Dans les accidents automobiles, les blessures au thorax arrivent en deuxième position après celles à la tête pour : la zone la plus souvent lésée et le nombre global de décès et de lésions sérieuses. Les fractures de côtes et les volets costaux sont les blessures les plus fréquentes suivies par les lacérations des poumons, du foie et des artères. Afin de mieux comprendre la réponse du thorax lors d'un crash, des modèles en éléments finis ont été développés. Cependant, ces modèles échouent à reproduire des mécanismes lésionnels détaillés tels que les fractures costales. Améliorer la biofidélité de ces modèles passe par une meilleure connaissance des propriétés mécaniques des côtes. L'objectif de ce travail est donc d'étudier expérimentalement et numériquement le comportement mécanique des côtes humaines en dynamique. Des essais de compression axiale et des tests de calcination ont été réalisés pour caractériser le matériau costal. Des essais de flexion trois points et un nouvel essai permettant de solliciter la côte dans la direction antéropostérieure ont servi à caractériser la structure. Les résultats montrent que le niveau costal influence les propriétés de matériaux en compression et le comportement en sollicitation antéropostérieure. Les simulations numériques ont permis de mettre en évidence l'influence de l'os spongieux dans le comportement mécanique des modèles ainsi que l'importance de la géométrie sur la réponse en effort. Aucune influence de l'âge, ni de la vitesse de sollicitation a été relevée. Il faut noter le nombre de pièces testées est petit par rapport aux variations inter-individuelles.

Thesis (M.S.)--Kungl. Tekniska högskolan, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-126). Also available online via the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute web site (www.vti.se).

In Florida, the increased installation of non-traversable medians and directional median opening has produced an increased number of U-turns on multilane highways. Arguments have been advanced by some opponents of median modification projects that the increased numbers of U-turns may result in safety and operational problems on multilane highways. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the operational effects of U-turn movement on multilane roadways. To achieve this research objective, extensive data were collected. Field measurements were conducted at 40 sites in the Tampa Bay area of Florida to collect traffic operations data. Besides, the crash histories of 179 selected roadway segments in central Florida were investigated. Statistical analysis was conducted based on the collected traffic operations data and crash data to quantitatively evaluate the operational performance of U-turn movement. Delay and travel time were compared for different driveway left- turn alternatives that are widely used in Florida and nationally. Crash rate models were developed to evaluate how the separation distance between a driveway exit and the downstream U-turn bay impacts the safety performance of vehicles making right-turns followed by U-turns (RTUT). With the crash data analysis results, the minimum separation distances under different roadway conditions were determined to facilitate driver use of RTUTs. The capacity of U-turn movement was analyzed under two different situations: (1) U-turns are provided at a signalized intersection; and (2) U-turns are provided at an unsignalized intersection. Adjustment factors were developed to quantify the impacts of the presence of U-turning vehicles on the capacity of a signalized intersection. The critical gaps and follow-up time for U-turn movement at unsignalized intersections were estimated. With the estimated critical gaps and follow-up time, the Harders model was used to determine the capacity of U-turn movem ent at an unsignalized intersection. This study also looks extensively at the minimum roadway width and median width required by vehicles to perform U-turn maneuvers on 4-lane divided roadways. It was found that a roadway width of 46 ft is generally sufficient for most types of design vehicles (except heavy vehicles) to perform a continuous U-turn maneuver without impedance.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka ambulanssjuksköterskors upplevelser av arbete på skadeplats med en till fyra drabbade personer. Metod: Fyra män och fyra kvinnor, med en erfarenhet mellan två och elva år av ambulanssjukvård, deltog i studien. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och data analyserades med innehållsanalys. Resultat: Sju kategorier identifierades: Kommunikation, Ledarskap, Medicinskt omhändertagande, Rutiner och riktlinjer, Organisation, Personlighet och relationer, samt Samverkan. Skadeplatsarbetet sker utanför sjukhusets kontrollerade verksamhet. Att varje gång anpassa sig till situationen, omhänderta, leda och organisera arbetet är det som krävs av en ambulanssjuksköterska. Samtidigt ställs stora krav på den omkringliggande organisationen inklusive alla övriga resurser, på att kunna samarbeta och fungera som grupp. Slutsats: Skadeplatsarbetet kräver en organisation som måste fungera i minsta detalj och samtidigt alltid förbättra sig. Då många av de upplevda problemen ansågs bero på personlighet och relationer så kräver det dessutom att personalen är stresstålig, ödmjuk, social, kreativ och noggrann. / Aim: The aim with this study was to analyze the ambulance nurses experiences from working at the trauma scene, with up to four injured patients. Method: four men and four women, with a two to eleven years time of experience in the ambulance service, participated. Data from qualitative interviews were analyzed with content analysis. Result: Seven categories were identified: Communication, Leadership, Medical treatment, Routines and guidelines, Organization, Personalities and relations, and finally Cooperation. An ambulance nurse needs to be able to adapt to any given situation. To nurse and treat, to lead and organize the activity at the trauma scene, is some things that could be asked from the nurse. A great requirement is also put on the surrounding organization, including all other resources, to cooperate and to function as a team. Conclusion: Professional work at the trauma scene demands an organization that needs to function in any unique situation. At the same time it’s just as important that this organization continuously improves. Experiences from problems in prehospital work could be related to personalities and relations between colleagues. This shows the importance of personnel that can handle stress, show humbleness, empathy and skills of being creative, social and precise.

With increasing levels of motor vehicle ownership, automobile crashes have become a serious public issue in the U.S. and around the world. Knowing when, where, and how traffic accidents happen is critical in order to ensure road safety and to plan for adequate road infrastructure. There is a rich body of literature pertaining to time-related fatal crashes, most of which focuses on non-spatial factors such as a driver’s visibility at night, drinking and drug use, and road conditions. These studies provide a theoretical basis for understanding the causes of crashes from a non-spatial perspective, and a number of traffic laws and policies consequently have been enacted to minimize the impacts of non-spatial factors. Over the past few years, advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have greatly enhanced our ability to analyze traffic accidents from a spatial perspective. This study aims to fill a void in traffic safety studies by comparing and analyzing the differences in the spatial distribution of fatal crashes based on temporal factors, specifically in three periods: 1) day and night; 2) A.M. rush hours and P.M. rush hours; and 3) weekdays and weekends. With the Nashville Metropolitan Area as the study area, the research utilized a number of spatial point-pattern analysis (SPPA) methods, including planar KDE, planar global auto K function, network global cross K functions, and network local cross K functions. All fatal crashes in the Nashville area were found to be clustered and generally follow the patterns of average daily traffic flow. All time-based subtypes of fatal crashes also were found to be concentrated within the central urban area of Nashville, mostly along major roads, and especially near major road intersections and highway interchanges. No notable spatial differences were detected among the subtypes of fatal crashes when applying network global cross K function. However, with the help of the network local cross K function, some localized spatial differences were identified. Some specific locations of hotspots of nighttime and P.M. rush hour fatal crashes were found not to be at the same locations as those at of daytime and A.M. rush hour fatal crashes, respectively. The approach adopted in this study not only provides a new way to analyze spatial distribution of spatial point events such as fatal crashes, but it also can be applied readily to real-world applications. A good understanding of where these spatial differences are should help various agencies practice effective measures and policies in order to improve road conditions, reduce traffic accidents, and ensure road safety.

Within the last decade, centerline rumble strips have become increasingly prevalent as a safety countermeasure on undivided roadways throughout the United States. Within the state of Georgia, nearly 200 miles of centerline rumble strips have been installed in an effort to address the severity and frequency of crashes involving the centerline. With several thousands of miles of new installations throughout the nation in the last decade, much literature on this subject is still being amassed. This paper will compile and summarize existing literature in order to provide a thorough overview of the latest information from around the United States regarding the safety, usage, and impacts of centerline rumble strips. Furthermore, this paper seeks to comprehensively determine the safety impacts of centerline rumble strips on undivided, rural highway facilities in the state of Georgia. This portion of the study will prepare an updated inventory of centerline rumble strip installations in Georgia and perform a before-after study using three methods: a direct before-after analysis, a comparison before-after analysis, and a comparative analysis. These analyses will incorporate data from crash databases, police records, and traffic records to produce results unique to Georgia. Lastly, this paper will determine the current status of centerline rumble strips and the potential short- and long-term safety, physical, and unintended effects of centerline rumble strips both in the state of Georgia and throughout the United States through a survey sent to all fifty state transportation agencies. Through literature compilation, safety analyses, and findings on the effects of centerline rumble strips, this paper will aid in the future of centerline rumble strips within Georgia and the United States.

Research on road safety has been of great interest to engineers and planners for decades. Regardless of modeling techniques, a serious factor of inaccuracy - in most past studies - has been data aggregation. Nowadays, most freeways are equipped with continuous surveillance systems making disaggregate traffic data readily available ; these have been used in few studies. In this context, the main objective of this dissertation is to capitalize highway traffic data collected on a real-time basis at the moment of accident occurrence in order to expand previous road safety work and to highlight potential further applications. To this end, we first examine the effects of various traffic parameters on type of road crash as well as on the injury level sustained by vehicle occupants involved in accidents, while controlling for environmental and geometric factors. Probit models are specified on 4-years of data from the A4-A86 highway section in the Ile-de -France region, France. Empirical findings indicate that crash type can almost exclusively be defined by the prevailing traffic conditions shortly before its occurrence. Increased traffic volume is found to have a consistently positive effect on severity, while speed has a differential effect on severity depending on flow conditions. We then establish a conceptual framework for incident management applications using real-time traffic data on urban freeways. We use dissertation previous findings to explore potential implications towards incident propensity detection and enhanced management

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η κατασκευή ενός συστήματος που να μπορεί να ξεχωρίζει τα οχήματα από άλλα αντικείμενα με τη χρήση κυματιδίου Haar και φίλτρου Gabor (εξαγωγή χαρακτηριστικών) και SVM, RBF για ταξινόμηση. / The aim of this thesis is the construction of a system that will be able to distiguish vehicles from other objects using Haar and Gabor filter (export characteristic) and SVM, RBF for classification.

Esta tese tem como finalidade propor um método de coleta, tratamento e análise de dados de acidentes de trânsito para aplicação no Brasil. Este método tem como um de seus objetivos reconhecer os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, visto que identificar as causas dos acidentes é fundamental na busca por soluções para o problema da acidentalidade. No Brasil as bases de dados de acidentes de trânsito são, em geral, estruturadas a partir dos registros policiais e carecem de informações adequadas para a análise da segurança viária. O método proposto neste trabalho permite registrar acidentes de modo a contemplar: as características do acidente, as circunstâncias do momento, a identificação e as características dos veículos e pessoas envolvidas. Além disso, o método permite relacionar essas informações com os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência dos acidentes. Nesse contexto, a criação de uma base de dados de acidentes e seus fatores contribuintes, vem suprir a carência de informações essenciais para o diagnóstico e encaminhamento de soluções adequadas para os problemas motivadores dos acidentes de trânsito. A proposta desta tese está baseada em uma abordagem que combina aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, alinhada às melhores práticas internacionais na área de segurança viária. Como resultado do desenvolvimento do método, foram elaborados instrumentos de coleta de dados contendo um formulário, um manual e procedimentos para a coleta de dados. Como resultado da aplicação prática desses instrumentos, foi criada a estrutura de uma base de dados que permitiu a definição do método proposto para a análise das causas de acidentes de trânsito. Como meio de validar o método proposto, foi realizado um estudo aplicado e são apresentadas as análises de dados dos acidentes de trânsito observados. / This thesis has the purpose of presenting a method for collecting and processing data on traffic accidents to be applied in Brazil. This method aims to acknowledge the contributor factors for the occurrence of accidents, since identifying the causes of accidents is crucial on the search for effective solutions for the road safety problem. Traffic accidents database in Brazil are generally structured based on police reports, therefore lacking adequate information for the analyses of road safety. The method proposes a registry of the accidents comprising accident characteristics, scene circumstances, vehicle as well as involved people identification and characteristics. Moreover, it allows relating that information with the accident contributory factors. In this scenery, the creation of an accident database and its contributory factors emerge to supply the lack of essential information for the diagnosis and adequate solution for traffic accidents. This thesis’ proposal has an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative aspects, seeking to level up to the best international practice on the road safety area. As a result of the development of the method, data collection instruments were elaborated: a form, a manual, and procedures for data collection. Besides, as a result of the practical application of these instruments, a database - which allowed the definition of the method proposed for analysis of the causes of traffic accidents - was created. As a mean of validation of the method, an applied study and the data analysis of the observed traffic accidents are presented.

En algorithmique distribuée, le modèle asynchrone par envoi de messages et à pannes est connu et utilisé dans de nombreux articles de par son réalisme,par ailleurs il est suffisamment simple pour être utilisé et suffisamment complexe pour représenter des problèmes réels. Dans ce modèle, les n processus communiquent en s'échangeant des messages, mais sans borne sur les délais de communication, c'est-à-dire qu'un message peut mettre un temps arbitrairement long à atteindre sa destination. De plus, jusqu'à f processus peuvent tomber en panne, et ainsi arrêter définitivement de fonctionner. Ces pannes indétectables à cause de l'asynchronisme du système limitent les possibilités de ce modèle. Dans de nombreux cas, les résultats connus dans ces systèmes sont limités à une stricte minorité de pannes. C'est par exemple le cas de l'implémentation de registres atomiques et de la résolution du renommage. Cette barrière de la majorité de pannes, expliquée par le théorème CAP, s'applique à de nombreux problèmes, et fait que le modèle asynchrone par envoi de messages avec une majorité de pannes est peu étudié. Il est donc intéressant d'étudier ce qu'il est possible de faire dans ce cadre.Cette thèse cherche donc à mieux comprendre ce modèle à majorité de pannes, au travers de deux principaux problèmes. Dans un premier temps, on étudie l'implémentation d'objets partagés similaires aux registres habituels, en définissant les bancs de registres x-colorés et les α-registres. Dans un second temps, le problème du renommage est étendu en renommage k-redondant, dans ses versions à-un-coup et réutilisable, et de même pour les objets partagés diviseurs, étendus en k-diviseurs. / In distributed computing, asynchronous message-passing model with crashes is well-known and considered in many articles, because of its realism and it issimple enough to be used and complex enough to represent many real problems.In this model, n processes communicate by exchanging messages, but withoutany bound on communication delays, i.e. a message may take an arbitrarilylong time to reach its destination. Moreover, up to f among the n processesmay crash, and thus definitely stop working. Those crashes are undetectablebecause of the system asynchronism, and restrict the potential results in thismodel.In many cases, known results in those systems must verify the propertyof a strict minority of crashes. For example, this applies to implementationof atomic registers and solving of renaming. This barrier of a majority ofcrashes, explained by the CAP theorem, restricts numerous problems, and theasynchronous message-passing model with a majority of crashes is thus notwell-studied and rather unknown. Hence, studying what can be done in thiscase of a majority of crashes is interesting.This thesis tries to analyse this model, through two main problems. The first part studies the implementation of shared objects, similar to usual registers,by defining x-colored register banks, and α-registers. The second partextends the renaming problem into k-redundant renaming, for both one-shotand long-lived versions, and similarly for the shared objects called splitters intok-splitters.