrumento para gestores e equipes de saúde identificarem as fragilidades que são passíveis de intervenções e reavaliarem as estratégias de atendimento ao RN, qualificando a assistência prestada, mediante a garantia do acesso em tempo oportuno e do cuidado integral, transpondo resultados para realidades semelhantes a nível regional e/ou nacional / Cross-sectional and analytical study that aimed to analyze the newborns (RN) access, after birth, to the nursing care in basic health network at an inner city of São Paulo state. We included RN, users of Brazilian Health System (SUS) that was born and lived in Preto Ribeirão from January 1st 2010 to December 31th 2014. Data were obtained from spreadsheets of the Floresce uma Vida Programme, belonging to Child Health Programme of Municipal Health Department (SMS). Variables studied were type of care unit, the newborn age, birth weight, maternal age, parity, and number of prenatal consultations, referral for specialized service, neonatal screening and BCG vaccine. Data were processing from the Floresce uma Vida database, using the Statistica software version 12.0. In descriptive analysis, we sought information that could identify improvement on access to health services, considering the child\'s care in the first week of life. In analytical analysis, we sought possible associations between the variables birth weight, maternal age and parity and the variable newborns access to nursing actions in the basic health network. For the spatial distribution of data related to access to nursing actions, we calculated the percentage of nursing actions that occurred according to the areas covered by the health services of Primary Care. The Research Ethics Committee approved the research (CAAE Nº 47836115.5.0000.5393, Oficio nº 152/2015). During the study period, 41,267 children were born; 54.4% are SUS users. We identified the occurrence of 19,234 (85.6%) nursing visits, 19,376 (86.3%) BCG vaccines and 19,769 (88.0%) neonatal screening. Through spatial analysis, we observed that Eastern and Central Health Districts showed the lowest percentage of achievement of nursing actions, even when we analyzed the performance of the three procedures on the same day. Recommended actions for the first week of life, such as newborn screening, BCG vaccine and nursing consultation, had lower coverage than expected, especially their performance on the same day. Among the children who did not have these three procedures on the same day, we identified, as most, those who had adequate weight at birth and whose mothers, aged 20 to 34, had seven or more prenatal consultations. The information obtained through the study, are a tool for managers and healthcare teams to identify the weaknesses that are amenable to intervention and re- evaluate the newborn care strategies, qualifying the assistance provided, through the guarantee of timely access and comprehensive care, transposing results for similar realities in the regional and / or national level