Vidaus kontrolė yra sistema su bendra įmonės kultūra ir individualia kontrolės veikla, kurią atlieka kiekvienas įmonės darbuotojas, vadovams vadovaujant bei vidaus auditui prižiūrint. Tuo tarpu vidaus audito tikslas - prižiūrėti vidaus kontrolės sistemą ir siekti, kad sistema funkcionuotų kuo ekonomiškiau, efektyviau ir rezultatyviau. 2003 metais, priėmus Lietuvos Respublikos vietos savivaldos įstatymo pakeitimo įstatymą, sukurta teisinė bazė nuo 2004 m. sausio 1 d. įdiegti savivaldybėse vidaus ir išorės audito sistemą. Steigiama centralizuota savivaldybės vidaus audito tarnyba. Darbo pagrindinis tikslas - atlikti vidaus kontrolės ir vidaus audito Utenos apskrities savivaldybėse lyginamąją analizę, pateikti išvadas ir rekomendacijas vidaus kontrolės ir vidaus audito sistemų tobulinimui. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo atliktas tyrimas Utenos apskrities savivaldybėse. Nagrinėtos sritys: CVAT darbo organizavimas, SVAT darbo planavimas, vidaus audito atlikimas, vidaus audito ataskaitos, CVAT personalo ištekliai, CVAT darbuotojų kvalifikacijos tobulinimas. Pagal vienodus kriterijus atlikus lyginamąją analizę, padaryta išvada, kad daugelyje Utenos apskrities savivaldybių CVAT akivaizdus darbuotojų trūkumas, daugelyje VAT nesuformuotos tarnybos. Atlikto tyrimo gauti rezultatai iš dalies leido patvirtinti darbo pradžioje iškeltą hipotezę “Vidaus kontrolės ir vidaus audito sistemos Utenos apskrities savivaldybėse yra silpnos”. / Internal control is a system with a common enterprise's culture and individual control activity, which is being fulfiled by each worker, directed by the head and supervised by internal audit. Meanwhile, the aim of the internal audit is to supervise control system and try to achieve the system to functionate more economical way, more effective and resultant. In 2003, when was passed the amendment the law of the Republic of Lithuania on local self- government, was introduced legislation to spread internal and external audit system in local governments from 1 January, 2004. Establishing centralized local government's internal audit service. The main aim of the work - to carry out internal control's and internal audit's comparable analysis in Utena's district local governments, to present conclusions and recomendations for inprovement of internal control and internal audit systems. To reach this aim there was caried out research in Utena's district governments. Investigated fields: work organisation of the centralized internal audit service, centralized internal audit service's work layout, internal audit perfomance, internal audit reports, centralized internal audit service's staff sources, centralized internal audit service's workers' qualification improvement. After was made comparable analysis according to same criterions, drawn a conclusion, which says that in many Utena's district governments centralized internal audit service's obvious shortage of workers, in many... [to full text]

Monitoring of servers over the network is important to detect anomalies in servers in adatacenter. Systems management software exist which can receive messages from servers on which such anomalies occur. Network monitoring software are often used to periodically poll servers for their hardware health status. A centralized approach to network monitoring ispresented in this thesis, in which a systems management software receives messages from servers, and is polled by a network monitoring software. This thesis examines the reliabilityof a centralized monitoring approach in terms of how accurate its response is, as well as the time it took to respond with the correct hardware health status when polled, when it is affected by varying degrees of traffic through conducting an experiment. The results of the experiment show that the monitoring architecture is accurate when exposed to a level of load which is in line with scalability guidelines as offered by the company developing the systems management software, and that the time it takes for a hardware health status to be poll-able for the majority of the measurements lie within the interval 0 to 15 seconds.

Os sistemas prediais de água não potável podem ser do tipo centralizado, quando os efluentes oriundos de diversas edificações são coletados e transportados para um único local de tratamento e redistribuídos para um conjunto de residências; ou descentralizado, quando a coleta, o tratamento e o transporte dos efluentes ocorrem próximos ao local de produção. Porém, tanto o sistema centralizado quanto o descentralizado possui particularidades que os fazem interessantes ou não em aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi formular modelos matemáticos que permitissem comparar o sistema centralizado com o descentralizado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica com o intuito de coletar informações sobre as principais variáveis que interferem na tomada de decisão de cada tipo de sistema. A partir dos princípios da Programação Linear Inteira foram formulados três modelos que permitiram encontrar qual tipo de sistema apresenta o menor custo total acumulado, quanto é o valor desse custo ao longo do tempo e quantos sistemas são necessários instalar para atender a uma demanda específica. Com base nos dados da literatura consultada, o sistema centralizado apresentou-se mais vantajoso do que os sistemas descentralizados quanto aos custos de implantação, de manutenção e de operação considerando uma vida útil de 20 anos. Todavia, verificou-se que a escolha do sistema mais viável não deve se concentrar apenas nos custos, mas também devem ser consideradas variáveis qualitativas. Deste modo, as formulações gerais dos modelos permitem a inserção de outras variáveis de decisão e restrições para aprimorar a tomada de decisão quanto ao tipo de sistema predial de água não potável a ser implantado. / Non-potable water systems may be of the centralized type when effluents from several buildings are collected and transported to a single treatment site and redistributed to a set of residences; or decentralized, when the collection, treatment and transportation of the effluent occurs near the place of production. However, both the centralized and decentralized systems have particularities that make them interesting or not in social, economic and environmental aspects. In this way, the main objective of this research was to formulate mathematical models that allowed to compare the centralized system with the decentralized one. For the development of the study a bibliographic review was carried out in order to collect information on the main variables that interfere in the decision making of each type of system. From the principles of Linear Programming, three models were formulated that allowed to find out which type of system has the lowest cumulative total cost, what is the value of this cost over time and how many systems are needed to meet a specific demand. Based on the data of the literature, the centralized system was more advantageous than the decentralized systems in terms of the implantation, maintenance and operation costs considering a useful life of 20 years. However, it has been found that the choice of the most viable system should not only focus on costs but should also be considered as qualitative variables. In this way, the general models formulations allow the insertion of other decision variables and constraints to improve the decision making regarding the type of non-potable water system to be implanted.

Centralized databases are becoming bottleneck for organizations that are physically distributed and access data remotely. Data management is easy in centralized databases. However, it carries high communication cost and most importantly high response time. The concept of distributing the data over various locations is very attractive for such organizations. In such cases the database is fragmented into fragments and distributed to the locations where it is needed. This kind of distribution provides local control of data and the data access is also very fast in such databases. However, concurrency control, query optimization and data allocations are the factors that affect the response time and must be investigated prior to implementing distributed databases. This thesis makes the use of mixed method approach to meet its objective. In quantitative section, we performed an experiment to compare the response time of two databases; centralized and fragmented/distributed. The experiment was performed at Ericsson. A literature review was also done to find out other important response time related issues like query optimization, concurrency control and data allocation. The literature review revealed that these factors can further improve the response time in distributed environment. Results of the experiment showed a substantial decrease in the response time due to the fragmentation and distribution. / Centraliserade databaser blir flaskhals för organisationer som är fysiskt distribuerade och tillgång till data på distans. Datahantering är lätt i centrala databaser. Men bär den höga kostnaden kommunikation och viktigast av hög svarstid. Konceptet att distribuera data över olika orter är mycket attraktiv för sådana organisationer. I sådana fall databasen är splittrade fragment och distribueras till de platser där det behövs. Denna typ av distribution ger lokal kontroll av uppgifter och dataåtkomst är också mycket snabb i dessa databaser. Men, samtidighet kontroll, frågeoptimering och data anslagen är de faktorer som påverkar svarstiden och måste utredas innan genomförandet distribuerade databaser. Denna avhandling gör användningen av blandade metod strategi för att nå sitt mål. I kvantitativa delen utförde vi ett experiment för att jämföra svarstid på två databaser, centraliserad och fragmenterad / distribueras. Försöket utfördes på Ericsson. En litteraturstudie har gjorts för att ta reda på andra viktiga svarstid liknande frågor som frågeoptimering, samtidighet kontroll och data tilldelning. Litteraturgenomgången visade att dessa faktorer ytterligare kan förbättra svarstiden i distribuerad miljö. Resultaten av försöket visade en betydande minskning av den svarstid på grund av splittring och distribution.

The purpose of this essay is to explore actions of the representatives of the church during the first of the trials of what later developed to the great swedish witch-hunts between the years 1668–1676. The method of this study is microhistorical, where you look at local events that then can be applied on a bigger scale. The theoretical ideas applied are Michel Foucault theories of a society at war, and the dynamics between central power and peripheral power in that kind of situation. By applying these theories, the relations between central juridical directives and the enforcement of these in a local place can be studied. The main subject of interest for this essay is clerical representative Lars P. Elvius, who, during the trials, were the one responsible and the one the rest of the court relied on for interpreting the crimes of witchcraft, maleficum and other crimes of supernatural art. By looking at the directives and laws concerning witchcraft, how he interpreted the testimonies of the accused and what kind of verdict was given at the end of the trial, the relationship between central directives and peripheral enforcement is made clear. This study is part chronological and part thematic; the directives and laws presented first, followed by the interpretation during the trial categorized thematically, with correlating testimony and crime, and finally the verdict at the end of the trial.

The Web is comprised of a vast quantity of text. Modern search engines struggle to index it independent of the structure of queries and type of Web data, and commonly use indexing based on Web‘s graph structure to identify high-quality relevant pages. However, despite the apparent widespread use of these algorithms, Web indexing based on human feedback and document content is controversial. There are many fundamental questions that need to be addressed, including: How many types of domains/websites are there in the Web? What type of data is in each type of domain? For each type, which segments/HTML fields in the documents are most useful? What are the relationships between the segments? How can web content be indexed efficiently in all forms of document configurations? Our investigation of these questions has led to a novel way to use Wikipedia to find the relationships between the query structures and document configurations throughout the document indexing process and to use them to build an efficient index that allows fast indexing and searching, and optimizes the retrieval of highly relevant results. We consider the top page on the ranked list to be highly important in determining the types of queries. Our aim is to design a powerful search engine with a strong focus on how to make the first page highly relevant to the user, and on how to retrieve other pages based on that first page. Through processing the user query using the Wikipedia index and determining the type of the query, our approach could trace the path of a query in our index, and retrieve specific results for each type. We use two kinds of data to increase the relevancy and efficiency of the ranked results: offline and real-time. Traditional search engines find it difficult to use these two kinds of data together, because building a real-time index from social data and integrating it with the index for the offline data is difficult in a traditional distributed index. As a source of offline data, we use data from the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) evaluation campaign. The web track at TREC offers researchers chance to investigate different retrieval approaches for web indexing and searching. The crawled offline dataset makes it possible to design powerful search engines that extends current methods and to evaluate and compare them. We propose a new indexing method, based on the structures of the queries and the content of documents. Our search engine uses a core index for offline data and a hash index for real-time V data, which leads to improved performance. The TREC Web track evaluation of our experiments showed that our approach can be successfully employed for different types of queries. We evaluated our search engine on different sets of queries from TREC 2010, 2011 and 2012 Web tracks. Our approach achieved very good results in the TREC 2010 training queries. In the TREC 2011 testing queries, our approach was one of the six best compared to all other approaches (including those that used a very large corpus of 500 million documents), and it was second best when compared to approaches that used only part of the corpus (50 million documents), as ours did. In the TREC 2012 testing queries, our approach was second best if compared to all the approaches, and first if compared only to systems that used the subset of 50 million documents.

La France s’est fondée autour des valeurs centralisatrices symbolisées par l’unité fiscale et la concentration du pouvoir sur sa capitale Paris. Depuis 2003 et la réforme constitutionnelle qui reconnaît l’organisation décentralisée, elle se retrouve face à sa contradiction : celle de revendiquer l’unité centralisatrice et d’admettre la décentralisation. Contrairement à la définition qui veut que la décentralisation se caractérise par le partage des compétences entre les collectivités locales et les autorités nationales, l’État décentralisé possède une logique propre distincte de l’État central. En effet, il devrait intégrer la société civile dans le fonctionnement normal des institutions pour délibérer conjointement avec les élus. Pour comprendre ce phénomène et comment une telle décentralisation conserve l’unité nationale, il devient nécessaire de retracer l’histoire de la raison fiscale, c’est-à-dire la logique politique des contributions, de l’ancienne France à la naissance de l’État décentralisé contemporain pour déterminer les fondements, comprendre l’unité du pays et en concevoir les enjeux du début du XXIe siècle : payer directement, à la source, prendre en compte les revenus de chacun, intégrer la protection du vivant ainsi que le développement de l’économie locale. / France was created around central values which are symbolized by the fiscal unity and the concentration of power in its capital Paris. It has been contradicting itself since 2003 date of the constitutional reform, which recognizes the decentralized organization, because it claims to be a centralized state while also acknowledging the values of a decentralized state. This is in contradiction with the definition of “decentralization” which defines a state with a division of power between the local and national authorities, and the decentralized state possesses its own logic which is different from the central state. Indeed, it should integrate the civil society into the normal functioning of institutions in order to deliberate together with the elected representatives. To understand this phenomenon and how such “decentralization” has preserved the national unity it is essential to tell the history of the fiscal reason. That is to say, the political, logical contributions from ancient France to the birth of the contemporary decentralized state in order to determine its foundations, to understand the unity of the country, and to conceive the stakes in the beginning of the 21st century: direct payment, to the source, to take into account each person’s income, and to integrate environment protection as well as the development of the local economy.

This master´s thesis applies to design of power and data wiring controlle by an intelligent wiring. The aim is to get to know the issue and design a project for family house that includes fhotovoltaic power station. In the introduction is a description of the inteligent wirings, its potential, topology, advantages or disadvantages towards standard electroinstallations,it also presents an overview of widely used intelligent wiring, especially Foxtrot. What follows is the subject itself for what is the project designated for. The next topic will be a presentation of complete electroinstallation and photovoltaic power station. It all ends with an economic evaluation of the whole project.

This study examines the concept of the evolution of electricity sector in Tanzania.Electrification of Africa has raised large discussion and thus, nine scenarios based ondifferent production pathways and demand projections are formulated. The studyconsiders both grid based centralized electricity and decentralized power production.The main differentiation is between a centralized electricity system and decentralizedpower that are closer to demand. A model is created using three modeling tools(Answer-OSeMOSYS, LEAP and MESSAGE) and the results are presented andcompared. Finally, different funding options for electricity expansion projects inTanzania are explored in order to investigate the feasibility of the scenarios as well asa geopolitical analysis is carried out.

Decentralization of web is, also known as Web 3.0 or Semantic Web, is catching on quickly. Deployment of a decentralized network or system for learning purposes in an educational institution could involve the use of new cutting-edge technologies and tools behind blockchain systems and Social Networking Sites (SNS). These technologies can be applied in the education sector to reap numerous benefits. The benefits could be in the areas of longdistance learning, real-time availability of learning content and assignments, improved collaboration between instructors and students, better evaluation of student performance, secure and transparent payment systems for courses, and easy and structured access to student records. Yet other benefits could be achieved by the implementing educational institution in the form of automation (using artificial intelligence and machine learning tools), cost reduction, improved efficiency, system reliability, and data security and privacy. However, like everything else, the decentralization of web or other such networks comes with its own set of challenges. This research study focuses on the challenges associated with implementing a decentralized learning model for learning systems of an educational institution. The study involved both primary and secondary research. First, a thorough review was conducted of the existing literature on the implementation of decentralization technologies in the education sector. Then, a survey was conducted among 25 students to collect information on their views of what these challenges are and to validate the findings from literature revie. The study concludes that, to fully realize the benefits of deploying these technologies to DWeb learning models, several challenges need to be overcome quickly. The survey that was conducted corroborated the findings from the literature review to a large extent. Though many respondents showed their satisfaction with the decentralized e-learning practices where they have been deployed, there still seem to be large gaps in understanding, awareness, deployment, and fine-tuning of such learning systems. The survey results revealed a strong resistance to the use of new technologies among educators; a lack of accessibility to resources and technical support; and a lack of competency and confidence due, perhaps, to a lack of operational training. Overcoming these challenges would require better awareness and understanding of the current trends and developments among both students and instructors. Education system should be well-prepared to train and update both students and instructors on how to best utilize these technologies to reap their benefits. Collaboration through digital means, as opposed to iii one-on-one classroom interactions, would also require a change in the mindset of the users of these learning models. / <p>Master Thesis </p>