Este trabalho apresenta o processo de seleção de estratégia de reconversão industrial de uma pequena refinaria de petróleo no Sul do Brasil através da aplicação de uma modelagem integrada, utilizando um método multicriterial e programação matemática. Neste estudo foram identificadas linhas de negócio potencialmente aplicáveis à realidade da companhia e definido um conjunto de critérios de análise abrangendo as três dimensões da sustentabilidade empresarial: econômica, social e ambiental. Com base na avaliação da importância relativa de cada critério, atribuída por um grupo de decisores, e no desempenho das linhas de negócio em cada um dos critérios, foi aplicado método fuzzy TOPSIS para análise e ordenação das linhas de negócio. As informações resultantes desta análise, juntamente com dados econômicos objetivos, foram utilizadas em um modelo de programação linear inteira para avaliar portfólios viáveis de linhas de negócio, identificando estratégias candidatas à implementação na refinaria. O desempenho global de cada estratégia candidata, obtido mediante agregação dos desempenhos individuais das linhas de negócio e calculado conforme método fuzzy TOPSIS, foi analisado através de ferramentas gráficas, de modo a gerar elementos para subsidiar a seleção da melhor estratégia de reconversão. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a eficiência da abordagem proposta, no sentido de facilitar o entendimento e a exploração da situação problema e, assim, oferecer um adequado suporte à tomada de decisão. / This dissertation presents a selection process of industrial reconversion strategy in a small oil refinery in southern Brazil by applying an integrated modeling approach, using a multicriteria and a mathematical programming method. Potentially performing business lines were identified, as well a set of criteria covering the three dimensions of corporate sustainability: economic, social and environmental. Based on the relative importance evaluation of each criteria given by a group of decision-makers, and on performance of the business lines in each of the criteria, fuzzy TOPSIS method was applied for analysis and sorting of business lines. The information resulting from this analysis, along with objective economic data, were used in integer linear programming model to evaluate effective portfolios of business lines, identifying candidate strategies to implement in the refinery. Fuzzy TOPSIS is used to generate overall performance scores of each candidate strategy, aggregating the individual performance of the business lines. The sustainability assessment was analyzed through graphical tools in order to generate information to support the selection of the best strategy for the industrial reconversion. The results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed approach to facilitate the understanding and exploitation of the problem situation and thus offer adequate support to decision making.

L’optimisation de la planification des traitements par rayons ionisants est bénéfique tant aux patients qu’aux structures de soins bien que particulièrement difficile du fait de la rareté des ressources et de l'importante répétition des séances. Face à cette problématique, un modèle d'optimisation linéaire à nombres entiers a été créé permettant de planifier des protocoles de traitement complexes tout en prenant en compte la disponibilité des patients ainsi que des radiothérapeutes qui les suivent avec pour résultat une amélioration significative des performances sur des indicateurs couvrant les ressources humaines et matérielles ainsi que les délais de prise en charge. De plus nous avons développé des solutions adaptées à des contextes concrets : i) une planification heuristique de la trajectoire des patients au sein du Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay (CPO) assortie d'indicateurs de performances, et ii) une adaptation au monde hospitalier de la solution industrielle de planification PREACTOR permettant de conserver la finesse obtenue dans les modélisations linéaires tout en tirant parti des capacités de résolution des heuristiques complexes intégrées à PREACTOR / Ionizing therapy treatment scheduling optimization can improve both patients’ care and care structures’ efficiency. Despite its complexity, mainly because of scarce resources and essential care activities’ repetition, we designed a linear programming model which allows scheduling complex treatment protocols better than existing models on several performance indicators regarding material and human resources while minimizing waiting times and taking into account both patients’ and radiotherapists’ availabilities. Furthermore, we developed two practical applications of heuristic scheduling methods : i) a constructive heuristic scheduling model for the Protontherapy Center of Orsay (CPO) able to plan whole care trajectory base on available resources and ii) an healthcare adaptation of the industrial scheduling platform PREACTOR which achieve linear model's precision resolved through complex heuristics from PREACTOR

abstract: A semiconductor supply chain modeling and simulation platform using Linear Program (LP) optimization and parallel Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) process models has been developed in a joint effort by ASU and Intel Corporation. A Knowledge Interchange Broker (KIBDEVS/LP) was developed to broker information synchronously between the DEVS and LP models. Recently a single-echelon heuristic Inventory Strategy Module (ISM) was added to correct for forecast bias in customer demand data using different smoothing techniques. The optimization model could then use information provided by the forecast model to make better decisions for the process model. The composition of ISM with LP and DEVS models resulted in the first realization of what is now called the Optimization Simulation Forecast (OSF) platform. It could handle a single echelon supply chain system consisting of single hubs and single products In this thesis, this single-echelon simulation platform is extended to handle multiple echelons with multiple inventory elements handling multiple products. The main aspect for the multi-echelon OSF platform was to extend the KIBDEVS/LP such that ISM interactions with the LP and DEVS models could also be supported. To achieve this, a new, scalable XML schema for the KIB has been developed. The XML schema has also resulted in strengthening the KIB execution engine design. A sequential scheme controls the executions of the DEVS-Suite simulator, CPLEX optimizer, and ISM engine. To use the ISM for multiple echelons, it is extended to compute forecast customer demands and safety stocks over multiple hubs and products. Basic examples for semiconductor manufacturing spanning single and two echelon supply chain systems have been developed and analyzed. Experiments using perfect data were conducted to show the correctness of the OSF platform design and implementation. Simple, but realistic experiments have also been conducted. They highlight the kinds of supply chain dynamics that can be evaluated using discrete event process simulation, linear programming optimization, and heuristics forecasting models. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Computer Science 2012

abstract: A Pairwise Comparison Matrix (PCM) is used to compute for relative priorities of criteria or alternatives and are integral components of widely applied decision making tools: the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and its generalized form, the Analytic Network Process (ANP). However, a PCM suffers from several issues limiting its application to large-scale decision problems, specifically: (1) to the curse of dimensionality, that is, a large number of pairwise comparisons need to be elicited from a decision maker (DM), (2) inconsistent and (3) imprecise preferences maybe obtained due to the limited cognitive power of DMs. This dissertation proposes a PCM Framework for Large-Scale Decisions to address these limitations in three phases as follows. The first phase proposes a binary integer program (BIP) to intelligently decompose a PCM into several mutually exclusive subsets using interdependence scores. As a result, the number of pairwise comparisons is reduced and the consistency of the PCM is improved. Since the subsets are disjoint, the most independent pivot element is identified to connect all subsets. This is done to derive the global weights of the elements from the original PCM. The proposed BIP is applied to both AHP and ANP methodologies. However, it is noted that the optimal number of subsets is provided subjectively by the DM and hence is subject to biases and judgement errors. The second phase proposes a trade-off PCM decomposition methodology to decompose a PCM into a number of optimally identified subsets. A BIP is proposed to balance the: (1) time savings by reducing pairwise comparisons, the level of PCM inconsistency, and (2) the accuracy of the weights. The proposed methodology is applied to the AHP to demonstrate its advantages and is compared to established methodologies. In the third phase, a beta distribution is proposed to generalize a wide variety of imprecise pairwise comparison distributions via a method of moments methodology. A Non-Linear Programming model is then developed that calculates PCM element weights which maximizes the preferences of the DM as well as minimizes the inconsistency simultaneously. Comparison experiments are conducted using datasets collected from literature to validate the proposed methodology. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Industrial Engineering 2013

Context: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are being widely being used for various scientific and non-scientific purposes. This increases the need for effective and efficient path planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.Two of the most commonly used methods are the A-star algorithm and Mixed Integer Linear Programming.Objectives: Conduct a simulation experiment to determine the performance of A-star algorithm and Mixed Integer Linear Programming for path planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in a simulated environment.Further, evaluate A-star algorithm and Mixed Integer LinearProgramming based computational time and computational space to find out the efficiency. Finally, perform a comparative analysis of A star algorithm and Mixed Integer Linear Programming and analyse the results.Methods: To achieve the objectives, both the methods are studied extensively, and test scenarios were generated for simulation of Objectives: Conduct a simulation experiment to determine the performance of A-star algorithm and Mixed Integer Linear Programming for path planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in a simulated environment.Further, evaluate A-star algorithm and Mixed Integer LinearProgramming based computational time and computational space to find out the efficiency. Finally, perform a comparative analysis of A star algorithm and Mixed Integer Linear Programming and analyse the results.Methods: To achieve the objectives, both the methods are studied extensively, and test scenarios were generated for simulation of Methods: To achieve the objectives, both the methods are studied extensively, and test scenarios were generated for simulation of these methods. These methods are then implemented on these test scenarios and the computational times for both the scenarios were observed.A hypothesis is proposed to analyse the results. A performance evaluation of these methods is done and they are compared for a better performance in the generated environment. Results: It is observed that the efficiency of A-star algorithm andMILP algorithm when no obstacles are considered is 3.005 and 12.03functions per second and when obstacles are encountered is 1.56 and10.59 functions per seconds. The results are statistically tested using hypothesis testing resulting in the inference that there is a significant difference between the computation time of A-star algorithm andMILP. Performance evaluation is done, using these results and the efficiency of algorithms in the generated environment is obtained.Conclusions: The experimental results are analysed, and the Conclusions: The experimental results are analysed, and the efficiencies of A-star algorithm and Mixed Integer Linear Programming for a particular environment is measured. The performance analysis of the algorithm provides us with a clear view as to which algorithm is better when used in a real-time scenario. It is observed that Mixed IntegerLinear Programming is significantly better than A-star algorithm.

Atualmente, dois dos grandes desafios com os quais o agronegócio brasileiro, responsável por aproximadamente 37% do PIB nacional em 2007, se depara em seu constante crescimento são a alta dependência de produtos químicos (fertilizantes) para que sua fronteira agrícola se expanda e, conseqüentemente, as enormes distâncias (e custos de transportes) que essas fronteiras impõem para que sejam vencidas, tanto para o recebimento de insumos de produção, quanto para o fornecimento de seus produtos finais. Particularmente, a região Centro-Oeste brasileira, formada pelos estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Distrito Federal, se enquadra em ambos os pontos possui grandes fronteiras agrícolas a serem exploradas e, ao mesmo, tempo se localiza a grandes distâncias dos principais portos de escoamento de sua produção e aquisição de insumos (especialmente, adubos e fertilizantes). Dentro deste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo, através da elaboração de um modelo matemático de programação linear, indicar localizações para instalação de fábricas misturadoras de adubos que minimizem os custos de transporte envolvidos. Portanto, de forma geral, os dados levantados para a realização desse estudo dizem respeito, basicamente, aos custos de transportes envolvidos com a distribuição de matéria-prima e produto final entre os municípios envolvidos, bem como suas respectivas necessidades de consumo e capacidade de fornecimento. Observou-se, a partir dos resultados gerados, uma tendência bastante clara de instalações de fábricas misturadoras em locais que o acesso às matérias-primas envolvidas no processo produtivo se caracterizasse pela facilidade e pelo baixo custo. Um outro ponto bastante evidente nos resultados observado é a participação do modal ferroviário no processo de distribuição das principais matérias-primas. / Currently, the brazilian agribusiness is responsible for about 37% of the national PIB and face up to two of the great challenges in its constant growth which are the high dependence of chemical products (fertilizers) to expand its agricultural frontier and consequently, the distance (and transports costs) that this frontiers impose to be overcome, as much for the receiving of production input as the supply of its final products. Particularly, the brazilian Center-West region, formed by the States of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Distrito Federal, is inserted in both points, has greats agricultural frontiers to be explored and in the same time, is located so far of the main draining ports of its production and acquisition of inputs (specially fertilizers). Inside of this context and thought the elaboration of a mathematic model of linear programming, the present work had as objective to indicate localizations for mixers fertilizers plants installation which minimize the involved transport costs. Therefore, in general form, the data raised for the accomplishment of this study means of the involved transports costs with the distribution of raw material and final product between the involved cities, as its respective needs of consumption and supply capacity. A sufficiently clear tendency of mixers plants installation in locals where the access of raw materials involved in productive process was characterized by facility and low cost. Another evident point in the results is the participation of railway modal in the distribution process of the main raw materials.

Este trabalho objetiva projetar uma rede logística, por meio da elaboração de um modelo de transbordo multiproduto, com o intuito de verificar, através dos custos logísticos, quais produtos seguirão diretamente dos fornecedores para a unidade consumidora e quais produtos sofrerão uma etapa de transbordo. Nesta análise serão comparados também cenários tributários que podem impactar os custos de operação. A aplicação do modelo é realizada em empresa com atividades internacionais sendo implementadas em Harbin, norte da China. Paralelamente, um novo regime aduaneiro, denominado RECOF Aeronáutico, está substituindo o atual regime especial de Drawback, o que é avaliado neste trabalho. Os resultados permitem concluir que os regimes aduaneiros influenciam fortemente os custos logísticos e a consolidação dos materiais. Assim, o adequado conhecimento dos impactos destes regimes no projeto logístico é de grande importância, sob pena de desenvolver uma rede logística sub-otimizada. / This research intends to propose a logistics network by designing a multi-product transhipment model. The purpose is to examine, through logistics costs, which products will be sent directly from suppliers to the consumer unit and which will be transhipped once. This research also includes the comparison between tributary scenes and their impacts on operation costs. The application of the proposed model has been put into practice by a company undertaking international activities in Harbin, northern China. In parallel to those operations, a new tax regime, named Aeronautical RECOF (Industrial Bonded Warehouse), is under implementation in order to substitute the current customs system regime of Drawback. The results show that the tax regime significantly affects logistics costs and goods consolidation. Thus, it is crucial understanding the referred tax regimes, to avoid severe logistics network system sub-optimization.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um modelo de programação linear inteira mista para localização das instalações da rede logística do biodiesel no Brasil, de forma a que se possa, com sua aplicação, avaliar o potencial de produção de oleaginosas no país, assim como identificar as zonas mais promissoras para a localização dos diversos elos da cadeia do biodiesel, a partir da demanda gerada pela mistura de um percentual de biodiesel ao diesel fóssil. O modelo incorpora quatro elos da cadeia produtiva (fase agrícola, extração de óleo, produção de biodiesel e pontos de demanda). Os parâmetros do modelo foram estimados com base em informações reais de mercado disponíveis (base de dezembro/2007). Obteve-se com a aplicação do modelo a diversos cenários, os municípios mais indicados para produção das oleaginosas, as oleaginosas utilizadas, o volume de produção em cada local e, por fim, a localização e porte das fábricas de óleo e das usinas de biodiesel. Análises de sensibilidade de alguns parâmetros foram executadas para verificação do comportamento do modelo face a incertezas. O trabalho incorpora sugestões e recomendações para aprimoramento do modelo. / In this research a mixed integer linear programming model was developed to locate facilities related to the biodiesel supply chain in Brazil, making possible to evaluate the oleaginous production potential, as well as the most promising regions to became the location of the several levels of the biodiesel chain, in accordance to the biodiesel future demand. The model incorporates four levels of the productive chain (agricultural phase, extraction of oil, biodiesel production and demand points). The model parameters were estimated based on market information available (base of december/2007). The application of the model to several sceneries led to the indication of the most promising regions for production of the oleaginous, the used oleaginous ones, the volume of production in each place and, finally, the location and scale of oil and biodiesel factories. Sensibility analyses were conducted to verify the results related to parameters uncertainty. The research contains suggestion and recommendations for improvement of the model.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal a estimativa de demanda de carga captável pela Estrada de Ferro Norte-Sul. A análise da quantidade de carga com aptidão para movimentação através do trecho ferroviário foi realizada com o auxílio de um modelo linear de otimização de fluxos em rede. Referenciando-se na abordagem teórica dos modelos de Equilíbrio de Fluxos em Rede propôs-se o uso de um modelo de transporte para quantificar o volume de carga captável pela ferrovia. Os resultados obtidos indicaram fluxos que somam aproximadamente 1,5 milhão de toneladas de cargas através da ferrovia, considerando o ano base de 2005 e a malha ferroviária correspondente ao trecho que se encontra atualmente em operação, que liga Estreito (MA) até São Luís (MA), através da Estrada de Ferro Carajás. Quando se analisou o impacto da expansão da Estrada de Ferro Norte-Sul até Senador Canedo (GO), a demanda de carga captável alcançou 3,1 milhões de toneladas. A análise dos resultados auxiliou na identificação dos principais centróides geradores de carga para a ferrovia, os pontos de transbordo mais representativos da malha e os principais produtos com potencial de movimentação no trecho ferroviário, revelando que o modelo proposto pode ser utilizado como uma importante ferramenta de suporte às atividades relacionadas ao planejamento estratégico de sistemas de transportes. / The main goal of this thesis was to estimate the freight demand for Brazil\'s North-South Railway. The evaluation of the amount of cargo that could be attracted by the railway was done through the use of a linear optimization network flow model. During 2005, the results showed a total of 1.2 million tons of inter-reginal flows that have potential to be moved through the rail branch line between Estreito (MA) and São Luís (MA). When the freight demand was measured for the total extension of the railway that is planned to connect Senador Canedo (GO) to São Luís (MA) the total load reached 3.0 million tons. This model has shown to be a practical tool for evaluating the potential flows trough a transportation infrastructure and for identifying the origins and routes related to these flows. The present research also offers valuable inputs for transportation strategic planning.

A Agricultura Orgânica oferece, ao mercado consumidor, produtos isentos de agentes químicos. Os produtores que fazem uso do sistema convencional e estiverem interessados em adotar a tecnologia orgânica de produção deverão se credenciar junto ao Ministério da Agricultura através de uma certificadora de produtos orgânicos. A certificação pode ser por auditoria ou participativa, mas para recebê-la o agropecuarista deve seguir as normas e procedimentos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira de produtos orgânicos. Um dos procedimentos é o processo de conversão ou transição, pelo qual a atividade agrícola em manejo convencional muda para o manejo orgânico. O tempo de transição pode variar de 12 a 18 meses, no mínimo, de acordo com a espécie vegetal ou animal e pelo histórico da unidade produtiva. No caso do café, a conversão do sistema convencional para o orgânico pode trazer consigo, entre outros benefícios, a independência de insumos externos, menor risco para a saúde e pode proporcionar maior lucro ao produtor. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver um planejamento de produção do café para o processo de conversão da técnica convencional para a orgânica no Sítio Terra Verde em Espírito Santo do Pinhal no estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se a metodologia de programação linear para maximizar o lucro e minimizar o custo de produção do café em seis cenários. O plano de conversão foi de oito anos, respeitando a bienalidade do cafeeiro, passando por três fases de manejo: substituição de insumos, conversão e produção orgânica. Foram realizadas três análises sobre o planejamento de conversão. Os resultados da primeira análise mostraram que a adoção da técnica orgânica proporcionou ao cafeicultor lucros superiores aos do sistema convencional no final do período de conversão, quando ocorre aumento sobre o preço da saca. Os cenários da segunda análise identificaram uma situação de prejuízo ao cafeicultor no 4º ano do planejamento e uma condição econômica desvantajosa em relação ao sistema convencional, pois o lucro geral foi inferior, devido à redução da produtividade até o final da conversão. A terceira análise apresentou uma situação em que o produtor não recebe o incremento sobre o preço da saca de café quando em manejo orgânico, o que levou à obtenção de resultado desvantajoso ao produtor, no qual o lucro geral do sistema orgânico foi muito baixo em relação ao do sistema convencional. Conclui-se que especificamente para o Sítio Terra Verde, pode ser economicamente viável a adoção da produção orgânica na cultura do café, mas é com extrema dependência do diferencial do preço entre os sistemas convencional e orgânico. / Organic agriculture offers products to the consumer market free of chemicals. Producers who use the conventional system and are interested in adopting organic production technology must be certified by the Ministry of Agriculture through a certification of organic products. Certification may be obtained by auditing or participatory, but in order to receive it, the rural producers must follow the rules and procedures established by the Brazilian laws for organic products. One example is the process of conversion or transition, through which the agricultural activity is converted from conventional farming to the organic one. The transition time may vary from 12 to 18 months, at least, according to the vegetal or animal species and the farm history. In the case of coffee, the conversion from conventional to the organic system can bring some benefits, for example, the independence of external inputs, risk lower to health and can provide more profit to the producer. Thus, this research aims carry out a coffee a plan of partial conversion to organic production technology for a rural property called Sítio Terra Verde at Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo State, which uses the conventional system. It was used linear programming to maximize profit and minimize costs of coffee production in six scenarios. The conversion planning was established to occur in eight years, respecting the twice yearly harvesting, with three stages: input substitution, conversion and organic production. Were held three analysis on the conversion plan. The results of the first analysis showed that the adoption of organic technique provided greater profits for the producers than the conventional system at the end of the conversion period, when the coffee bag\'s price raises. The second analysis scenarios identified a prejudice situation for the producer in the 4th year of planning and a disadvantage economic condition compared to the conventional system, because the overall profit was lower due to the reduction in productivity by the end of conversion time. The third analysis showed a situation where the producer does not receive a higher price due to the organic management, with a disadvantageous result for the producer, since the overall profit of the organic system was much lower compared to the conventional system. It was concluded that specifically for Sítio Terra Verde the adoption of organic management for the coffee farming can be economically viable, but it is extremely dependent on price differential between conventional and organic systems.