El objetivo de la tesis es profundizar en el estudio de la materialidad en auditoría, y, más concretamente, de los factores cualitativos asociados al concepto. En el primer capítulo, se analizan los fundamentos teóricos y normativos. En el segundo capítulo, se revisa la literatura previa. En el tercer capítulo, se desarrolla un estudio empírico dirigido auditores de cuentas y directores financieros de empresas españolas. Como conclusión principal se establece que la utilización efectiva de los factores cualitativos de la materialidad en auditoría constituye un instrumento válido que puede contribuir al esfuerzo de los auditores para mejorar la calidad de sus trabajos y ofrecer un mejor servicio a los usuarios, que redunde en una información financiera más fiable y transparente, para dar respuesta así a las críticas recibidas, recuperar la credibilidad de sus actuaciones y superar la actual situación de crisis que atraviesa la función. / The aim of the thesis is to study in depth the materiality in auditing, in general, and the qualitative factors associated to the concept, more specifically. In Chapter I we analyse the theoretical and normative foundations. In Chapter II we review the previous literature. In Chapter III we develop an empirical research over financial auditors and directors in Spanish companies. The main conclusion is that the effective use of qualitative materiality factors appears to be a useful tool in improving the quality of audits and in service provided to the financial statements' users. Through this improvement, the reliability and transparency of financial information could be increased, the numerous critiques received could be replied, the confidence in audit practice could be restored, and the current crisis of audit function could be overcame.

Three essays are comprised in this dissertation to examine how institution and regulation frameworks affect the quality of financial reporting by banks. The empirical investigation on whether some governance mechanisms provide incentives for banks to report high quality financial information can have policy implications regarding bank regulation. Financial reporting quality is measured either by the level of earnings management or the extent of reporting conservatism. Using these two types of proxies for financial reporting quality, we examine whether reporting quality is affected by the legal protection on investors, bank supervision/regulation practices, or securities market governance mechanisms. In the first essay, we examine international differences in bank earnings management around the world. Following Leuz et al. (2003), we argue that bank earnings management is closely linked to private benefits of insiders. As a result, bank earnings management should be negatively related to institutional factors such as legal protection on investors and bank supervision policies that encourage market discipline on banks. Consistent with this prediction, we provide evidence that earnings management is less pervasive for banks in countries where investors are better protected and where supervision policies strongly encourage private-sector monitoring on banks. We also show that the legal protection mechanisms have stronger effects on curbing activities of earnings discretion, but bank supervision policies that encourage private-sector monitoring are better at limiting income smoothing activities. Our results also suggest that stringent capital requirement or strong government supervisions are less effective in reducing earnings activities of banks. In the second essay, we document that banks, especially those that are publicly traded, are conservative in their financial reporting. In particular, banks are conservative in reporting earnings changes and they incorporate more loan loss provisions when their operating cash flows decrease or when the amount of their problem loans increases. Banks also charge off more problem loans when their loan loss provisions increase. Our cross-country comparison shows that conservative financial reporting is more pronounced in countries where supervisors are empowered to take adequate actions against banks or where bank supervisory policies to encourage private-sector monitoring are more prevalent than in countries where there is less supervision or where there is less private-sector monitoring. In the third essay, we further investigate whether securities market governance explain the international differences of reporting conservatism across listing status of banks. Our results indicate that, after controlling for banking industry regulations, securities market governance has incremental effects on the reporting conservatism by public banks. The conservative reporting by public banks is stronger in countries where securities regulators are more empowered to intervene in banks for violations to securities laws. Furthermore, the stronger conservatism for public banks relative to private banks is widespread in countries with more developed bond market. The evidence suggests that public banks practice more conservative reporting than their private counterparts when debt contracting mechanisms function well.

No description available.

本研究以財報重編為財報品質之代理變數，探討自由現金流量是否對內部股權結構與財報品質的關係具有調節效果，期望藉助對於自由現金流量調節效果之了解，以利報表閱讀者更適當地解讀財報訊息，瞭解財報之品質。 實證結果顯示，自由現金流量對內部股權結構與財報品質間確實具有顯著的調節效果，尤其是董、監持股率與董事兼任經理人這兩項因素對於財報品質之關係，很受到自由現金流量之影響。自由現金流量本身與財報重編呈顯著負相關，自由現金流量愈高，財報重編的可能性愈低。但自由現金流量所引發的代理問題，反而可能對董、監持股率、董事兼任經理人與財報品質間的關係產生負面的調節效果，即財報重編的可能性顯著提高。但自由現金流量對於經理人持股率與財報品質間的關係不具有顯著的調節效果。 / This study examines whether free cash flow has the moderating effect on the relation between ownership structure and financial reporting quality, using financial restatements as a proxy for financial reporting quality. This study tries to interpret earnings information more appropriately through more understanding on the moderating effect of free cash flow. The study shows that free cash flow exactly has the moderating effect on the relation between ownership structure and financial reporting quality, especially for stocks holding ratio by directors and supervisors and CEO duality. Firms having more free cash flow are less likely to restate statements. However, free cash flow might trigger agency problem, which might having negative moderating effects, causing higher possibilities to restate statements. Otherwise, the finding of this study shows that there is no significantly moderating effect on the relation between managerial ownership and financial reporting quality.

順應國際會計準則發展趨勢，我國於2008年12月發布財務會計準則第40號公報「保險合約之會計處理準則」，並自2011年1月1日施行。面臨第40號公報與過去截然不同的會計處理程序與財報揭露要求，本國保險公司是否已有足夠的準備與專業足以應付這項保險會計作業轉換所帶來的衝擊？ 　　本研究透過問卷調查從業務執行者之角度分析第40號公報對本國外商保險業者之影響。研究發現本國外商保險公司雖然已具備依據IFRS 4或US GAAP編製財務報表之經驗，但受訪人員一致認為第40號公報的實施將導致整體作業成本增加，而相關法令及緩衝配套措施未及時修訂係導入作業面臨的最大障礙。此外，IFRS 4第二階段以公平價值衡量保險負債的要求影響重大，風險資本適足性及增資壓力成為適用該號公報首要挑戰，業者甚至考慮變更保險商品的設計以因應之。 　　據此，本研究建議保險業由董事會高層授權成立專案小組統籌導入計劃及委任外部專家協助，並且進行全面試算與分析供決策參考。主管機關將保險財務與監理會計分離並及時修訂相關法令及緩衝的配套措施，以減緩保險業者所受之衝擊；並及早評估第二階段的影響，以緩和漸進的方式達到IFRS 4第二階段之要求。 / Vow to adapt accounting standards with IFRS, Taiwan issued GAAP No.40, the Accounting Standards for Insurance Contracts in 2008, which will be effective starting from 2011. With different accounting and disclosure requirements GAAP No.40 requires, are Taiwan insurance companies capable and ready to implement the new standards without any impact? 　　This research tries to study and analyze survey from staffs of foreign insurers in Taiwan regarding impacts of adopting the new accounting standards, although almost foreign insurers in Taiwan are capable of compiling their financial reports in accordance with IFRS or US GAAP requirements to their parent company. The questionnaire results indicate that all respondents agree that overall costs will increase due to adopt the new standards and lacking of the related regulations and supporting measures to the new standards will be a major challenge in operating levels. Furthermore, using fair value to measure insurance liabilities in phase II of IFRS 4 will cause huge impact for all insurers. The critical challenges of the new standards are the adequacy of Risk-Based Capital and additional capital requirements, which might even force the insurers to resign the products in order not to fail to comform RBC ratio. 　　Therefore, this research has 3 suggestions for insurers and 3 suggestions for authorities, respectively: 1.to be fully authorized by Board of Directors to set up IFRS 4 project team to implement the stardard as soon as possible; 2.to look for outside experts supports; 3.to make pre-test of the impact of the new stardard as the reference for insurers’ business plans and strategies; 4.to separate insurance financial accountings with insurance regulatory requirements; 5.to provide supporting policies or amend regulations to mitigate negative impacts from the new standards; 6.to make an overall study and analysis on phase II of IFRS 4 to ensure insurance companies can implement phase II smoothly and successfully.

因應全球化時代之來臨，為提升會計資訊的透明度及跨國間之可比較性，國際財務報導準則(IFRS)已然成為全球資本市場共通的會計語言。我國為提升企業與資本市場國際競爭力及降低企業赴海外籌資成本，將自2013年起分階段直接採用（Adoption）IFRS。 針對無活絡市場公開報價之權益商品公允價值衡量議題，本研究目的擬以投資者的立場，透過IFRS與我國現行財務會計準則間之主要會計原則差異，探討對自由現金流量折現法評價模型及評價步驟之影響，以提供未來投資者於應用自由現金流量折現法進行企業評價時之參考。 本研究顯示在IFRS與我國現行財務會計準則並存適用下，不論於進行同公司跨期間或不同公司同期間之分析比較時，需先辨識重大會計差異所帶來之潛在影響，並掌握因衡量方法的改變、IFRS 1各項豁免選擇、抑或表達上的重分類等，對財務報表資訊內涵所產生之影響，進而衡酌對自由現金流量評價模式的參數設定調整，以及可能改變對未來現金流量金額、時點及不確定性之預期，如此，方能獲致IFRS所帶來之提升財務資訊可比較性及高透明度等效益。 / With economic globalization, International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS) is becoming the single set of globally accepted accounting principles to increase the transparency and comparative of financial statements. In keeping with international trends and to increase competitiveness, companies as the 1st phase in Taiwan will adopt IFRS in 2013. In this study, from the investor point of view, discussed the major differences between IFRS and ROC GAAP, which impact on the discounted free cash flow model and the evaluation steps. To provide the reference for investors when evaluating the company with the discounted free cash flow model. This study shows that under IFRS and ROC GAAP coexist, it must recognize the potential impact of the significant accounting differences firstly whether in the analysis of the inter-period of the same company or different companies during the same period. Due to control the impact of the information content of financial statements from the change of measurement、how to use exemptions provided by IFRS1 or expression on the re-classification, in consideration of adjusting the parameters of the discounted free cash flow model, and may change the expected amount of future cash flows , point and uncertainties. And then, we will attain the benefit such as enhance comparative and transparency of financial information from adopting IFRS.

Univ., Diss.--Münster (Westf.), 2003.

Βασικός άξονας της εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση των επιδράσεων της αλλαγής που επέφεραν τα Διεθνή Λογιστικά Πρότυπα στις οικονομικές καταστάσεις των εισηγμένων στο ΧΑ επιχειρήσεων κατά τη μεταβατική περίοδο 2004 με 2005. Παρουσιάζεται ο ορισμός, τα είδη, η ιστορική αναδρομή, οι αλλαγές, τα σφάλματα και το μέλλον των Διεθνών Λογιστικών Προτύπων, η διαφοροποίησή τους με τα Ελληνικά Πρότυπα και η εφαρμογή τους στα Τραπεζικά Ιδρύματα. / The aim of the present study is to investigate the repercussions of the accounting changeover from the Greek Accounting Standards (GAS) to the International Accounting Standards (IAS) in relation to the published financial statements of greek listed companies to the stock market of Athens for the transient period of 2004 to 2005. It is, also, presented the definition, the history, the future of IAS, the degree that the companies were ready to accept them. Furthermore, it appeArs the most important changes and the wrong things that do the companies while using them. In addition, it shows the differientation of GAS and IAS and the way the IFRS apply to financial institutions.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να καταγραφούν οι συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής λογιστικής μετάβασης, από τα μέχρι πρότινος και για πολλά χρόνια εφαρμοζόμενα Ελληνικά Λογιστικά Πρότυπα (ΕΛΠ) στα ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ. Κινούμενοι προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση η παρούσα διατριβή αρχικά μελετά το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ και των ΕΛΠ και αναλύει, ταξινομεί και σχολιάζει τις διαφορές τους. Στη συνέχεια, προκειμένου να αποκαλυφτούν οι συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής λογιστικής μετάβασης και να αναδειχτούν οι ανωτέρω διαφορές, πραγματοποιήθηκαν δύο ξεχωριστές εμπειρικές έρευνες. Στην πρώτη, μέσα από την πραγματοποίηση εξισώσεων παλινδρόμησης, εξετάστηκαν οι άμεσες συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής υιοθέτησης των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ, διερευνώντας την επιρροή τους στις οικονομικές καταστάσεις των εισηγμένων εταιριών του Χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών. Στην δεύτερη εμπειρική ανάλυση, πραγματοποιήθηκε έρευνα πεδίου με ερωτηματολόγια στις εισηγμένες επιχειρήσεις του Χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών, καταγράφοντας τις απόψεις των άμεσα θιγόμενων από την εξεταζόμενη λογιστική μετάβαση. Και για τις δύο εμπειρικές αναλύσεις που έλαβαν χώρα, εξετάστηκε το κατά πόσο οι συνέπειες της εφαρμογής των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ είναι ομοιογενείς για όλες τις επιχειρήσεις. / The present PhD thesis intends to present the consequences of mandatory transition from Greek Accounting Standards (GAS) to IAS/IFRS. The study initially examines the theoretical background of IAS/IFRS and GAS and analyses, classifies and comments on their differences. Then two independent empirical investigations were carried out in order to reveal the above mentioned differences. The first one examined, with the use of regression analysis, the direct consequences of the mandatory transition by exploring its effect on financial statements of listed companies in the Athens Stock Exchange. The second one recorded the opinion of the listed companies toward IAS/IFRS by using questionnaires as a research instrument. Both empirical investigations examined whether IAS/IFRS mandatory implementation has similar effects on all companies.

This master thesis compares the main differences between CAS and IFRS in the field of long-lived assets. The aim of the thesis is to analyze differences between CAS and IFRS in the field of long-lived assets and apply these differences to the example of the concrete entity. The thesis is divided into two major parts, the first part is a theoretical part and the second part is a practical part . The theoretical part focuses on long-lived tangible and intangible assets according to CAS and IFRS. At the end of the theoretical part there is a comparison and the main differencies between both accounting systems. The practical part describes specific accounting examples, comparing the impacts of individual accounting operations of long-lived assets of CAS and IFRS. These operations concern chosen items of long-lived assets, income statement and balance sheet. It describes the impacts of these accounting operations on the income statement and the balance sheet.