Submitted by David de Almeida (david@almeidafroner.com.br) on 2018-03-23T17:06:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fgv-mestrado-profissional-David-TCC-versão-final-editada.pdf: 646372 bytes, checksum: ddda42bdfa2dcf2064ec69d2009cc4cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-03-26T23:13:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fgv-mestrado-profissional-David-TCC-versão-final-editada.pdf: 646372 bytes, checksum: ddda42bdfa2dcf2064ec69d2009cc4cd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-03-27T14:08:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fgv-mestrado-profissional-David-TCC-versão-final-editada.pdf: 646372 bytes, checksum: ddda42bdfa2dcf2064ec69d2009cc4cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-27T14:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fgv-mestrado-profissional-David-TCC-versão-final-editada.pdf: 646372 bytes, checksum: ddda42bdfa2dcf2064ec69d2009cc4cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / Após a introdução do International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') no Brasil por meio da Lei nº 11.638/2007, a discussão acerca da classificação contábil dos instrumentos financeiros híbridos como dívida ou patrimônio se intensificou. Isso porque a introdução do IFRS no Brasil não foi acompanhada da alteração ou reavaliação dos instrumentos financeiros previstos na Lei das Sociedades por Ações (Lei 6.404/1976). Nesse ínterim, sociedades empresarias foram obrigadas a contabilizar no passivo valores anteriormente contabilizados no patrimônio líquido. No caso das companhias abertas, a CVM requereu a reelaboração das demonstrações financeiras de 5 (cinco) sociedades cujos instrumentos financeiros híbridos foram classificados no patrimônio líquido, ao invés do passivo. A prática tributária não se mantém ao largo dessa discussão. Não obstante a publicação da Lei 12.973/2014, que, em tese, neutralizou os efeitos tributários dos novos métodos e critérios contábeis, a reelaboração da demonstração financeira por determinação da CVM traz consequências tributárias não reguladas pelo legislador, tais como alteração do lucro líquido, limite de subcapitalização e método de equivalência patrimonial. Diante da utilização pelo direito tributário de institutos, conceitos e formas de direito privado, tais como lucro e patrimônio líquido, o que se propõe a analisar são os efeitos tributários decorrentes da reelaboração da demonstração financeira determinada pela CVM. / After the establishment of the International Financial Reporting Standards ('IFRS') in Brazil by means of Law nº 11.638/2007, the discussion about the accounting classification of financial hybrid instruments as debt or equity was intensified considering that this establishment was not followed by amendment or reassessment of financial instruments provided by the Business Corporation Law (Law nº 6.404/1976). In the meantime, business enterprises were obliged to record under liabilities numbers previously recorded under shareholders´ equity. In the case of listed companies, the Securities and Exchange Commission ('CVM') required the re-elaboration of financial statements from 5 (five) corporations which financial hybrid instruments were classified under shareholders´ equity and not under liabilities. The tax practice does not distance itself from this discussion. Despite the publication of Law nº 12.973/2014, that, in theory, neutralized the tax effects of the new methodology and accounting criteria, the re-elaboration of financial statements determined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ('CVM') has tax consequences not regulated by the legislator, such as net profit change, undercapitalization limit and equity method. Considering the use by tax law of standards, concepts and forms from private law, such as profit and shareholder´s equity, what is proposed to be analyzed are the tax effects generated by the re-elaboration of financial statements determined by the Securities and Exchange Commission ('CVM').

La commission européenne définit la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises comme « l'intégration volontaire des préoccupations sociales et écologiques des entreprises à leurs activités commerciales et leurs relations avec leurs parties prenantes » . la rse se subdivise en trois partie : l'écologie, le social et la gouvernance.jusqu'à présent, la rse était cantonnée à des guides de bonne conduite et un discours marketing bien rodé. le seul risque encouru par l'entreprise ne respectant pas ses engagement était une atteinte à son image (plus ou moins importante selon le degré de médiatisation de l'entreprise, allant de la simple condamnation par la presse spécialisée jusqu'au boycott).le terme responsabilité était alors restreint à l'acception commune, une sorte d'exigence morale. mais, la rse tend à investir le droit, et le risque de contentieux juridique apparaît. elle peut alors se comprendre comme la tentative de sanctionner par le droit un comportement autrefois seulement fustigé par l'éthique. elle correspond à un rapprochement de la morale et du droit, dans un mouvement inverse à celui qu'avait connu jusqu'alors la responsabilité.cette responsabilité émerge dans l'actualité. c'est l'affaire de l'erika. le tribunal correctionnel de paris a récemment condamné l'affréteur total à 192 millions d'euros de dommages et intérêts pour « préjudice écologique » en reconnaissant notamment l'atteinte au « vivant non commercial ». on assiste à une extension de la chaîne des responsabilités. de l'affréteur aux oiseaux et au littoral en passant par un armateur, des sociétés de notation, des gestionnaires du navire, des personnes publiques et des associations des défense de l'environnement. l'écran juridique de la société est écarté au profit de la notion plus large d'entreprise. / Social responsibility standards voluntarily set by a company create obligations both in respect of their issuers and their receptors. Law operates a double movement of legalization (they shall become binding for employees) and control (this binding nature is to exist only if it satisfies the justification and proportionality criteria) to standards that create new constraints for employees. The employer may, espacially by means of a code of conduct, restrict the exercise of freedom of its employees provided that such limitation is justified by the interest of the company and proportionate to the aim pursued. In addition, under the influence of a renovated corporate governance, social interest is now open to the interests of stakeholders. This changes the responsibilities of executives and forces them to set up and report on their corporate social responsibility policies. Once acquired the idea that a company has to integrate social responsibility into its business, the question of the legal nature of the measures implemented comes into play. One may distinguish on the one hand unilateral initiatives of the company, usually by means of a code of conduct and, on the other hand, concerted initiatives taking the form of international framework agreements. Both of these CSR instruments are relatively foreign to lawyers. After comparing codes of conduct and unilateral commitments, I attempted to legally qualify international framework agreements through a contractual perspective. From these analyzes, it appears that commitments entered into by a company, whether unilaterally or adopted after consultation, generate binding obligations. Standards of corporate social responsibility are subject to a process of legalization and individuals can now usefully use them as part of a trial to assert their claims.

The development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) was based on the demand for a more simplified financial reporting standard, compared to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Despite simplifications, the requirements of the IFRS for SMEs are still regarded complex and costly to apply, especially for micro entities in developing countries such as Namibia. Consequently, there is a need to further simplify financial reporting requirements for micro entities in the form of a third-tier financial reporting standard. A third-tier standard can take the form of either a separately developed standard or a simplification of existing standard(s). There are more advantages to the development of a standard based on existing standard(s), taking into account the Namibian financial reporting environment. It is therefore recommended that Namibia develop a third-tier standard based on the IFRS for SMEs. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)

The objective of this thesis is to compare financial statements prepared under Czech law (?ČÚL? or ?CZ GAAP?) and financial statements prepared under international accounting standards IAS/IFRS. The theoretical part elaborates on the formal comparison of financial statements prepared under ČÚL and under IAS/IFRS and the objective of the comparison is the contents, form and methods used for preparing financial statements under the two legislations. General accounting in the Czech Republic is governed by Act 563/1991 Coll., on Accounting and IAS/IFRS is similarly governed by the Framework. The other part discusses some selected IAS/IFRS standards that are applied in a certain company and they are compared with Czech accounting standards. The practical part of the thesis discusses the transformation of the financial statements prepared under ČÚL to financial statements under IAS/IFRS in a certain company. As a result of such transformation, certain lines disclosed under the balance sheet and the income statement show different figures and they have impact on the closing amounts and the profit/loss of the company. The outcome of the practical part are reports prepared under ČÚL and under IAS/IFRS and in the end I assess the influence of different methods used on the reported data. I focused only on two most important parts of financial statements, i.e. balance sheet and income statement.

The thesis is based on the following of my bachelor thesis, which deals with ,, Accounting shutter in the selection accounting entity.? Now the theme will be extended by the comparison process accounts in the selected entity according to Czech accounting legislation (CAL) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). In the practical part of the application will again be chosen by an entity of international trucking company KAFKA TRANSPORT, a. s. The main aim of my thesis is based on theoretical knowledge, to assess the selected items of balance sheet and profit and loss for the selected companies their reporting in the case of CAL and IFRS. International Accounting Standards that are world-renowned accounting system, which also binds to an entity operating in the Czech Republic.

This thesis deals with International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs). The objective of this thesis is analyzing the status of IFRS for SMEs within the legislative context in the Czech republic. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part contains basic information on international accounting harmonization and its development, theoretical bases of IFRS for SME, defines the conditions for recognition, measurement and reporting of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The next chapter of the theoretical part contains composition of financial statements. The practical part is divided into three chapters. The first chapter contains a comparison of items with the Czech accounting legislation. In the next chapter, the balance sheet of a particular enterprise is converted to the statement of financial position. The last chapter of the practical part of the thesis is devoted to the questionnaire survey. The objective of this survey was to determine, whether companies are informed of the reporting within the IFRS for SME.

This study aimed to identify at what level the accounting information both in the Brazilian and U.S. markets respond to the requirements of the initial adoption of IFRS - International Financial Reporting Standards. The global movement towards the convergence of International Accounting Standards ruled by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resulted in the requirement for adoption of IFRS (mentioned above) for publicly traded Brazilian companies by the Securities Commission (known as CVM in Brazil) on CVM Instruction 457/07. A Descriptive Research was carried out as far as using statistics about the method of procedures, techniques of documentary research and classical content analysis. Financial statements prepared for the year of 2008 were analyzed in accordance both with U.S. GAAP and GAAP of 20 Brazilian companies from 10 economic sectors listed at the same time on the Stock Exchange of New York (NYSE) and the Stock Exchange (BOVESPA). The index of disclosure was calculated such as it was proposed on Lopes and Rodrigues study carried out a couple of years ago (2007) for Portuguese companies. The results point to indexes calculated for the disclosure of Form 20F higher than those calculated for the Standard Financial Statements (DFP), confirming a greater degree of convergence between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. It suggests that depending on the adoption of IFRS the consolidated accounting in GAAP tend to change substantially, increasing that way, the level of disclosure. Furthermore the results confirmed both by the sample and literature, that the sector of activity and size of enterprises directly influence the disclosure of information. In relation to the auditors the fact that the statements be audited by global audit companies known as the Big Four has not determined the extent of the disclosure. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral identificar em que nível as informações contábeis, divulgadas nos mercados: brasileiro e norte-americano, atendem aos requisitos da adoção inicial das IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards. O movimento mundial de convergência rumo às Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade do International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) culminou na exigência de adoção das IFRS, para as companhias abertas brasileiras, pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliário (CVM), na Instrução CVM no 457/07. Por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva, quanto aos seus objetivos, utilizando-se da estatística como método de procedimentos e das técnicas de pesquisa documental e de análise de conteúdo clássica foram analisadas as demonstrações contábeis elaboradas para o ano de 2008, de acordo com os US GAAP e os BR GAAP de 20 empresas brasileiras de 10 setores econômicos, listadas simultaneamente na Bolsa de Valores de Nova York (NYSE) e na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA), e calculou-se o índice de disclosure proposto na pesquisa de Lopes e Rodrigues (2007) para empresas portuguesas. Os resultados apontam para índices de disclosure calculados para o Form 20F maiores do que aqueles calculados para as Demonstrações Financeiras Padrão (DFP), confirmando um nível de convergência maior entre US GAAP e IFRS e sugerindo que, em função da adoção das IFRS, as demonstrações contábeis em BR GAAP tendem a se modificar substancialmente, aumentando o nível de divulgação. Além disso, os resultados confirmam, para a amostra, o exposto na literatura selecionada de que o setor de atuação e o tamanho das empresas influem diretamente no disclosure das informações. Em relação aos auditores, o fato de as demonstrações serem auditadas pelas empresas globais de auditoria conhecidas como Big Four não foi determinante na extensão do disclosure. / Mestre em Administração

Financial accounting is a deep source of information, which should offer true data about the company. Accounting has a lot of forms and one of them {--} the creative accounting {--} is the topic of this diploma thesis. The term ``creative accounting{\crqq} means falsification of financial and audit reports about company{\crq}s real situation and offering the fictitious ones. The possible way to regulate ``the creative accounting{\crqq} is the process of accounting harmonization. Within this process, there is an effort to create a uniform, comprehensive system which will be clear to everyone and which can offer true image of the accounting. The aim of this work is to estimate the Czech accounting legislation (ČÚL) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) at situations, allowing ``the creative accounting{\crqq}, which will lead to the conclusion how can the different bookkeeping influent the range of economic result.

The master thesis compares the differences between Czech Accounting Legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards regarding long-term assets. The thesis is divided into two major parts, such as theoretical and practical The theoretical part of the master thesis comprises theoretical information concerning issues of long-term assets. Firstly, there is the definition of long-term assets, then the ways of acqusition, valuation, depreciation and elimination are described from the point of view of the Czech Accounting Legislation. According to the International Financial Reporting Standards long-term assets are defined by two main standards which deal with their issues. The aim of the theoretical part is to analyse differences between the Czech Accounting Legislation (CAL) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the field of long-term assets. In this part of the master thesis the key differences between these two accounting systems are to be found and described. The aim of the practical part is to apply the differences between CAL and IFRS on the particular subject. The theoretical findings are applied on the concret examples on which is explained how accounting transactions affect profits and balance sheet both in terms of the Czech Accounting Legislation and the International Financial Reporting Standards.

En tilltagande globalisering inom redovisning har bidragit till att internationella redovisningsprinciper och regler befinner sig i en harmoniseringsprocess. Bokföringsnämndens K-projekt pekar på att Sverige är del av denna process. Börsnoterade företag inom EU är tvingade att upprätta den finansiella rapporteringen enligt IFRS, men för svenska onoterade företag finns valmöjligheten att tillämpa de svenska reglerna. Argumenten för frivilligt antagande av IFRS bygger på ökad kvalitet, transparens och jämförbarhet i de finansiella rapporterna, vilket ska öka användbarheten för intressenterna. År 2012 inledde IASB ett arbete avseende revidering av den befintliga föreställningsramen, vilken beräknas vara färdigställd under år 2017. Den reviderade föreställningsramen lyfter fram betydelsen av tre primära intressenter, vilka utgörs av investerare, långivare och andra kreditgivare.Syftet med studien är att utreda hur svenska onoterade moderbolags val av att anta IFRS frivilligt, i stället för att tillämpa K3, påverkar de finansiella rapporterna och de primära intressenterna utifrån ett informationsbehovsperspektiv. Detta illustreras med fyra stycken hypotetiska typfall. För att uppnå syftet undersöks vilka skillnader som föreligger vid redovisningen enligt IFRS och K3 avseende finansiella instrument, goodwill vid rörelseförvärv, FoU-kostnader samt förvaltningsfastigheter med fokus på upplysningar. Metoden som tillämpas i studien är en deskriptiv analys med en abduktiv ansats inom ramen för kvalitativ forskning.Resultaten av studien visar på att det föreligger stora skillnader mellan IFRS och K3, vilket får effekten att företag som redovisar enligt IFRS framstår som mer lönsamma och mindre riskfyllda. Ett frivilligt antagande av IFRS bidrar till mer användbar information i de finansiella rapporterna samt att dessa bättre speglar företaget ekonomiska verklighet. Sammantaget framstår redovisningen enligt IFRS som mer attraktiv i förhållande till K3, utifrån de primära intressenternas informationsbehov. / Due to expanding globalization of accounting, the international accounting principles and regulations are currently in a process of harmonization. The K-project of the Swedish accounting authority Bokföringsnämnden, indicates that Sweden is a part of this process. According to EU-regulation listed companies are obligated to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS since 2005, but for unlisted Swedish companies there is an option of applying local Swedish regulations. The arguments in favor of a voluntary adoption of IFRS rest on promises of improved quality, transparency and comparability of financial statements, which further will increase its usefulness to stakeholders. In 2012, the IASB initiated a project regarding a revised Conceptual Framework, which is expected to be completed during 2017. The revised Conceptual Framework highlights the importance of three primary stakeholders, consisting of investors, lenders and other creditors.The objective of this study is to examine how unlisted Swedish parent companies’ choice of adopting IFRS voluntarily, instead of applying K3, affects the financial reports and primary stakeholders based on an information need perspective. This is illustrated by four hypothetical scenarios. In order to achieve the objective of this study, the existing differences of reporting under IFRS and K3 regarding financial instruments, goodwill in business combinations, R&D expenses and investment properties focusing on disclosures, are examined. The method used in the study is a descriptive analysis with an abductive approach within the frames of qualitative research.The findings indicate that there are major differences between IFRS and K3, which results in companies reporting according to IFRS appear to be more profitable and less of a risk. A voluntary adoption of IFRS contributes to more useful information in the financial statements and a better reflection of the company's financial reality. Overall, financial reporting according to IFRS appears more favorable than reporting under K3, based on the information need of the primary stakeholder.This paper is written in Swedish.